Sweden–NATO relations: Difference between revisions

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|18 May 2022
|18 May 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=NATO |title=Finland and Sweden submit applications to join NATO |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_195468.htm |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=NATO |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=NATO |title=Finland and Sweden submit applications to join NATO |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_195468.htm |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=NATO |language=en}}</ref>
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| style="text-align:left;" | '''Invitation to join'''
|29 June 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=NATO |title=Madrid Summit Declaration |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm?selectedLocale=en|access-date=2022-06-29 |website=NATO |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Accession protocol'''
| style="text-align:left;" | '''Accession protocol'''

Revision as of 13:46, 29 June 2022

Sweden–NATO relations
Map indicating locations of Sweden and NATO

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The Kingdom of Sweden and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have a close relationship and regularly carry out joint exercises, cooperate in peacekeeping operations and share information.[1][2] Sweden is one of six members of the European Union that are not members of NATO. Sweden joined the Partnership for Peace on 9 May 1994.[3] Historically, a minority of the Swedish population have been in favour of NATO membership, but the question of membership rose in popularity following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and Sweden applied to join the organization on 18 May 2022.

History

In the 19th century Sweden adopted a policy of neutrality, largely as a result of Sweden's involvement in the Napoleonic Wars during which over a third of the country's territory was lost in the Finnish War (1808–1809), including the traumatic loss of Finland to Russia. From this point onwards, Finland remained a part of Russia until it gained independence in 1917. Resentment towards the Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf who had consistently pursued an anti-napoleonic policy and thereby caused the war, precipitated a coup d'état known as the Coup of 1809. The new regime deposed the king and introduced the Instrument of Government (1809), later formulating a new foreign policy which became known as The Policy of 1812. Since the time of the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden has not initiated any direct armed conflict.

Sweden chose not to join NATO when it was founded in 1949, and declared a security policy aiming for non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war.[4] A modified version now qualifies non-alignment in peace for possible neutrality in war.[clarification needed] Sweden maintained its policy of neutrality during the Cold War, despite substantial cooperation with the West. Former Prime Minister of Sweden Carl Bildt has noted that this policy was in response to fears that if Sweden were to join NATO the Soviet Union might respond by invading neighbouring Finland, with which Sweden retained close relations.[5] While nominally independent, Finland adopted a policy of neutrality on foreign affairs during the Cold War in deference to the neighbouring Soviet Union, which was commonly referred to as Finlandization.

The accession of Sweden to the European Union in 1995 meant that neutrality as a principle was abolished. Since the 1990s there has been an active debate in Sweden on the question of NATO membership in the post–Cold War era.[6] These ideological divides were visible in November 2006 when Sweden could either buy two new transport planes or join NATO's plane pool, and in December 2006, when Sweden was invited to join the NATO Response Force.[7][8] Sweden joined NATO's Partnership for Peace on 9 May 1994,[9] and has been an active participant in NATO-led missions in Bosnia (IFOR and SFOR), Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF), and Libya (Operation Unified Protector).[10] Sweden signed in 2014, and ratified in 2016, a host country agreement with NATO allowing for NATO forces to conduct joint training exercises on Swedish soil and for NATO member states' forces to be deployed in Sweden in response to threats to Sweden's national security.[11]

If the situation in and around the Baltic countries were to escalate, Swedish NATO membership, possibly together with Finland, would reduce barriers to NATO intervention in the region.[12] NATO reported in 2015 that Russia simulated a nuclear attack on Sweden in 2013.[13] Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov threatened in 2016 to "take necessary measures" to prevent Swedish NATO membership.[14] A government-sponsored report on the future of Sweden's NATO membership was released in September 2016.[15]

Polls

Support for NATO membership rose between 2012 and 2015, when the SOM Institute showed it growing from 17% to 31%.[16] Events like the annexation of Crimea and reports of Russian submarine activity in 2014, as well as a 2013 report that Sweden could hold out for only a week if attacked, were credited with that rise in support.[17] In October 2014, an opinion poll found for the first time more Swedes in favor of NATO membership (37%) than opposed (36%).[18]

