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'''Aberystwyth''' ({{lang-en|Mouth of the River Ystwyth}}, {{IPA-en|ˌæbəˈrɪstwɪθ}}, {{IPA-cy|abɛrˈəstʊɨθ|lang}}) is a historic [[market town]], administrative centre and holiday resort within [[Ceredigion]], [[Wales]]. It is often colloquially known as '''Aber''', and is located at the [[confluence]] of the rivers [[River Ystwyth|Ystwyth]] and [[River Rheidol|Rheidol]].
'''Aberystwyth''' ({{lang-en|Mouth of the River Ystwyth}}, {{IPA-en|ˌæbəˈrɪstwɪθ}}, {{IPA-cy|abɛrˈəstʊɨθ|lang}}) is very scenic with the birds

Since the late 19th century, Aberystwyth has also been a major Welsh educational centre, with the establishment of a university college there in 1872. The town's population was officially 15,935 in the 29 April 2001 census<ref name="census"/> or 16,928 if local-government wards are tallied.<ref>[http://www.aberystwyth.org.uk/more/statistics.shtml Aberystwyth Population Data] at Aber Info</ref> During nine months of the year, there is an influx of students—to a total number of 8841 at July 2009,<ref>[http://www.ucas.ac.uk/instit/i/a40.html Aberystwyth University UCAS statistics, 10 July 2009]</ref> but there is no reliable measure of the number of those students whose family residence is outside Aberystwyth.
Since the late 19th century, Aberystwyth has also been a major Welsh educational centre, with the establishment of a university college there in 1872. The town's population was officially 15,935 in the 29 April 2001 census<ref name="census"/> or 16,928 if local-government wards are tallied.<ref>[http://www.aberystwyth.org.uk/more/statistics.shtml Aberystwyth Population Data] at Aber Info</ref> During nine months of the year, there is an influx of students—to a total number of 8841 at July 2009,<ref>[http://www.ucas.ac.uk/instit/i/a40.html Aberystwyth University UCAS statistics, 10 July 2009]</ref> but there is no reliable measure of the number of those students whose family residence is outside Aberystwyth.


Revision as of 11:04, 23 June 2011

Aberystwyth
View of Aberystwyth, Ceredigion
Population15,935 (2001)[1]
OS grid referenceSN585815
• Cardiff90 mi (140 km)SE
Principal area
Preserved county
CountryWales
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townABERYSTWYTH
Postcode districtSY23
Dialling code01970
PoliceDyfed-Powys
FireMid and West Wales
AmbulanceWelsh
UK Parliament
Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament
List of places
UK
Wales
Ceredigion

Aberystwyth (Template:Lang-en, /ˌæbəˈrɪstwɪθ/, Welsh: [abɛrˈəstʊɨθ]) is very scenic with the birds Since the late 19th century, Aberystwyth has also been a major Welsh educational centre, with the establishment of a university college there in 1872. The town's population was officially 15,935 in the 29 April 2001 census[1] or 16,928 if local-government wards are tallied.[3] During nine months of the year, there is an influx of students—to a total number of 8841 at July 2009,[4] but there is no reliable measure of the number of those students whose family residence is outside Aberystwyth.

Geography

View of Clarach Bay from Constitution Hill, Aberystwyth

The town is situated near the confluence of the rivers Ystwyth and Rheidol, on the west coast of Wales. Although the name may seem to suggest otherwise, only the River Rheidol passes through the town; following the reconstruction of the harbour, the River Ystwyth skirts the town, .

Aberystwyth has a pier and a fine seafront which stretches from Constitution Hill at the north end of the Promenade to the mouth of the harbour at the south, taking in two separate beach stretches divided by the castle. Today it is essentially made up by a number of different areas: Aberystwyth town, Llanbadarn Fawr, Waunfawr, Penparcau, Llanbadarn and Trefechan, with Penparcau being the most populous.

Aberystwyth is an isolated town, considering the population density of the United Kingdom. The nearest substantial settlements are located at least 1 hour 45 minutes' drive away: Swansea, to the south, is 70 miles (110 km) away; Shrewsbury, in Shropshire, England, to the east, is 75 miles (120 km) away; and Wrexham, to the north-east, is approximately 80 miles (130 km) away. The Welsh capital, Cardiff, is over 100 miles (160 km) away. London is 210 miles (340 km) distant from Aberystwyth.

