Adrienne Clarkson: Difference between revisions
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After winning several [[ACTRA Award]]s, Clarkson ended her job with ''The Fifth Estate'' in 1983 and was subsequently appointed by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Ontario]], [[John Black Aird]], on the [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]] of his [[Premier of Ontario|Premier]], [[Bill Davis|William Davis]], as the Agent General for [[Ontario]] in [[France]], acting in this role as a cultural liaison between the province and the country, as well as promoting Ontario in several other [[Europe]]an states. After five years at this post, she returned to private business, becoming president and publisher of [[McClelland and Stewart]], at a time when the publisher was in financial difficulty. Clarkson was not only unsuccessful at improving the company's fiscal problems, she was also highly unpopular with employees, and resigned herself after 18 months that saw several protest resignations; the [[imprint]] ''Adrienne Clarkson Books'' does, however, remain with McClelland and Stewart. |
After winning several [[ACTRA Award]]s, Clarkson ended her job with ''The Fifth Estate'' in 1983 and was subsequently appointed by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Ontario]], [[John Black Aird]], on the [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]] of his [[Premier of Ontario|Premier]], [[Bill Davis|William Davis]], as the Agent General for [[Ontario]] in [[France]], acting in this role as a cultural liaison between the province and the country, as well as promoting Ontario in several other [[Europe]]an states. After five years at this post, she returned to private business, becoming president and publisher of [[McClelland and Stewart]], at a time when the publisher was in financial difficulty. Clarkson was not only unsuccessful at improving the company's fiscal problems, she was also highly unpopular with employees, and resigned herself after 18 months that saw several protest resignations; the [[imprint]] ''Adrienne Clarkson Books'' does, however, remain with McClelland and Stewart. |
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Clarkson opted to return to television, hosting through mid 1988 ''Adrienne Clarkson Summer Festival'', which became popular enough to be picked up and repackaged as ''[[Adrienne Clarkson Presents]]'', an arts show that was critically acclaimed, but which never received high ratings. After four years of hosting the show, Clarkson was appointed as an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]] for her long media career, which included hosting more than 3,500 television programmes, as well as assisting charitable organisations, such as the [[Kidney Foundation of Canada]], Horizons of Canada, and [[International PEN]].<ref name=ClarksonOC>{{cite web| url=http://gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3005| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Honours > Order of Canada > Adrienne Clarkson, C.C., C.M.M., C.O.M., C.D.| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> Further, as host and [[executive producer]] of ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents'', she received numerous [[Gemini Award]] nominations{{mdash}} winning in 1993 for best host in a light information, variety, or performing arts programme or series{{mdash}} and was the 1995 recipient of the [[Donald Brittain]] Award, a special honour given every year for the best social/political documentary programme. In the same year, she also won a [[Gémeaux Award]] (the French language equivalent of a Gemini) for ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents''. Her precise diction and sometimes haughty demeanour did sometimes become the occasional subject of satire, however; most famously in the CBC Radio series ''[[Double Exposure (comedy series)|Double Exposure]]'', where co-creator Linda Cullen mimicked Clarkson with the line: "I'm Adrienne Clarkson, and you're not" (derived from [[Chevy Chase]]'s early ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' refrain). |
Clarkson opted to return to television, hosting through mid 1988 ''Adrienne Clarkson Summer Festival'', which became popular enough to be picked up and repackaged as ''[[Adrienne Clarkson Presents]]'', an arts show that was critically acclaimed, but which never received high ratings. After four years of hosting the show, Clarkson was appointed as an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]] for her long media career, which included hosting more than 3,500 television programmes, as well as assisting charitable organisations, such as the [[Kidney Foundation of Canada]], Horizons of Canada, and [[International PEN]].<ref name=ClarksonOC>{{cite web| url=http://gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3005| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Honours > Order of Canada > Adrienne Clarkson, C.C., C.M.M., C.O.M., C.D.| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090202085156/http://gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3005| archivedate= 2 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Further, as host and [[executive producer]] of ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents'', she received numerous [[Gemini Award]] nominations{{mdash}} winning in 1993 for best host in a light information, variety, or performing arts programme or series{{mdash}} and was the 1995 recipient of the [[Donald Brittain]] Award, a special honour given every year for the best social/political documentary programme. In the same year, she also won a [[Gémeaux Award]] (the French language equivalent of a Gemini) for ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents''. Her precise diction and sometimes haughty demeanour did sometimes become the occasional subject of satire, however; most famously in the CBC Radio series ''[[Double Exposure (comedy series)|Double Exposure]]'', where co-creator Linda Cullen mimicked Clarkson with the line: "I'm Adrienne Clarkson, and you're not" (derived from [[Chevy Chase]]'s early ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' refrain). |
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Throughout the 1990s{{mdash}} during which time she also wrote and produced films, such as '''The Lust In His Eye: Visions of James Wilson Morrice'' and ''Borduas and Me and Artemisia''<ref name=Star />{{mdash}} there was much speculation that Clarkson would soon be given a high level appointment by the [[Queen-in-Council]]. This was finally realized in 1995 when [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Jean Chrétien]] and then [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]] [[Michel Dupuy]] advised Governor General [[Roméo LeBlanc]] to appoint Clarkson as chair of the board of the [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]], and later, to the [[Canadian War Museum]] as well, all while she continued to host her show.<ref>{{cite press release| title=Dupuy names Clarkson as Chairperson of Museum of Civilization| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=November 7, 1995| url=http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/newsroom/news_e.cfm?Action=Display&code=5NR150E| accessdate=July 12, 2006}}</ref> It was during this time that the War Museum announced the decision to build the structure which now houses its collection, and which Clarkson opened as Governor General in May 2005.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Alcock| first=Reg| author-link=Reg Alcock| date=April 14, 2005| contribution=Hansard| title=Excerpts From Statement by President of Treasury Board & Questions from MP's [sic]| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=7| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=March 1, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