Ipsos has conducted regular polling, and they have documented a decline in the opposition to membership from 56% in April 2015 to 35% in December 2020, when their poll showed a three-way split among Swedes, with 33% supporting NATO membership and 32% undecided on the issue. The decline largely corresponds to an increase in undecideds, as the percent of Swedes who support NATO membership has stayed mostly steady since 2014.[19] According to a poll conducted by Sifo in June 2016, more Swedes were against a Swedish NATO membership than in favour,[20] while a May 2017 poll by Pew also showed that 48% supported membership, and in November 2020, they showed that 65% of Swedes viewed NATO positively, the highest percent of any non-NATO member polled.[21][22]

Since Russian invasion in Ukraine

A Novus poll conducted 24–25 February 2022 found 41% in favour of NATO membership and 35% opposed.[23] On 4 March 2022, a poll was released that showed 51% support NATO membership, the first time a poll has shown a majority supporting this position.[24]

Political views on membership

Former Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt stated on 18 September 2007 that Swedish membership in NATO would require a "very wide" majority in Parliament, including the Social Democrats, and coordination with Finland.[25]

The Swedish left wing, including the Social Democratic party, the Green party and the Left party, along with the nationalist Sweden Democrats, have historically favored neutrality and non-alignment,[26][27] while the parties on the right wing have supported NATO membership, especially since the 2014 Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The centre-right Moderate Party is the largest party by current parliamentary representation in favour of NATO membership, even making it their top election pledge in 2022,[28] and (like the centre-right Liberal Party) has generally supported NATO membership since the end of the Cold War.[29][30] The centre-right Centre Party was opposed to NATO membership until September 2015, when party leadership under Annie Lööf announced that they would motion to change the party policy to push for Sweden to join NATO at their next party conference. The conservative Christian Democrats, also previously opposed, likewise voted to support NATO membership at their October 2015 party meeting.[31] When the nationalist Sweden Democrats adjusted their stance in December 2020 to allow for NATO membership if coordinated with neighboring Finland and ratified in a referendum, a majority of the members of the Swedish Riksdag for the first time belonged to parties that were open to NATO membership,[32] and a motion to allow for future NATO membership passed the parliament that month by 204 votes to 145.[33]

However, many political positions on NATO membership were reviewed since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The nationalist Sweden Democrats revised their stance in April 2022 and announced that they would support Swedish membership in NATO if Finland also joins.[34][35] Around the same time, the ruling Swedish Social Democratic Party announced that they would be conducting an internal dialogue on NATO membership, for a second time in 6 months. The first time, the party decided to oppose membership.[36] However, on 15 May 2022 they announced that they would now support an application to join the organization.[37][38] Of their coalition partners, the Green Party remain opposed,[39] while the Left Party would like to hold a referendum on the subject, something Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson and the leading opposition Moderate party have opposed.[40]

Accession bid

On 17 May 2022, Ann Linde, Sweden's foreign minister, signed Sweden's application to join NATO,[41] following Finland's earlier intention to join NATO.[42] On 18 May 2022, both countries formally applied to join NATO.[43][44]

Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan voiced his opposition to Sweden and Finland joining NATO, saying that it would be "impossible" for Turkey to support their application while the two countries allow groups which Turkey classifies as terrorist organizations, including the Kurdish militant groups Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and People's Defense Units (YPG) and the supporters of Fethullah Gülen, a US-based Muslim cleric accused by Turkey of orchestrating a failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, to operate on their territory.[45][46][47] (The PKK is on the European Union's list of terrorist organizations.)[48] Turkey has requested the extradition of several members of the PKK from the Nordic countries.[49] People that Turkey has requested to be extradited include independent Member of the Swedish Parliament Amineh Kakabaveh due to her support of Kurdish organisations,[50] writer and poet Mehmet Sıraç Bilgin (who died in 2015)[51][52] and the Turkish publisher and Human Rights activist Ragip Zarakolu.[53][54] In addition, the Turkish government has demanded that the arms embargo imposed by the Swedish and Finnish governments in response to its operations against the YPG in Syria be lifted,[55] and the dismissal of defence minister Peter Hultqvist due to a meeting dating back to 2011 with members of the PKK.[56]

