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Linoleic acid is a member of the group of [[essential fatty acids]] called [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s, so called because they are an essential dietary requirement for all mammals. The other group of essential fatty acids is the [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, for example [[Alpha-linolenic acid]]. Omega-6 deficiency symptoms include dry hair, hair loss,<ref name=Cunnane>{{cite journal |author=Cunnane S, Anderson M |title=Pure linoleate deficiency in the rat: influence on growth, accumulation of n-6 polyunsaturates, and (1-<sup>14</sup>C) linoleate oxidation |journal=J Lipid Res |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=805–12 |year=1997 |pmid=9144095| url = http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/38/4/805 |accessdate=2007-01-15}}</ref>
Linoleic acid is a member of the group of [[essential fatty acids]] called [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s, so called because they are an essential dietary requirement for all mammals. The other group of essential fatty acids is the [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, for example [[Alpha-linolenic acid]]. Omega-6 deficiency symptoms include dry hair, hair loss,<ref name=Cunnane>{{cite journal |author=Cunnane S, Anderson M |title=Pure linoleate deficiency in the rat: influence on growth, accumulation of n-6 polyunsaturates, and (1-<sup>14</sup>C) linoleate oxidation |journal=J Lipid Res |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=805–12 |year=1997 |pmid=9144095| url = http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/38/4/805 |accessdate=2007-01-15}}</ref>
and poor wound healing.<ref name=Ruthig>{{cite journal|author=Ruthig DJ & Meckling-Gill KA.|year=1999 | title=Both (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids stimulate wound healing in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6|journal= Journal of Nutrition|volume=129|issue=10|pages=1791–8| pmid= 10498749 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1791}}</ref> It is easy to meet the daily requirement for these fatty acids (even for people consuming low fat diets) and most people get plenty of omega-6 fatty acids in their diet by consuming approximately a tablespoon of polyunsaturated plant oils per day.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}<!--I know it's true, but we need a cite. Especially since there is no RDA on fatty acids -->
and poor wound healing.<ref name=Ruthig>{{cite journal|author=Ruthig DJ & Meckling-Gill KA.|year=1999 | title=Both (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids stimulate wound healing in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6|journal= Journal of Nutrition|volume=129|issue=10|pages=1791–8| pmid= 10498749 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/129/10/1791}}</ref> It is easy to meet the daily requirement for these fatty acids (even for people consuming low fat diets) and most people get plenty of omega-6 fatty acids in their diet by consuming approximately a tablespoon of polyunsaturated plant oils per day.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}<!--I know it's true, but we need a cite. Especially since there is no RDA on fatty acids -->
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A ''high consumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are found in most types of vegetable oil ''[e.g. corn oil - the most consumed oil in USA]'', may indeed increase the likelihood that postmenopausal women will develop '''[[breast cancer]]'''''<ref name=Sonestedt>{{cite journal |author=Emily Sonestedt, Ulrika Ericson, Bo Gullberg, Kerstin Skog, Håkan Olsson, Elisabet Wirfält |title=Do both heterocyclic amines and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women of the Malmö diet and cancer cohort? |journal=The International Journal of Cancer |publisher=UICC International Union Against Cancer |volume=123 |issue=7 |pages=1637-1643 |year=2008 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120780752/abstract |accessdate=2008-11-30 |pmid=10970215 |doi=10.1002/ijc.23394}}</ref>. Similar effect was observed on '''[[prostate cancer]]'''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yong Q. Chen, at al |title=Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=117 |issue=7 |pages: 1866-1875 |year=2007 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1890998 |accessdate=2008-11-30 |doi=10.1172/JCI31494 |pmid=1890998}}</ref>. ''The analysis suggested an inverse association between total [[polyunsaturated fatty acids]] ''[omega-6]'' and breast cancer risk, but individual polyunsaturated fatty acids behaved differently ''[from each other]''. ''[...]'' a derivative of [[linoleic acid]] ''[...]'' was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Valeria Pala, Vittorio Krogh, Paola Muti, Véronique Chajès, Elio Riboli, Andrea Micheli, Mitra Saadatian, Sabina Sieri, Franco Berrino |title=Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids and Subsequent Breast Cancer: a Prospective Italian Study |journal=JNCL |volume=93 |year=2001 |url=http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/93/14/1088 |accessdate=2008-11-30 |pmid=11459870}}</ref>
A ''high consumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are found in most types of vegetable oil ''[e.g. corn oil - the most consumed oil in USA]'', may indeed increase the likelihood that postmenopausal women will develop '''[[breast cancer]]'''''<ref name=Sonestedt>{{cite journal |author=Emily Sonestedt, Ulrika Ericson, Bo Gullberg, Kerstin Skog, Håkan Olsson, Elisabet Wirfält |title=Do both heterocyclic amines and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women of the Malmö diet and cancer cohort? |journal=The International Journal of Cancer |publisher=UICC International Union Against Cancer |volume=123 |issue=7 |pages=1637-1643 |year=2008 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120780752/abstract |accessdate=2008-11-30 |pmid=10970215 |doi=10.1002/ijc.23394}}</ref>. Similar effect was observed on '''[[prostate cancer]]'''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yong Q. Chen, at al |title=Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=117 |issue=7 |pages: 1866-1875 |year=2007 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1890998 |accessdate=2008-11-30 |doi=10.1172/JCI31494 |pmid=1890998}}</ref>. ''The analysis suggested an inverse association between total [[polyunsaturated fatty acids]] ''[omega-6]'' and breast cancer risk, but individual polyunsaturated fatty acids behaved differently ''[from each other]''. ''[...]'' a derivative of [[linoleic acid]] ''[...]'' was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Valeria Pala, Vittorio Krogh, Paola Muti, Véronique Chajès, Elio Riboli, Andrea Micheli, Mitra Saadatian, Sabina Sieri, Franco Berrino |title=Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids and Subsequent Breast Cancer: a Prospective Italian Study |journal=JNCL |volume=93 |year=2001 |url=http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/93/14/1088 |accessdate=2008-11-30 |pmid=11459870}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:56, 18 January 2009

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Linoleic acid (LA) is an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid. In physiological literature, it is called 18:2(n-6). Chemically, linoleic acid is a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and two cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the sixth carbon from the omega end.