Throughout the 1990s{{mdash}} during which time she also wrote and produced films, such as '''The Lust In His Eye: Visions of James Wilson Morrice'' and ''Borduas and Me and Artemisia''<ref name=Star />{{mdash}} there was much speculation that Clarkson would soon be given a high level appointment by the [[Queen-in-Council]]. This was finally realized in 1995 when [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Jean Chrétien]] and then [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]] [[Michel Dupuy]] advised Governor General [[Roméo LeBlanc]] to appoint Clarkson as chair of the board of the [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]], and later, to the [[Canadian War Museum]] as well, all while she continued to host her show.<ref>{{cite press release| title=Dupuy names Clarkson as Chairperson of Museum of Civilization| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=November 7, 1995| url=http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/newsroom/news_e.cfm?Action=Display&code=5NR150E| accessdate=July 12, 2006}}</ref> It was during this time that the War Museum announced the decision to build the structure which now houses its collection, and which Clarkson opened as Governor General in May 2005.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Alcock| first=Reg| author-link=Reg Alcock| date=April 14, 2005| contribution=Hansard| title=Excerpts From Statement by President of Treasury Board & Questions from MP's [sic]| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=7| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=March 1, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090226172807/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| archivedate= 26 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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==Governor General of Canada== |
==Governor General of Canada== |
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====Bond with the military==== |
====Bond with the military==== |
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On October 8, 1999, Clarkson was sworn in as the 26th Governor General of Canada, and was soon actively participating in her role, becoming immediately instrumental in the final stages of the repatriation of [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier#Unknown soldier|Canada's unknown soldier]] from [[France]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Unknown Soldier laid to rest at shrine to veterans| publisher=CBC| date=November 10, 2000| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/05/28/unknown000528.html| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> Her eulogy read at [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier|the tomb]]'s dedication ceremony on May 28, 2000, was described by the [[Royal Canadian Legion]] as "powerful",<ref>{{cite journal| last=Black| first=Dan| title=The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier| journal=Legion Magazine| volume=September 2000| publisher=Canvet Publications Ltd.| location=Kanata| date=September 1, 2000| url=http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2000/09/the-tomb-of-the-unknown-soldier/| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}}</ref> and led journalist [[John Fraser (journalist)|John Fraser]] to state: "You have to go back pretty far to find anyone who stirred national emotions the way Clarkson did with her magnificent speech..."<ref name=Fraser>{{Cite news| last=Fraser| first=John| author-link=John Fraser (journalist)| title=Excellency| newspaper=National Post| date=February 1, 2003| url=http://www.ccmms.ca/clarkson.asp| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> In the same vein, after a decade of inaction on the part of the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]], Clarkson moved to have [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]] honoured with the Commander-in-Chief's Unit Commendation, on behalf of the Queen,<ref name=Fraser /> beginning a long relationship between Clarkson and the regiment. |
On October 8, 1999, Clarkson was sworn in as the 26th Governor General of Canada, and was soon actively participating in her role, becoming immediately instrumental in the final stages of the repatriation of [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier#Unknown soldier|Canada's unknown soldier]] from [[France]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Unknown Soldier laid to rest at shrine to veterans| publisher=CBC| date=November 10, 2000| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2000/05/28/unknown000528.html| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> Her eulogy read at [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier|the tomb]]'s dedication ceremony on May 28, 2000, was described by the [[Royal Canadian Legion]] as "powerful",<ref>{{cite journal| last=Black| first=Dan| title=The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier| journal=Legion Magazine| volume=September 2000| publisher=Canvet Publications Ltd.| location=Kanata| date=September 1, 2000| url=http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2000/09/the-tomb-of-the-unknown-soldier/| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090129135437/http://www.legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2000/09/the-tomb-of-the-unknown-soldier/| archivedate= 29 January 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> and led journalist [[John Fraser (journalist)|John Fraser]] to state: "You have to go back pretty far to find anyone who stirred national emotions the way Clarkson did with her magnificent speech..."<ref name=Fraser>{{Cite news| last=Fraser| first=John| author-link=John Fraser (journalist)| title=Excellency| newspaper=National Post| date=February 1, 2003| url=http://www.ccmms.ca/clarkson.asp| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> In the same vein, after a decade of inaction on the part of the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]], Clarkson moved to have [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]] honoured with the Commander-in-Chief's Unit Commendation, on behalf of the Queen,<ref name=Fraser /> beginning a long relationship between Clarkson and the regiment. |