Climate

Aberystwyth experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. This is particularly pronounced due to its west coast location facing the Irish sea. Air undergoes little land moderation and so temperatures closely reflect the sea temperature when winds are coming from the predominant onshore (westerly) direction. The nearest met office weather station is Gogerddan, 3 miles to the west, and at a similar elevation.

The absolute maximum temperature is 34.6 °C (94.3 °F),[5] set during July 2006. This is also the July record maximum for all of Wales, suggesting that the area's low lying situation, aided by a possible fohn effect when winds are offshore can act to achieve high temperature's on occasion. Typically the warmest day will average 28.0 °C (82.4 °F)[6] and 5.6 days[7] will achieve a maximum of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above.

The absolute minimum temperature is −13.5 °C (7.7 °F),[8] set in January 2010. Typically 39.8 days will register an air frost.

Rainfall average's 1112mm a year,[9] with over 1mm recorded on 161 days.[10] All averages refer to the 1971-00 period.

Climate data for Gogerddan, elevation 31m, 1971-2000, extremes 1960-
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		27.5
(81.5) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		23.9
(75.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		34.6
(94.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.2
(66.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.5
(50.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		13.2
(55.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.8
(44.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.4
(39.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.4
(43.5)
Record low °C (°F) −13.5
(7.7) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−13.5
(7.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 103.47
(4.07) 		77.65
(3.06) 		88.91
(3.50) 		61.47
(2.42) 		60.58
(2.39) 		77.57
(3.05) 		74.91
(2.95) 		93.65
(3.69) 		98.59
(3.88) 		121.02
(4.76) 		122.63
(4.83) 		121.22
(4.77) 		1,112.84
(43.81)
Source: KNMI[11]

Physical features

Aberystwyth is a major tourist centre and a cultural link between North Wales and South Wales. Constitution Hill is scaled by the Aberystwyth Electric Cliff Railway giving access to fine views and other attractions at the top, while much of the finest scenery in Mid Wales lies within easy reach of the town. This includes the wilderness of the Cambrian Mountains, whose valleys contain forests and meadows which have changed little in centuries. A convenient way of reaching the interior is by the preserved narrow gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway.

Although the town is relatively modern, it contains a number of historic buildings, including the remains of the castle and the Old College of Aberystwyth University nearby. The Old College was originally intended to be a hotel but, due to a lack of funds, the shell of the building was sold to the university. The new university campus overlooks Aberystwyth from Penglais Hill to the east of the town centre. The terminus for the standard-gauge railway is also very impressive, having been built in 1924 in the typical style of the period. Generally, the architecture is a mix of Gothic, Classical Revival and Victorian.

The town is generally regarded as the capital of Mid Wales and several institutions have regional or national offices there. Perhaps the most important of the public bodies located in Aberystwyth is the National Library of Wales. The library also incorporates the National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales, one of six British regional film archives. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, which maintains and curates the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW), providing the public with information about the built heritage of Wales. Aberystwyth is also the home to the national offices of UCAC and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg and the site of the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research. The Welsh Books Council and the offices of the standard historical dictionary of Welsh, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, are also located in Aberystwyth.

History

Mesolithic

There is evidence that during the Mesolithic Age the area of Tan-y-Bwlch at the foot of Pen Dinas (Penparcau) was used as a flint knapping floor for hunter gatherers making weapons from flint that was deposited as the ice retreated.[12]

Bronze and Iron Ages

The remains of a Celtic fortress on Pen Dinas (or more correctly 'Dinas Maelor'), a hill in Penparcau overlooking Aberystwyth, indicates that the site was inhabited before 700 BC.[13][14] On a hill south of the present town, across the River Ystwyth, are the remains of a medieval ringfort believed to be the castle from which Princess Nest was abducted. This rare survival is now on private land and can only be accessed by arrangement.[15]