The word linoleic comes from the Greek word linon (flax). Oleic means of, relating to, or derived from oil or of or relating to oleic acid since removing the omega-6 double bond produces oleic acid.

In Physiology

Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. It is found in the lipids of cell membranes. It is abundant in many vegetable oils, especially safflower and sunflower oils.

To be fully utilised by the body, LA must be converted into gamma-linolenic acid, a reaction catalysed by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase (D6D).

Linoleic acid is a member of the group of essential fatty acids called omega-6 fatty acids, so called because they are an essential dietary requirement for all mammals. The other group of essential fatty acids is the omega-3 fatty acids, for example Alpha-linolenic acid. Omega-6 deficiency symptoms include dry hair, hair loss,[1] and poor wound healing.[2] It is easy to meet the daily requirement for these fatty acids (even for people consuming low fat diets) and most people get plenty of omega-6 fatty acids in their diet by consuming approximately a tablespoon of polyunsaturated plant oils per day.[citation needed]

You must add a |reason= parameter to this Cleanup template – replace it with {{Cleanup|reason=<Fill reason here>}}, or remove the Cleanup template.

A high consumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are found in most types of vegetable oil [e.g. corn oil - the most consumed oil in USA], may indeed increase the likelihood that postmenopausal women will develop breast cancer[3]. Similar effect was observed on prostate cancer[4]. The analysis suggested an inverse association between total polyunsaturated fatty acids [omega-6] and breast cancer risk, but individual polyunsaturated fatty acids behaved differently [from each other]. [...] a derivative of linoleic acid [...] was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer[5]

Industrial uses

Linoleic acid is used in making soaps, emulsifiers, and quick-drying oils. Reduction of linoleic acid yields linoleyl alcohol. Linoleic acid has become increasingly popular in the beauty products industry because of its beneficial properties on the skin. Research points to linoleic acid's effective properties when applied topically on the skin, ie. anti-inflammatory, acne reduction, moisture retention properties.[6][7][8] Noni seed oil is abundant in linoleic acid, and a number of beauty products contain noni seed oil.[citation needed]

Foods

Oils and foods that contain linoleic acid include corn oil (59 %),cottonseed oil (49-58%), soybean oil (51%), safflower oil (78%), poppy seed oil (70%), hemp oil (50-70%), canola oil (21%), walnut oil (51%), grain-fed cow milk, olive oil (10%), palm oil (10%), sunflower oil (68%), lard (10%), egg yolks (16%), spirulina, peanut oil (48%), okra, rice bran oil (39%), wheat germ oil (55%), grape seed oil (73%), macadamia oil (1-3%), pistachio oil (32.7%), sesame oil (45%), cocoa butter (3%), coconut oil (2%), butter (2%).

See also

References

  1. ^ Cunnane S, Anderson M (1997). "Pure linoleate deficiency in the rat: influence on growth, accumulation of n-6 polyunsaturates, and (1-14C) linoleate oxidation". J Lipid Res. 38 (4): 805–12. PMID 9144095. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  2. ^ Ruthig DJ & Meckling-Gill KA. (1999). "Both (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids stimulate wound healing in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6". Journal of Nutrition. 129 (10): 1791–8. PMID 10498749. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  3. ^ Emily Sonestedt, Ulrika Ericson, Bo Gullberg, Kerstin Skog, Håkan Olsson, Elisabet Wirfält (2008). "Do both heterocyclic amines and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women of the Malmö diet and cancer cohort?". The International Journal of Cancer. 123 (7). UICC International Union Against Cancer: 1637–1643. doi:10.1002/ijc.23394. PMID 10970215. Retrieved 2008-11-30.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Yong Q. Chen, at al (2007). "Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (7). doi:10.1172/JCI31494. PMID 1890998. Retrieved 2008-11-30. {{cite journal}}: Text "pages: 1866-1875" ignored (help)
  5. ^ Valeria Pala, Vittorio Krogh, Paola Muti, Véronique Chajès, Elio Riboli, Andrea Micheli, Mitra Saadatian, Sabina Sieri, Franco Berrino (2001). "Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids and Subsequent Breast Cancer: a Prospective Italian Study". JNCL. 93. PMID 11459870. Retrieved 2008-11-30.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Plant oils: Topical application and anti-inflammatory effects (croton oil test)". Dermatol. Monatsschr. 179: 173. 1993. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Letawe, (1998). "Digital image analysis of the effect of topically applied linoleic acid on acne microcomedones". Clinical & Experimental Dermatology. 23 (2): 56–58. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2230.1998.00315.x. PMID 9692305 : 9692305. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. ^ Darmstadt, G L (2002). "Impact of topical oils on the skin barrier: possible implications for neonatal health in developing countries". Acta Paediatrica. 91 (5): 546–554. doi:10.1080/080352502753711678. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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