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Following the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks United States on September 11, 2001]], Clarkson praised [[Operation Yellow Ribbon]], saying "communities across the country selflessly opened their homes and hearts to stranded air travellers," and, on September 14, 2001, presided over a memorial service on [[Parliament Hill]] for the victims of the attacks, which was attended by over 100,000 people{{mdash}} the largest single [[vigil]] ever seen in Canada's capital.<ref>{{cite episode| title=Interview With Pervez Musharraf; Interview With Paul Martin; Interview With Kweisi Mfume| episodelink=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0412/05/le.01.html| series=CNN Late Edition With Wolf Blitzer| serieslink=Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer| airdate=December 5, 2004| season=11}}</ref> On her cabinet's advice, Clarkson subsequently dispatched [[Canadian Forces Land Force Command|Canadian soldiers]] to assist in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|invasion of Afghanistan]], and, in her role of representing the Queen as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces|commander-in-chief of the Canadian Forces]], visited in 2002 the Canadian troops serving in the Afghan [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]]. This trip, plus similar ones she undertook during her tenure{{mdash}} such as those to [[Kosovo]] to meet with Canadian troops, to the [[Persian Gulf]] to spend [[Christmas]] with members of the Armed Forces on a Canadian destroyer, and again to Afghanistan to spend New Year's with Canadian soldiers{{mdash}} won her acclaim for being the first governor general since at least 1945 to take seriously the duties associated with the commander-in-chief title,<ref>{{Cite news| last=Graham| first=Bill| author-link=Bill Graham| date=December 9, 2004| contribution=Hansard| title=Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=9| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=March 1, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> which was credited for helping to boost pride in the Canadian Forces. |
Following the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks United States on September 11, 2001]], Clarkson praised [[Operation Yellow Ribbon]], saying "communities across the country selflessly opened their homes and hearts to stranded air travellers," and, on September 14, 2001, presided over a memorial service on [[Parliament Hill]] for the victims of the attacks, which was attended by over 100,000 people{{mdash}} the largest single [[vigil]] ever seen in Canada's capital.<ref>{{cite episode| title=Interview With Pervez Musharraf; Interview With Paul Martin; Interview With Kweisi Mfume| episodelink=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0412/05/le.01.html| series=CNN Late Edition With Wolf Blitzer| serieslink=Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer| airdate=December 5, 2004| season=11}}</ref> On her cabinet's advice, Clarkson subsequently dispatched [[Canadian Forces Land Force Command|Canadian soldiers]] to assist in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|invasion of Afghanistan]], and, in her role of representing the Queen as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces|commander-in-chief of the Canadian Forces]], visited in 2002 the Canadian troops serving in the Afghan [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]]. This trip, plus similar ones she undertook during her tenure{{mdash}} such as those to [[Kosovo]] to meet with Canadian troops, to the [[Persian Gulf]] to spend [[Christmas]] with members of the Armed Forces on a Canadian destroyer, and again to Afghanistan to spend New Year's with Canadian soldiers{{mdash}} won her acclaim for being the first governor general since at least 1945 to take seriously the duties associated with the commander-in-chief title,<ref>{{Cite news| last=Graham| first=Bill| author-link=Bill Graham| date=December 9, 2004| contribution=Hansard| title=Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=9| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=March 1, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090226172807/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| archivedate= 26 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> which was credited for helping to boost pride in the Canadian Forces. |
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====More robust viceregal office==== |
====More robust viceregal office==== |
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Clarkson took a proactive role in increasing the stature of the Canadian viceregal office, travelling widely, hosting lavish state events, and hosting conferences and forums. However, criticism soon ensued over the way her office was spending Crown funds, as, during her tenure, expenditures at Rideau Hall increased 200%; the budget for 2003 was estimated at [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]$41 million. Part of this increase was due to accounting reasons; some costs that had previously been worked into the budgets of ministries were transferred to the Governor General's office. But, the event that the media mostly focused on was Clarkson's 2003, 19 day circumpolar "northern identity" tour, which included [[state visit]]s to [[Russia]], [[Finland]], and [[Iceland]], and the attendance of 50 other Canadians prominent in the fields of arts, culture, and science. In an atmosphere tainted by several spending scandals in the government, the trip's estimated CAD$1 million cost was attacked as a waste of money.<ref name=CTVGG>{{cite news| title=Gov. Gen. Clarkson defends her spending| publisher=CTV| date=September 24, 2003| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1064020579291_112/| accessdate=February 28, 2009}}</ref> All together, this resulted in some politicians calling for the role of the governor general to be reduced or even for the position to be eliminated, and a poll taken late in 2003 found a majority of Canadians thought Clarkson was "too grand" for the office. In an unprecedented move for a vicereine, Clarkson, and not her ministers, personally addressed the controversy, explaining that she had been asked to undertake the state visits by her prime minister.<ref name=CTVGG /> Still, though the Office of the Governor General defended the tour as successful, particularly with regard to the warm reception Clarkson received in Russia and during her meeting with [[President of Russia|Russian president]] [[Vladimir Putin]], and it was the [[Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada)|Department of Foreign Affairs]] that commissioned and paid for the trip with funds approved by [[Parliament of Canada|parliament]], when the end cost for the trips came in at CAD$5 million, a scheduled continuation of the tour that would have included visits to [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Greenland]] was scrapped by the federal government in early 2004.<ref>{{Cite news| last=MacKay| first=Peter| author-link=Peter MacKay| date=December 9, 2004| contribution=Hansard| title=Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=9| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=March 1, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
Clarkson took a proactive role in increasing the stature of the Canadian viceregal office, travelling widely, hosting lavish state events, and hosting conferences and forums. However, criticism soon ensued over the way her office was spending Crown funds, as, during her tenure, expenditures at Rideau Hall increased 200%; the budget for 2003 was estimated at [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]$41 million. Part of this increase was due to accounting reasons; some costs that had previously been worked into the budgets of ministries were transferred to the Governor General's office. But, the event that the media mostly focused on was Clarkson's 2003, 19 day circumpolar "northern identity" tour, which included [[state visit]]s to [[Russia]], [[Finland]], and [[Iceland]], and the attendance of 50 other Canadians prominent in the fields of arts, culture, and science. In an atmosphere tainted by several spending scandals in the government, the trip's estimated CAD$1 million cost was attacked as a waste of money.