The position of the governing Socialist Democrats party is complicated by the fact that it relies on the support of Kakabaveh, who is of Iranian Kurdish descent,[57] to retain the confidence of the Riksdag for their minority government.[56] Kakabaveh was a member of the Kurdish guerilla Komala in Iran since her youth, and took refuge in Sweden at the age of nineteen. In the 2021 Swedish government crisis, Kakabaveh only agreed to support the formation of a government headed by Magdalena Andersson after some political demands concerning support for Syrian Kurds were met.[58] She is opposed to the NATO accession of Sweden, due to her own experiences of war, and is a defender of the Swedish policy of non-alignment.[59] In May she declared that she would no longer support the governing Swedish Social Democratic Party in important votes in the parliament since she considered parts of the previous agreement had not been followed.[60]

Ibrahim Kalin, spokesman for Erdoğan, said that approving Swedish membership was not being ruled out, but that the status of these groups was "a matter of national security for Turkey" and that negotiation would be required.[61] However, after Ibrahim Kalin's statement, Erdoğan reitarated his threat to block Finland's and Sweden's membership applications.[62] NATO leadership and the United States have said they were confident Turkey would not hold up the two countries accession process. Canadian Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly also held talks with Turkey to convince the Turkish government of the need for the two Nordic nations integration.[63] On May 20, Ann Linde, Sweden's minister for foreign affairs, pushed back against Erdoğan's claim they support PKK calling it 'disinformation', and pointing out Sweden listed PKK as a terrorist organization in 1984, while the EU followed suit in 2002.[47] Spokesperson İbrahim Kalın, who led the talks on behalf of Turkey, stated after the first meeting in Ankara that the process would not progress until Turkey's expectations were met and they did not feel any time pressure on them.[64] After a delegation consisting of Swedish and Finnish diplomats held talks on the matter with its Turkish counterparts, Erdogan repeated that he would not consent to their accession bid as the same day the talks were held in Ankara, Salih Muslim, who is considered a terrorist by Erdogan, appeared on Swedish television.[65][66] Nationalist Movement Party leader Devlet Bahçeli suggested that a scenario in which Turkey would leave NATO should be considered an option,[67] in which case a new military alliance could be founded.[68] In late May 2022, opposition leader Kemal Kiliçdaroglu argued that in case the accession row persisted and AKP and MHP decided to close the Inçirlik Airbase, the CHP would support this.[68]

To address Turkey's concerns, in June Sweden announced reforms to its anti-terrorism laws which will come into force on 1 July, and that it would review its policies on weapons exports to reflect its NATO membership.[56][69] Meanwhile, Finnish president Sauli Niinistö stated that his country would not move forward with their application without Sweden, and that the two countries would join NATO "hand in hand".[70] At the 2022 Madrid summit, Andersson, Niinistö, and Erdoğan "agreed a trilateral memorandum to address [Turkey's] legitimate security concerns, paving the way for Finland and Sweden’s NATO membership",[71] and Niinistö announced that Turkey had agreed to support membership of NATO for Finland and Sweden.[72]

Membership timeline

Event Date Reference
Partnership for Peace 9 May 1994 [3]
Application submitted 18 May 2022 [73]
Invitation to join 29 June 2022 [74]
Accession protocol

Ratification process

Signatory Date Institution In favour Against AB Deposited Reference
 Albania Parliament
Presidential Assent
 Belgium Chamber of Representatives
Royal Assent
 Bulgaria National Assembly
Presidential Assent
 Canada House of Commons
 Croatia Parliament
Presidential Assent
 Czech Republic Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Denmark Folketing
 Estonia Riigikogu
Presidential Assent
 France National Assembly
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Germany Bundestag
Bundesrat
Presidential Assent
 Greece Parliament
Presidential Promulgation
 Hungary National Assembly
Presidential Assent
 Iceland Althing
 Italy Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Latvia Saeima
Presidential Assent
 Lithuania Seimas
Presidential Assent
 Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies
Grand Ducal Promulgation
 Montenegro Parliament
Presidential Assent
 Netherlands House of Representatives
Senate
Royal Promulgation
 North Macedonia Assembly
Presidential Assent
 Norway Storting
Royal Assent
 Poland Sejm
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Portugal Assembly of the Republic
Presidential Assent
 Romania Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Presidential Assent
 Slovakia National Council
Presidential Assent
 Slovenia National Assembly
Presidential Assent
 Spain Congress of Deputies
Senate
Royal Assent
 Turkey National Assembly
Presidential Assent
 United Kingdom Parliament [a]
Government
 United States Senate
Presidential Assent
Note
  1. ^ In the United Kingdom, there is no requirement for a formal law approving of treaties before their ratification, but the Ponsonby Rule is that they are laid before Parliament with an explanatory memorandum.