Middle Ages

The recorded history of Aberystwyth may be said to date from the building of a fortress in 1109 by Gilbert Fitz Richard (grandfather of Richard de Clare, known as Strongbow, the Cambro-Norman lord notable for his leading role in the Norman invasion of Ireland). Gilbert Fitz Richard was granted lands and the lordship of Cardigan by Henry I, including Cardigan Castle. The fortress built in Aberystwyth was located about a mile and a half south of today's town, on a hill over the south bank of the Ystwyth River.[16] Edward I replaced Strongbow's castle in 1277, after its destruction by the Welsh.[17] His castle was, however, built in a different location, at the current Castle Hill, the high point of the town. Between the years 1404 and 1408 Aberystwyth Castle was in the hands of Owain Glyndŵr but finally surrendered to Prince Harry (the future King Henry V of England). Shortly after this, the town was incorporated under the title of Ville de Lampadarn (the ancient name of the place being Llanbadarn Gaerog or the fortified Llanbadarn, to distinguish it from Llanbadarn Fawr, the village one mile (1.6 km) inland. It is thus styled in a Royal charter granted by Henry VIII but, by Elizabeth I's time, the town was invariably named Aberystwyth in all documents.[18]

Early Modern Era

In 1649, Parliamentarian troops razed the castle,[19] so that its remains are now inconsiderable, though portions of three towers still exist. In 1988, an excavation within the castle area revealed a complete male skeleton, deliberately buried. Rarely surviving in Wales' acidic soil, this skeleton was probably preserved by the addition of lime from the collapsed building. Affectionately known as "Charlie", he probably dates from the English Civil War period, probably dying during the Parliamentarian siege and is now housed in the Ceredigion Museum in the town. His image is featured in one of nine mosaics created to adorn the castle's walls.[20]

Hafod Uchtryd was a mansion built by Thomas Johnes starting in 1783, part of it being designed by John Nash. The landscaped gardens were formed by blasting away parts of hills to create vistas. Roadways and bridges were built and hundreds of thousands of trees were planted. The result was a landscape that became famous and attracted many visitors including Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It is thought to have inspired the passage in his poem Kubla Khan:
And here were gardens bright with sinuous rills,
Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;
And here were forests ancient as the hills,
Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

The house was demolished in 1955 but the landscape remains.[21]

Rural industries and craftsmen were an important part of life in a country town. Information recorded in Trade Directories show that in 1830, there were in Aberystwyth:[22]
Twenty boot makers, eight bakers, two corn millers, eleven carpenters and joiners, one cooper, seven tailors, two dressmakers, two straw hat makers, two hat makers, three curriers, four saddlers, two tinsmiths, six maltsters, two skinners, four tanners, eight stonemasons, one brewer, four lime burners, three shipwrights, three wheelwrights, five cabinet makers, one nail maker, one rope maker and one sail maker.

Victorian era

Aberystwyth during the Victorian era

The Cambrian Railway line from Machynlleth reached Aberystwyth in the 1860s, closely followed by rail links to Carmarthen, which resulted in the construction of the town's impressive station. The Cambrian line opened on Good Friday 1869, the same day that the new Eugenius Birch designed 292 metres (958 ft) Royal Pier opened, attracting 7,000 visitors.[23]

The railway's arrival gave rise to something of a Victorian tourist boom and the town was once even billed as the "Biarritz of Wales".[24] During this time, a number of hotels and fine townhouses were built including the Queens Hotel. One of the largest of these hotels, "The Castle Hotel", was never completed as a hotel but, following bankruptcy, was sold cheaply to the Welsh National University Committee, a group of people dedicated to the creation of a Welsh University. The University College of Wales (later to become Aberystwyth University) was founded in 1872 in this building.

Aberystwyth was a contributory parliamentary borough until the Third Reform Act, which caused its representation to be merged into that of the county in 1885.

In 1895, various businessmen who had been behind the Aberystwyth New Harbour Company formed the Aberystwyth Improvement Company (AIC) to take over the works of the defunct Bourne Engineering & Electrical. In 1896, the AIC completed three projects: the new landside pavilion for the Royal Pier;[25] built the Cambria Hotel (later the United Theological College) and formed Constitution Hill Ltd, to develop a Victorian theme park. Chief engineer George Croydon Marks designed all the AIC developments, including the United Kingdom's longest funicular railway,[26] which takes passengers up a 50% gradient to a park and camera obscura.

Modern history

Aberystwyth Harbour

On the night of Friday, 14 January 1938, a storm with estimated wind speeds of up to 90 mph (140 km/h) struck the town. Most of the promenade was destroyed, along with 200 feet (61 m) of the pier. Many properties on the seafront were damaged, with every property from the King's Hall north affected, those on Victoria Terrace having suffered the greatest damage. Work commenced on a protective coffer dam until 1940, with total costs of construction coming to £70,000 (equivalent to £2.5 million today).[27]

Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg held their historic first protest on Trefechan Bridge in Aberystwyth, on 2 February 1963.[28] The first independent Welsh Evangelical Church was established in Aberystwyth (see Evangelical Movement of Wales).