<ref name=CTVGG>{{cite news| title=Gov. Gen. Clarkson defends her spending| publisher=CTV| date=September 24, 2003| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1064020579291_112/| accessdate=February 28, 2009}}</ref> All together, this resulted in some politicians calling for the role of the governor general to be reduced or even for the position to be eliminated, and a poll taken late in 2003 found a majority of Canadians thought Clarkson was "too grand" for the office. In an unprecedented move for a vicereine, Clarkson, and not her ministers, personally addressed the controversy, explaining that she had been asked to undertake the state visits by her prime minister.<ref name=CTVGG /> Still, though the Office of the Governor General defended the tour as successful, particularly with regard to the warm reception Clarkson received in Russia and during her meeting with [[President of Russia|Russian president]] [[Vladimir Putin]], and it was the [[Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada)|Department of Foreign Affairs]] that commissioned and paid for the trip with funds approved by [[Parliament of Canada|parliament]], when the end cost for the trips came in at CAD$5 million, a scheduled continuation of the tour that would have included visits to [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Greenland]] was scrapped by the federal government in early 2004.<ref>{{Cite news| last=MacKay| first=Peter| author-link=Peter MacKay| date=December 9, 2004| contribution=Hansard| title=Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=9| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=March 1, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090226172807/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| archivedate= 26 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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[[File:Vladimir Putin in Canada 18-19 December 2000-1.jpg|thumb|left|Clarkson and [[John Ralston Saul]] (at right) greet then [[President of Russia]], [[Vladimir Putin]], and his wife, [[Lyudmila Putina]], at [[Rideau Hall]], December 18, 2000]] |
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Canada 18-19 December 2000-1.jpg|thumb|left|Clarkson and [[John Ralston Saul]] (at right) greet then [[President of Russia]], [[Vladimir Putin]], and his wife, [[Lyudmila Putina]], at [[Rideau Hall]], December 18, 2000]] |
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From that time on, Clarkson and her office faced intense scrutiny. By November 2004, it was announced that Clarkson's budget would be cut by ten percent, despite the fact that parliament itself had approved her budget each year. Then, in March 2005, she again faced questions about spending after it was reported that she had been advised by her then prime minister, [[Paul Martin]], to make official visits to [[Spain]], the [[Netherlands]], and Russia in order to attend the [[state funeral]] of the victims of the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid terrorist bombings]], the 50th anniversary of the [[Liberation Day (The Netherlands)|liberation of the Netherlands]], and participate in [[Victory in Europe Day]] celebrations in [[Moscow]], respectively.<ref>{{cite press release| title=Prime Minister cancels trip to Netherlands and Moscow| publisher=Office of the Prime Minister| date=April 25, 2005| url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/prime_minister-ef/paul_martin/06-02-03/www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news.asp@id=469| accessdate=February 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release| title=Governor General's itinerary in the Netherlands| publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada| date=April 29, 2005| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4432| accessdate=February 28, 2009}}</ref> Clarkson waited until less than two weeks after the end of her time serving as governor general before she publicly criticised Jean Chrétien and the Cabinet under his chairmanship for not defending the viceregal office, and reaffirmed that she had been asked by the Department of Foreign Affairs to take each of her state trips in the first place.<ref>{{cite news| title=Former GG Clarkson criticizes federal government| publisher=CTV| date=October 10, 2005| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051009/clarkson_interview_051009/20051010?hub=Canada| accessdate=February 28, 2009}}</ref> |
From that time on, Clarkson and her office faced intense scrutiny. By November 2004, it was announced that Clarkson's budget would be cut by ten percent, despite the fact that parliament itself had approved her budget each year. Then, in March 2005, she again faced questions about spending after it was reported that she had been advised by her then prime minister, [[Paul Martin]], to make official visits to [[Spain]], the [[Netherlands]], and Russia in order to attend the [[state funeral]] of the victims of the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid terrorist bombings]], the 50th anniversary of the [[Liberation Day (The Netherlands)|liberation of the Netherlands]], and participate in [[Victory in Europe Day]] celebrations in [[Moscow]], respectively.<ref>{{cite press release| title=Prime Minister cancels trip to Netherlands and Moscow| publisher=Office of the Prime Minister| date=April 25, 2005| url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/prime_minister-ef/paul_martin/06-02-03/www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news.asp@id=469| accessdate=February 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release| title=Governor General's itinerary in the Netherlands| publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada| date=April 29, 2005| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4432| accessdate=February 28, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090204183626/http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4432| archivedate= 4 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Clarkson waited until less than two weeks after the end of her time serving as governor general before she publicly criticised Jean Chrétien and the Cabinet under his chairmanship for not defending the viceregal office, and reaffirmed that she had been asked by the Department of Foreign Affairs to take each of her state trips in the first place.<ref>{{cite news| title=Former GG Clarkson criticizes federal government| publisher=CTV| date=October 10, 2005| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051009/clarkson_interview_051009/20051010?hub=Canada| accessdate=February 28, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090204092406/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051009/clarkson_interview_051009/20051010?hub=Canada| archivedate= 4 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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At the same time, Clarkson's unorthodox mode of exercising the Office of the Governor General led to negative critiques of how she carried out a number of ceremonial duties. In June 2004, the Governor General and her office were targeted by [[Monarchism in Canada|Canadian monarchists]], who noted that, prior to the ceremony to recognize Canada's involvement at [[Juno Beach]] in the [[D-Day (military term)|D-Day landings]] of 1944, Government House claimed that Clarkson would be attending as Canada's [[head of state]] and, at the event, the Queen, who also attended the ceremony, was relegated to third place in precedence behind Clarkson and Saul.