Sweden's foreign relations with NATO member states

See also

References

  1. ^ Kirby, Jen (17 May 2022). "Finland and Sweden's historic NATO bids, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Relations with Sweden". NATO. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document". NATO. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  4. ^ Agius 2006, p. 103–105.
  5. ^ Bildt, Carl (16 March 2022). "Are Sweden and Finland moving to apply for NATO membership?". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  6. ^ Agius 2006, p. 142–147.
  7. ^ "Sweden 'should join NATO plane pool'". The Local. 11 November 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  8. ^ "Sweden could join new NATO force". The Local. 2 December 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  9. ^ "Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document". NATO. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  10. ^ "Sweden: one of NATO's most active and effective partners". NATO. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  11. ^ Charles Duxbury (25 May 2016). "Sweden Ratifies NATO Cooperation Agreement: Government's proposal to sign host nation support agreement backed by broad majority of lawmakers". Wall Street Journal.
  12. ^ ""Nordic duo should stay together" -- study on NATO membership published in Finland". NATO Review. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  13. ^ Oliphant, Roland (4 February 2016). "Russia 'simulated a nuclear strike' against Sweden, Nato admits". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  14. ^ Braw, Elisabeth (10 May 2016). "Sweden urged to boost alliances but avoid NATO". Politico. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  15. ^ "Mixed reactions on possible NATO membership report". Radio Sweden. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  16. ^ "Nearly one-third of Swedes want to join Nato". The Local. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  17. ^ "More Swedes show support for Nato". The Local. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  18. ^ Milne, Richard (29 October 2014). "Swedes lean towards Nato membership, poll shows". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  19. ^ Holmström, Mikael (10 January 2021). "DN/Ipsos: Svenskarnas motstånd mot Nato minskar". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  20. ^ "Swedes have a change of heart on Nato once more". The Local. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  21. ^ Stokes, Bruce (23 May 2017). "NATO's Image Improves on Both Sides of Atlantic". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  22. ^ Fagan, Moira (30 November 2020). "NATO seen in a positive light by many across 10 member states". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  23. ^ Nilsson, Maja (25 February 2022). "Efter Rysslands invasion: Fler svenskar för ett Natomedlemskap". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  24. ^ Reuters (4 March 2022). "Majority of Swedes in favour of joining NATO -poll". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
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  26. ^ "Nato". Centerpartiet (in Swedish). 2006. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
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  28. ^ "Sweden's Moderates make joining Nato their number one election pledge". The Local. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  29. ^ Simpson, Peter Vinthagen; Parafianowicz, Lydia (13 May 2009). "Liberals: Sweden must join NATO". The Local. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  30. ^ Nyheter, S. V. T.; Sjölin, Adam (9 December 2020). "Lista: Så står partierna i Nato-frågan". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  31. ^ Ahlander, Johan (9 October 2015). "Swedish centre right in favour of NATO membership". Reuters. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  32. ^ "Majority in Swedish parliament backs 'NATO option' after Sweden Democrats shift". Reuters. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  33. ^ Duxbury, Charlie (22 December 2020). "Sweden edges closer to NATO membership". Politico. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  34. ^ Nyheter, S. V. T. (11 April 2022). "SD svänger om Nato: "Vi behöver gå hand i hand med Finland"". SVT Nyheter. Sveriges Television. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  35. ^ "SD-ledning får mandat för stöd till Natoansökan". Omni (in Swedish). Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  36. ^ "S omprövar sin inställning till Nato – "Har inget annat val"". DN.SE (in Swedish). 11 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  37. ^ "What price neutrality?". The Economist. 21 June 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  38. ^ Johnson, Simon; Ahlander, Johan; Pollard, Niklas (15 May 2022). "Sweden's ruling party backs joining NATO, paving way for bid". Reuters. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  39. ^ "Swedish Green Party Opposes Sweden Accession to NATO". The Print. ANI News Service. 7 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  40. ^ Ahlander, Johan (28 April 2022). "Swedish PM rejects referendum on possible NATO membership". Reuters. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  41. ^ "Swedish foreign minister signs Nato application". The Local Sweden. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  42. ^ Wahlgren, Jennie (16 May 2022). "Sverige ansöker om Natomedlemskap". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  43. ^ "Finland and Sweden formally apply for NATO membership". Washington Post. 18 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022.
  44. ^ "Finland and Sweden submit applications to join NATO". NATO. 18 May 2022.
  45. ^ "It's official: Finland to apply for Nato membership". Yle News. 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  46. ^ "Erdogan says Turkey not supportive of Finland, Sweden joining NATO". Reuters. 13 May 2022.
  47. ^ a b "Sweden blasts Turkish 'disinformation' as Erdoğan delays NATO accession". POLITICO. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  48. ^ Szucs, Agnes (3 February 2022). "EU updates terrorist list, extends sanctions for another 6 months".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ^ "Kurdish MP warns Sweden against NATO compromise with Turkey". Ahval.
  50. ^ Turkisk ambassadör vill att Kakabaveh utlämnas (In Swedish)
  51. ^ "Nearly right – Erdogan demands extradition of deceased writer before Turkey agrees to new NATO members". Association of European Journalists. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  52. ^ "Utpekad som PKK-terrorist – död sedan sju år". www.expressen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  53. ^ "Will Sweden hand over dissident author to Turkey to become a NATO member?". Bianet. 18 May 2022.
  54. ^ "Turkey is blackmailing the West in the NATO conflict by granting approval only in the event of extradition". Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  55. ^ "Turkey demands extradition of PKK members from Sweden, Finland for Nato bid". Middle East Eye. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  56. ^ a b c Wintour, Patrick (14 June 2022). "Turkey threatens year's delay to Swedish and Finnish entry to Nato". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  57. ^ "Laying Kalashnikov to Rest, Amineh Kakabaveh fights on". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  58. ^ Milne, Richard; Jackley, Ayla Jean (20 May 2022). "Sweden's Nato ambitions run into Kurdish row". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  59. ^ Dilaklı, Selay (19 May 2022). ""NATO has never brought safety to the world"". Bianet.
  60. ^ "Independent MP Kakabaveh withdraws support for Social Democrats". Sveriges Radio. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  61. ^ "Exclusive: Turkey 'not closing door' to Sweden, Finland NATO entry". Reuters. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  62. ^ "Turkey threatens to block Finland and Sweden Nato bids". BBC News. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  63. ^ Brzozowski, Alexandra (16 May 2022). "Sweden takes formal decision to apply for NATO membership". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  64. ^ "Sweden, Finland delegations in Turkey for NATO talks". anews.com.tr. 25 May 2022.
  65. ^ "Erdoğan repeats opposition to NATO bids of Sweden, Finland". Ahval. 29 May 2022.
  66. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan still against Finnish, Swedish NATO bids". The Washington Times. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  67. ^ "Leaving NATO should be on agenda: MHP leader - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  68. ^ a b "Main opposition urges gov't to close İncirlik base over NATO row". Ahval. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  69. ^ "NATO: Sweden prepared to address Turkey's security concerns". Deutsche Welle. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  70. ^ "Finland won't join Nato without Sweden: Niinistö". EUobserver. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  71. ^ "News: Türkiye, Finland, and Sweden sign agreement paving the way for Finnish and Swedish NATO membership" (Press release). NATO. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  72. ^ "Finnish President Niinisto says Turkey has agreed to back Finnish and Swedish NATO membership". Reuters. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  73. ^ NATO. "Finland and Sweden submit applications to join NATO". NATO. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  74. ^ NATO. "Madrid Summit Declaration". NATO. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
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