Aberystwyth hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1865, 1916, 1952 and 1992.[citation needed]

On 1 March 2005, Aberystwyth was granted Fairtrade Town status.[29]

In March 2009, mayor Sue Jones-Davies, who had played the role of Judith Iscariot in the film Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979), organised a charity screening of the film. Principal actors Terry Jones and Michael Palin also attended. There is a popular, but incorrect, "urban myth" that the town had banned the film (as some jurisdictions did) when it was first released.[30]

Governance

Aberystwyth town council is one of the 51 town and community councils in Ceredigion and consists of 19 town councillors elected in five wards. The last elections were held on 1 May 2008.

Aberystwyth is governed by Ceredigion County Council and Aberystwyth itself elects six of the 42 councillors in five separate wards (Bronglais, Central, North and Rheidol wards elect one councillor each while Penparcau ward elects two). Of the current county councillors, three are Welsh Liberal Democrat, two are Plaid Cymru and one is an independent.

Aberystwyth has five Welsh Assembly members, one of whom is elected as a constituency AM for Ceredigion, Elin Jones and four who are elected on the regional list for Mid and West Wales.

The town is also within the Ceredigion constituency for elections to the House of Commons. The current MP is Mark Williams for the Welsh Liberal Democrats.

Culture

Arts

The Arts Centre.
Main article: Aberystwyth Arts Centre

Aberystwyth Arts Centre is one of the largest and busiest arts centres in Wales.[31] It encompasses a 312 seat theatre, 900 seat concert hall, 125 seat cinema, and has accompanied studio, galleries, plus public spaces which include cafes and a bar.[32]

Language

See also List of Welsh principal areas by percentage Welsh language

The major languages spoken in Aberystwyth are English and Welsh. The 2001 census reported that, in the seven wards of Aberystwyth, 39% of the residents self-identified as either being able to speak, read or write Welsh. This is lower than Ceredigion as a whole (54%) but higher than Wales overall (23%).[33]

Music

Aberystwyth has a live music scene which has produced bands and artists such as:

The University Music Centre promotes a varied programme for instrumentalists, singers and listeners from the university and the wider community. Also on a Wednesday evening a number of traditional folk music artist congregate in the popular ale drinkers pub, The Ship and Castle for everyones enjoyment.

Sport

Aberystwyth has several sporting associations, including Aberystwyth Athletic Club which was formed in 1955. Aberystwyth RFC is the local rugby union club formed in 1947 and plays in the Welsh Rugby Union leagues.

Aberystwyth Town F.C. formed in 1884, winning the Welsh Cup in 1900 before becoming a founder member of the Welsh Premier League (then League of Wales) in 1992. The town is rich in football with the University of Wales F.C., Penparcau, Bow Street, and Penrhyncoch as well as ATFC Reserves playing in the third tier of Welsh football: Spar Mid Wales League. The club were winners of the Welsh Cup in 1899 and last reached the final in the 2008-2009 season.

Aberystwyth Cricket Club have three senior teams and have been playing in the town in one form or the other since the 1830s. A new Penparcau Boxing Club has been built in Penparcau.

Education

File:Llyfyrgell Genedlaethol.JPG
National Library of Wales.

Schools

Aberystwyth has two comprehensive schools serving the town and a wide rural area, namely Ysgol Gyfun Gymunedol Penweddig and Penglais School. The former uses Welsh as the primary language of tuition, the latter, English.

Aberystwyth University

Main article: Aberystwyth University

Aberystwyth is home to Aberystwyth University whose predecessor, University College Wales, was founded in 1872 and renamed 'the University of Wales, Aberystwyth' in the mid-1990s. Prior to the college's establishment, Wales had very limited academic-degree capability through St David's College, Lampeter (founded in 1822 but, since 2010, has become amalgamated with Trinity University College, Carmarthen to become 'the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David' with campuses in Carmarthen and Lampeter).