<ref name=CMNDday>{{Cite journal| last=Fidelis| title=Canadian Confusion on Juno Beach| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2004| issue=22| page=2| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2004| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2004/Sum04PDFCdnConfusion.pdf| accessdate=February 28, 2009| ref=CITEREF_Fidelis_2004}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> [[Jack Granatstein]] alleged that this arrangement had displeased the Queen and "there was fury."<ref>{{Cite news| last=Galloway| first=Gloria| title=Jean to squeeze in trip to China between royal tour hello and goodbye| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=June 7, 2010| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jean-to-squeeze-in-trip-to-china-between-royal-tour-hello-and-goodbye/article1595538/| accessdate=June 7, 2010| ref=harv}}</ref> Government House later retracted its head of state statement, saying that it was the error of a junior official, but why the protocol was altered was never explained.<ref>{{Harvnb| Fidelis| 2004| p=3}}</ref> At [[Remembrance Day#Canada|Remembrance Day]] ceremonies, the Governor General also caused a stir when she eschewed the tradition of placing the first wreath at the [[cenotaph]] in favour of doing so simultaneously with her husband; a practice that was discontinued by Clarkson's viceregal successor. Then, during a visit to [[Vancouver]] in September of the same year, Clarkson was booed and hissed at by a small but vocal group of protesters. She was on a goodwill tour of a poor area of the city; however, the protesters argued that her visit was nothing more than a publicity stunt to try to gain some of her lost popular support to get her time in office extended. |
At the same time, Clarkson's unorthodox mode of exercising the Office of the Governor General led to negative critiques of how she carried out a number of ceremonial duties. In June 2004, the Governor General and her office were targeted by [[Monarchism in Canada|Canadian monarchists]], who noted that, prior to the ceremony to recognize Canada's involvement at [[Juno Beach]] in the [[D-Day (military term)|D-Day landings]] of 1944, Government House claimed that Clarkson would be attending as Canada's [[head of state]] and, at the event, the Queen, who also attended the ceremony, was relegated to third place in precedence behind Clarkson and Saul.<ref name=CMNDday>{{Cite journal| last=Fidelis| title=Canadian Confusion on Juno Beach| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2004| issue=22| page=2| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2004| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2004/Sum04PDFCdnConfusion.pdf| accessdate=February 28, 2009| ref=CITEREF_Fidelis_2004| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090225070951/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2004/Sum04PDFCdnConfusion.pdf| archivedate= 25 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> [[Jack Granatstein]] alleged that this arrangement had displeased the Queen and "there was fury."<ref>{{Cite news| last=Galloway| first=Gloria| title=Jean to squeeze in trip to China between royal tour hello and goodbye| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=June 7, 2010| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jean-to-squeeze-in-trip-to-china-between-royal-tour-hello-and-goodbye/article1595538/| accessdate=June 7, 2010| ref=harv}}</ref> Government House later retracted its head of state statement, saying that it was the error of a junior official, but why the protocol was altered was never explained.<ref>{{Harvnb| Fidelis| 2004| p=3}}</ref> At [[Remembrance Day#Canada|Remembrance Day]] ceremonies, the Governor General also caused a stir when she eschewed the tradition of placing the first wreath at the [[cenotaph]] in favour of doing so simultaneously with her husband; a practice that was discontinued by Clarkson's viceregal successor. Then, during a visit to [[Vancouver]] in September of the same year, Clarkson was booed and hissed at by a small but vocal group of protesters. She was on a goodwill tour of a poor area of the city; however, the protesters argued that her visit was nothing more than a publicity stunt to try to gain some of her lost popular support to get her time in office extended. |
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In January 2005, disappointment was further expressed over Clarkson's failure to attend a memorial service for [[Alberta]]'s late [[Lieutenant Governor of Alberta|lieutenant governor]], [[Lois Hole]].<ref name=CMNed /><ref>{{cite journal| last=Fidelis| title=A Very Alarming Situation: the New Threat to the Canadian Monarchy – What Next?| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=2| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2005| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=February 28, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Rideau Hall issued a statement saying the Governor General was, at the time, abroad represent Canada at the inauguration of the [[President of Ukraine]], [[Viktor Yushchenko|Victor Yushchenko]]. However, the inauguration was postponed, and it was felt that Clarkson could have returned to Canada for the service. When it was later reported by the ''[[Toronto Sun]]'' and ''The Globe and Mail'' that Clarkson would wait in Paris, France, for the rescheduled presidential investiture, more outrage was expressed in the press, which was only compounded when Rideau Hall informed the public that the Governor General would also attend a "long-standing engagement" with the Queen at [[Sandringham House]], contradicting reports that [[Buckingham Palace]] had said the dinner was actually booked at the last minute. In response, some monarchists began lobbying Clarkson to resign, had she willingly used the Queen for publicity and damage control purposes. |
In January 2005, disappointment was further expressed over Clarkson's failure to attend a memorial service for [[Alberta]]'s late [[Lieutenant Governor of Alberta|lieutenant governor]], [[Lois Hole]].<ref name=CMNed /><ref>{{cite journal| last=Fidelis| title=A Very Alarming Situation: the New Threat to the Canadian Monarchy – What Next?| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=2| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2005| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=February 28, 2009| ref=harv| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090226172807/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| archivedate= 26 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Rideau Hall issued a statement saying the Governor General was, at the time, abroad represent Canada at the inauguration of the [[President of Ukraine]], [[Viktor Yushchenko|Victor Yushchenko]]. However, the inauguration was postponed, and it was felt that Clarkson could have returned to Canada for the service. When it was later reported by the ''[[Toronto Sun]]'' and ''The Globe and Mail'' that Clarkson would wait in Paris, France, for the rescheduled presidential investiture, more outrage was expressed in the press, which was only compounded when Rideau Hall informed the public that the Governor General would also attend a "long-standing engagement" with the Queen at [[Sandringham House]], contradicting reports that [[Buckingham Palace]] had said the dinner was actually booked at the last minute. In response, some monarchists began lobbying Clarkson to resign, had she willingly used the Queen for publicity and damage control purposes. |
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====Extended tenure==== |
====Extended tenure==== |
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Regardless of the controversies, Clarkson was asked, and agreed, to remain in the Queen's service for an additional year beyond the traditional, but not official, five year period. Though the decision was met with mixed feelings from across the country,<ref>{{Cite news| last=Fagan| first=Drew| title=Clarkson gets an extra year| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=September 30, 2004| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20040930.wxclarkson29/BNStory/National/| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> Prime Minister Martin had advised the Queen to retain Clarkson as her vicereine in order to provide stability while the country faced potential constitutional difficulties arising from a [[minority government]]; there had been speculation at the end of 2004 over whether or not Clarkson would have to become directly involved in politics should the Cabinet led by Paul Martin lose the [[Confidence (politics)|confidence]] of the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]], leaving the Governor General to decide whether or not to ask the leader of [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition]], then [[Stephen Harper]], to form a government, or to call a general election. Ultimately, circumstances played out so that Clarkson's personal involvement was rendered unnecessary.<ref name=CTVClark /> |
Regardless of the controversies, Clarkson was asked, and agreed, to remain in the Queen's service for an additional year beyond the traditional, but not official, five year period. Though the decision was met with mixed feelings from across the country,<ref>{{Cite news| last=Fagan| first=Drew| title=Clarkson gets an extra year| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=September 30, 2004| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20040930.wxclarkson29/BNStory/National/| accessdate=March 1, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090202161404/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20040930.wxclarkson29/BNStory/National/| archivedate= 2 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Prime Minister Martin had advised the Queen to retain Clarkson as her vicereine in order to provide stability while the country faced potential constitutional difficulties arising from a [[minority government]]; there had been speculation at the end of 2004 over whether or not Clarkson would have to become directly involved in politics should the Cabinet led by Paul Martin lose the [[Confidence (politics)|confidence]] of the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]], leaving the Governor General to decide whether or not to ask the leader of [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition]], then [[Stephen Harper]], to form a government, or to call a general election. Ultimately, circumstances played out so that Clarkson's personal involvement was rendered unnecessary.<ref name=CTVClark /> |
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Soon after, however, on July 8, 2005, Clarkson was admitted to hospital in [[Toronto]] in order to have a [[artificial pacemaker|pacemaker]] implanted. She recovered quickly,<ref name=CTVClark /> and returned to her viceregal duties in the same month. To coincide with that year's 50th anniversary of the appointment of the first Canadian-born governor general, Clarkson moved Order of Canada investitures from their typical location in Rideau Hall to various places around the country.<ref name=Fraser /> Also, on July 23, 2005, Clarkson was inducted as an honorary member of the [[Kainai|Kainai Chieftainship]], during a traditional ceremony held at Red Crow Park, near Standoff, [[Alberta]], after which she was adopted into the Blood Tribe with the name ''Grandmother of Many Nations''; this made Clarkson the first governor general since [[Edward Schreyer]] in 1984 to be made an honorary chief, and only the third woman to be inducted since the creation of the chieftainship. Then, on September 15, 2005, Clarkson announced the creation of the [[Governor General's Northern Medal]], to be awarded annually to a citizen whose actions and achievements had contributed to the evolution and constant reaffirmation of the Canadian North as part of the national identity.<ref>{{cite press release| title=Governor General announces the creation of the Governor General's Northern Medal| publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada| date=September 15, 2005| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4556| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> |
Soon after, however, on July 8, 2005, Clarkson was admitted to hospital in [[Toronto]] in order to have a [[artificial pacemaker|pacemaker]] implanted. She recovered quickly,<ref name=CTVClark /> and returned to her viceregal duties in the same month. To coincide with that year's 50th anniversary of the appointment of the first Canadian-born governor general, Clarkson moved Order of Canada investitures from their typical location in Rideau Hall to various places around the country.<ref name=Fraser /> Also, on July 23, 2005, Clarkson was inducted as an honorary member of the [[Kainai|Kainai Chieftainship]], during a traditional ceremony held at Red Crow Park, near Standoff, [[Alberta]], after which she was adopted into the Blood Tribe with the name ''Grandmother of Many Nations''; this made Clarkson the first governor general since [[Edward Schreyer]] in 1984 to be made an honorary chief, and only the third woman to be inducted since the creation of the chieftainship. Then, on September 15, 2005, Clarkson announced the creation of the [[Governor General's Northern Medal]], to be awarded annually to a citizen whose actions and achievements had contributed to the evolution and constant reaffirmation of the Canadian North as part of the national identity.<ref>{{cite press release| title=Governor General announces the creation of the Governor General's Northern Medal| publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada| date=September 15, 2005| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4556| accessdate=March 1, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090204182304/http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4556| archivedate= 4 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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During her last days in office, Clarkson's popularity with the Armed Forces was expressed in a large farewell ceremony mounted by the military; the first ever such send-off for a governor general. Similarly, on the morning of September 26, 2005, Clarkson attended a celebration on Parliament Hill in which [[Member of Parliament|members of parliament]] thanked her for her work and presented her with the [[Flag of the Governor General of Canada|viceregal flag]] that flew atop the [[Peace Tower]] when Clarkson was present in parliament.<ref name=CWNS>{{cite news| last=Greenway| first=Norma| title=Jean puts imprint on swearing-in| publisher=CanWest News Service| date=September 27, 2005| url=http://www2.canada.com/national/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=6ec41c75-a3c3-43be-a182-6b8cccd4e8ed| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> Then, following tradition, Clarkson and Saul planted on Rideau Hall's grounds, two ceremonial trees ([[Quercus bicolor|swamp white oaks]]) to mark the end of the former's time in office,<ref>{{cite press release| title=Governor General Clarkson and John Ralston Saul to participate in tree planting ceremony to commemorate the end of their mandate| publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada| date=September 23, 2005| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4567| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> and the next day, Clarkson's time as vicereine ended when her successor, [[Michaëlle Jean]], was sworn in as Governor General of Canada. However, Clarkson caused yet another controversy when she decided, with Jean's consent,<ref name=CWNS /> to attend Jean's investiture, marking the first time in more than a century that a governor general had attended the swearing-in of his or her successor.<ref name=CWNS /> |