National Library Of Wales

Main article: National Library of Wales

The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, is the national legal deposit library of Wales. Established in 1907, it is a Welsh Government sponsored body. According to Cyril Evans, the library's centenary events co-ordinator, "The library is considered to be one of the world's greatest libraries, and its international reputation is certainly something that all Welsh men and women are intensely … proud of".[34] Welsh is the main medium of communication within the organisation; it aims to deliver all public services in Welsh and English.[35]

Tourism and local economy

File:View from NLW.jpg
View of Aberystwyth and Cardigan Bay from the National Library of Wales

As well as having two cinemas and a golf course, the town's attractions include:

The all organic dairy unit of Rachel's Organic is based in Glan yr afon, and is the largest private sector employer in Aberystwyth.[36][37] But many comment that due to its isolated nature, Aberystwyth has developed its own micro-economy: while Rachel's employs 130, new Welsh Assembly offices will employ 1000; the local low-pay sector is dominated by students from the university.[37]

The Cambrian News newspaper came to Aberystwyth from Bala in 1870, after it was purchased by Sir John Gibson. Printed in Oswestry, in May 1880 the paper integrated operations in a former Malthouse in Mill Street. Owned by the Read family from 1926, in 1993 printing was contracted out, enabling the move of editorial staff to the current open-plan offices on Llanbadarn Fawr Science Park. On the death of Henry Read, the paper was purchased by Sir Ray Tindle in 1999, whose company owns more than 200 weekly newspapers in Britain. Now printed in tabloid format, Cambrian News is the second largest weekly-print circulation newspaper in Wales, with 24,000 copies in six regional editorial versions, read by 60,000 weekly readers. The circulation area of mid, west and north Wales covers 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2).[38]

Transport

Rail

Aberystwyth is served by Aberystwyth station, situated in the town centre. The station is the terminus of a service provided by Arriva Trains Wales, on a roughly two-hourly basis, over the scenic Cambrian Line to Shrewsbury and Birmingham via Machynlleth and Mid Wales. Connecting services from Machynlleth also provide a link to Gwynedd's west coast as far as Pwllheli. There is no longer a southbound link to Carmarthen via Lampeter, this line having fallen victim to the Beeching Axe in 1965.

Aberystwyth station is also the terminus of the Vale of Rheidol Railway, a steam operated narrow gauge heritage railway. Constructed between 1901 and 1902, it was intended to ship mineral cargo, primarily lead, from Devil's Bridge down to Aberystwyth for trans-shipment. By the time it was finished, lead mining was in a deep downturn and, thanks to the Aberystwyth Improvement Company, it therefore came to rely largely on the tourist industry, opening for passengers in December 1902. It still remains open for the summer season, offering a journey of 12 miles (19 km).

In 1896, the Aberystwyth Improvement Company formed Constitution Hill Ltd which, under the direction of chief engineer George Croydon Marks, developed the United Kingdom's Great longest funicular railway, the Aberystwyth Cliff Railway, which takes passengers up a 50% gradient.[25][26]

Road

The X40 service in Aberystwyth

Two of Wales's important trunk roads, the A487 and A44, meet in the town, with much traffic between north and south-west Wales passing through. The B4574 mountain road linking the town to Rhayader is described by the AA as one of the ten most scenic drives in the world.[39][40]

Aberystwyth is also a hub for Wales's TrawsCambria bus network, with regular direct services to Bangor, Cardigan, Carmarthen and Cardiff. A daily National Express coach to London and Birmingham also exists.

Notable people

See Category:People from Aberystwyth

In fiction

The cover of Aberystwyth Mon Amour showing Louie and Bianca.

Aberystwyth (albeit an alternative universe version) is the setting for the cult Louie Knight series by Malcolm Pryce which transfers Chandleresque "noir" stories and dialogue to this small seaside town.[41] This alternative reality features many landmarks of Aberystwyth such as the University and the National Library of Wales, but the social situation is radically altered to more closely resemble the pulp/noir stereotypical "Dirty Town" that the narrative plays off. Most of the humour in the books is derived from the almost seamless juxtaposition of the real Aberystwyth and the fictional, noir Aberystwyth. Various aspects of Welsh culture are reflections of what you might expect to see in reality, but with a pulp twist - for example, prostitutes wear Welsh stovepipe hats.

'Stripping Penguins Bare', the second of Michael Carson's Benson Trilogy of comic novels is set in the town and university in the 1960s.

The town is the setting for Koudelka, a PlayStation RPG.

In the setting for Classic Battletech, a star system in the Timbuktu Theatre of Alarion Province of the Lyran Commonwealth / Lyran Alliance is named Aberystwyth.