During her last days in office, Clarkson's popularity with the Armed Forces was expressed in a large farewell ceremony mounted by the military; the first ever such send-off for a governor general. Similarly, on the morning of September 26, 2005, Clarkson attended a celebration on Parliament Hill in which [[Member of Parliament|members of parliament]] thanked her for her work and presented her with the [[Flag of the Governor General of Canada|viceregal flag]] that flew atop the [[Peace Tower]] when Clarkson was present in parliament.<ref name=CWNS>{{cite news| last=Greenway| first=Norma| title=Jean puts imprint on swearing-in| publisher=CanWest News Service| date=September 27, 2005| url=http://www2.canada.com/national/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=6ec41c75-a3c3-43be-a182-6b8cccd4e8ed| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> Then, following tradition, Clarkson and Saul planted on Rideau Hall's grounds, two ceremonial trees ([[Quercus bicolor|swamp white oaks]]) to mark the end of the former's time in office,<ref>{{cite press release| title=Governor General Clarkson and John Ralston Saul to participate in tree planting ceremony to commemorate the end of their mandate| publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada| date=September 23, 2005| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4567| accessdate=March 1, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090202185033/http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4567| archivedate= 2 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> and the next day, Clarkson's time as vicereine ended when her successor, [[Michaëlle Jean]], was sworn in as Governor General of Canada. However, Clarkson caused yet another controversy when she decided, with Jean's consent,<ref name=CWNS /> to attend Jean's investiture, marking the first time in more than a century that a governor general had attended the swearing-in of his or her successor.<ref name=CWNS /> |
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===Legacy=== |
===Legacy=== |
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Clarkson was seen as having brought new life to the post of governor general, receiving praise through her first years in office for being a more modern governor general who brought increased public attention to the position;<ref name=Fraser /><ref name=CMNed>{{cite journal| last=Editorial| title=Our Governor General| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=6| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2005| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=February 28, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=CTVClark>{{cite news| title=Clarkson out of hospital after pacemaker surgery| publisher=CTV| date=July 11, 2005| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20050711/clarkson_recovering_050710?s_name=tiff2006&no_ads=| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| last=Nersessian| first=Mary| title=Adrienne Clarkson's legacy as Governor General| publisher=CTV| date=September 27, 2005| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1126648772299_7| accessdate=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Wilcox>{{Citation| last=Wilcox| first=Jack| title=The commander-in-chief's first duty is remembrance| newspaper=Ottawa Citizen| date=November 5, 2010| url=http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/commander+chief+first+duty+remembrance/3780661/story.html| accessdate=November 15, 2010}}</ref> Michaëlle Jean recognised Clarkson as having "infused the office with a new energy," for "promot[ing] artists and their achievements from across Canada," and for her "close work with aboriginal communities." Clarkson was further praised for her devotion to the armed forces and remembrance,<ref name=Wilcox /> and was credited for breathing new life into the Canadian monarchy as a whole; [[Ken Wiwa|Mailo' Ken Wiwa]] stated in ''The Globe and Mail'': "that Adrienne Clarkson, once a refugee, represents the Queen here in Canada is, for me, the singular most important reason for believing that the monarchy is relevant to Canada's emerging identity. Her role may only be ceremonial and symbolic, but as the enduring quality of the Royal Family attests, you can never underestimate the power of myth. Even{{mdash}} or rather, especially{{mdash}} in this iconoclastic age."<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Wiwa| first=Mailo' Ken| contribution=The Globe and Mail| year=2002| title=Excellency| editor-last=Fraser| editor-first=John| journal=National Post| publication-date=February 1, 2003| url=http://www.ccmms.ca/clarkson.asp| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}}</ref> Clarkson and her husband also travelled across Canada and met more Canadians than any other governor general in Canadian history and, unlike many other state figures, Clarkson also wrote most of her own speeches, which were noted for being simultaneously intellectual and approachable.<ref name=Fraser /> Clarkson's tenure was also notable for her patronage of all the arts{{mdash}} making such efforts as ensuring the governor general's study at Rideau Hall had copies of every book that had won the [[Governor General's Award]]s for literature{{mdash}} and for sports, as demonstrated in her creation on September 14, 2005, of the [[Clarkson Cup]] for women's [[ice hockey|hockey]] in Canada. |
Clarkson was seen as having brought new life to the post of governor general, receiving praise through her first years in office for being a more modern governor general who brought increased public attention to the position;<ref name=Fraser /><ref name=CMNed>{{cite journal| last=Editorial| title=Our Governor General| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=6| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2005| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=February 28, 2009| ref=harv| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090226172807/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| archivedate= 26 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=CTVClark>{{cite news| title=Clarkson out of hospital after pacemaker surgery| publisher=CTV| date=July 11, 2005| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20050711/clarkson_recovering_050710?s_name=tiff2006&no_ads=| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| last=Nersessian| first=Mary| title=Adrienne Clarkson's legacy as Governor General| publisher=CTV| date=September 27, 2005| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1126648772299_7| accessdate=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Wilcox>{{Citation| last=Wilcox| first=Jack| title=The commander-in-chief's first duty is remembrance| newspaper=Ottawa Citizen| date=November 5, 2010| url=http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/commander+chief+first+duty+remembrance/3780661/story.html| accessdate=November 15, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101109143052/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/commander+chief+first+duty+remembrance/3780661/story.html| archivedate= 9 November 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Michaëlle Jean recognised Clarkson as having "infused the office with a new energy," for "promot[ing] artists and their achievements from across Canada," and for her "close work with aboriginal communities." Clarkson was further praised for her devotion to the armed forces and remembrance,<ref name=Wilcox /> and was credited for breathing new life into the Canadian monarchy as a whole; [[Ken Wiwa|Mailo' Ken Wiwa]] stated in ''The Globe and Mail'': "that Adrienne Clarkson, once a refugee, represents the Queen here in Canada is, for me, the singular most important reason for believing that the monarchy is relevant to Canada's emerging identity. Her role may only be ceremonial and symbolic, but as the enduring quality of the Royal Family attests, you can never underestimate the power of myth. Even{{mdash}} or rather, especially{{mdash}} in this iconoclastic age."