The local writer Niall Griffiths has set many of his novels here and reflects local slang, settings and even individuals. Grits and Sheepshagger are set wholly in Aberystwyth, which also features prominently in his other novels such as Kelly and Victor and Stump. He portrays a more gritty side of Aberystwyth.

Nancy Bond's A String in the Harp is set in the small coastal town of Borth, near Aberystwyth. The main characters' father is on sabbatical leave from Amherst University and working at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth.

Twinned towns

Aberystwyth is twinned with:[42]

References

  1. ^ a b Usual resident population Downloadable Excel spreadsheet
  2. ^ Robert Young. "Wales - Current". Civic Heraldry of England and Wales. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  3. ^ Aberystwyth Population Data at Aber Info
  4. ^ Aberystwyth University UCAS statistics, 10 July 2009
  5. ^ "2006 Maximum". Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  6. ^ "1971-00 Average annual warmest day". Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  7. ^ "Max >25c days". Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  8. ^ "2010 minimum". Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  9. ^ "1971-00 Rainfall". Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  10. ^ "1971-00 Wetdays". Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  11. ^ "Climate Normals 1971–2000". KNMI. Retrieved 28 feb 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ^ Houlder, C.H., The Stone Age, in J L Davies and D P Kirkby, Cardiganshire County History, I, (1994), pp. 107-123
  13. ^ Briggs, C.S., The Bronze Age, in J L Davies and D P Kirkby, Cardiganshire County History, I, (1994), p. 216, : appendix V, : no. 15
  14. ^ Browne, D and Driver, T., Bryngaer Pendinas Hill Fort, A Prehistoric Fortress at Aberystwyth, (2001)
  15. ^ Houlder, C.H., (1957), Recent Excavations in Old Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, III, no. 2, pp. 114-117
  16. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A., "The Three Castles at Aberystwyth", Archaeologia Cambrensis, V.126, 1977, pp. 74-87
  17. ^ Spurgeon, C.J., The Castle and Borough of Aberystwyth, 1973, p. 5
  18. ^ Griffiths, R.A., (1978), 'Aberystwyth' in Griffiths, R.A., Boroughs of Mediaeval Wales, 19, 25-7
  19. ^ Spurgeon, C.J., The Castle and Borough of Aberystwyth, 1973, p. 12
  20. ^ Aberystwyth Castle Mosaics BBC Mid Wales
  21. ^ Wales by Richard Keen and Ian Burgum, p. 88.
  22. ^ Jenkins, J. Geraint. Ceredigion: Interpreting an Ancient County. Gwasg Careg Gwalch (2005) pg. 84.
  23. ^ "Aberystwyth Royal Pier". visitaberystwyth.com. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  24. ^ Ceredigion County Council - Bibliography of Cardiganshire 1600-1968 Aberystwyth
  25. ^ a b "Twin Peaks Race 2009". BBC Wales. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  26. ^ a b Riley, Andrew; Blackwood, Lorna (2007-11-30). "Focus on... Aberystwyth". London: The Times. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  27. ^ William Troughton (2009-10-20). "Aberystwyth's great storm of 1938". BBC Wales. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  28. ^ Ymgyrchu! Website [1], National Library of Wales, accessed June 5, 2011
  29. ^ Fairtrade towns list, retrieved 2010-01-16
  30. ^ [2].
  31. ^ http://www.welshicons.org.uk/news/arts/creative-units-at-aberystwyth-arts-centre-receive-prestigious-riba-award/
  32. ^ http://www.artswales.org.uk/3325.file.dld
  33. ^ ONS Neighbourhood Statistics
  34. ^ "National Library Centenary celebrations". BBC Mid Wales. 2007-02-20.
  35. ^ http://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/documents/pdf/Welsh_Lang_Scheme.pdf
  36. ^ "Jobs - About Us". Rachel's Organics. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  37. ^ a b Nick Servini (2009-09-10). "Tour to test claims of recovery". BBC Wales. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  38. ^ "150 year celebration". Cambrian News. 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  39. ^ Rachael Misstear (2009-04-11). "PM should head West for a 'hidden gem' holiday destination". Western Mail. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  40. ^ "The Ceredigion Countryside". Visit Wales. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  41. ^ BBC - Mid Wales Literature
  42. ^ "Twinning". Aberystwyth. Retrieved 2010-05-31. [dead link]
  43. ^ "Patagonia twinning charter signed". BBC Wales. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
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