<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Wiwa| first=Mailo' Ken| contribution=The Globe and Mail| year=2002| title=Excellency| editor-last=Fraser| editor-first=John| journal=National Post| publication-date=February 1, 2003| url=http://www.ccmms.ca/clarkson.asp| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}}</ref> Clarkson and her husband also travelled across Canada and met more Canadians than any other governor general in Canadian history and, unlike many other state figures, Clarkson also wrote most of her own speeches, which were noted for being simultaneously intellectual and approachable.<ref name=Fraser /> Clarkson's tenure was also notable for her patronage of all the arts{{mdash}} making such efforts as ensuring the governor general's study at Rideau Hall had copies of every book that had won the [[Governor General's Award]]s for literature{{mdash}} and for sports, as demonstrated in her creation on September 14, 2005, of the [[Clarkson Cup]] for women's [[ice hockey|hockey]] in Canada. |
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Other summaries of Clarkson's time as governor general, however, found that the increased travel abroad attracted negative attention to the viceregal post over costs and caused conflict between domestic duties and foreign obligations. Also, it was observed that Clarkson had succumbed too easily to the desires of her advisors{{mdash}} both in the prime minister's and [[Privy Council Office (Canada)|Privy Council office]]s, as well as amongst the staff of Government House{{mdash}} to turn the viceregal post into something it was not: Canada's head of state. Clarkson had expressed admiration for the Queen, was said to understand "the lustre the Crown affords," and to have "shudder[ed] a little in sympathy with members of the Royal Family at the degree of intrusion into their lives they must bear."<ref name=Fraser /> But the systematic downplaying of the monarch led to confusion over who was head of state and there was a sense that,<ref name=CMNed /> by taking this view, Clarkson and her office were overturning the long-standing theory that all the viceroys and their respective jurisdictions are equal under a sovereign who reigns consistently over the whole country.<ref>{{cite book| last=Jackson| first=Michael| title=The Canadian Monarchy in Saskatchewan| publisher=Provincial Secretary of Saskatchewan| year=1990| location=Regina| page=12| id=ASIN B0006EY308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=McKinnon| first=Frank| title=The Crown in Canada| publisher=Glenbow-Alberta Institute| year=1976| location=Calgary| isbn=978-0-7712-1016-7}}</ref> When Clarkson attended a provincial occasion, her protocol officers insisted that she take precedence over the pertinent lieutenant governor and denied knowledge of the established order in which the lieutenant governor, as a direct representative of the Queen in a province, takes precedence at a provincial function over all other attendees, save for the monarch. These situations would result in "precedence battles", in which the provincial authorities would frequently acquiesce to pressure and ultimatums from Rideau Hall.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Editorial| title=Hope for the Monarchy in Canada: The Provincial Crown| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=12| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2005| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Clarkson also took the place of the monarch in presenting to the next vicereine the Chancellor's insignia of the [[Order of Canada]], thereby breaking the order's "first and oldest tradition"; a move Canada's expert on honours, [[Christopher McCreery]], called "a rather bizarre turn of events."<ref>{{Cite news| last=McCreery| first=Christopher| author-link=Christopher McCreery| date=April 2006| publication-date=2007| contribution=Address to the Conference on Commonwealth Honours and Award| editor-last=Jackson| editor-first=Michael D.| title=Honours of the Crown| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2007| issue=26| page=12| place=Regina| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| accessdate=July 25, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The [[Monarchist League of Canada]] even reported that a member of parliament had telephoned to ask if they had ever before heard of the eruption of booing at the mention of the governor general's name, as had apparently happened in the MP's riding when Clarkson was spoken about.<ref name=CMNed /> |
Other summaries of Clarkson's time as governor general, however, found that the increased travel abroad attracted negative attention to the viceregal post over costs and caused conflict between domestic duties and foreign obligations. Also, it was observed that Clarkson had succumbed too easily to the desires of her advisors{{mdash}} both in the prime minister's and [[Privy Council Office (Canada)|Privy Council office]]s, as well as amongst the staff of Government House{{mdash}} to turn the viceregal post into something it was not: Canada's head of state. Clarkson had expressed admiration for the Queen, was said to understand "the lustre the Crown affords," and to have "shudder[ed] a little in sympathy with members of the Royal Family at the degree of intrusion into their lives they must bear."<ref name=Fraser /> But the systematic downplaying of the monarch led to confusion over who was head of state and there was a sense that,<ref name=CMNed /> by taking this view, Clarkson and her office were overturning the long-standing theory that all the viceroys and their respective jurisdictions are equal under a sovereign who reigns consistently over the whole country.<ref>{{cite book| last=Jackson| first=Michael| title=The Canadian Monarchy in Saskatchewan| publisher=Provincial Secretary of Saskatchewan| year=1990| location=Regina| page=12| id=ASIN B0006EY308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=McKinnon| first=Frank| title=The Crown in Canada| publisher=Glenbow-Alberta Institute| year=1976| location=Calgary| isbn=978-0-7712-1016-7}}</ref> When Clarkson attended a provincial occasion, her protocol officers insisted that she take precedence over the pertinent lieutenant governor and denied knowledge of the established order in which the lieutenant governor, as a direct representative of the Queen in a province, takes precedence at a provincial function over all other attendees, save for the monarch. These situations would result in "precedence battles", in which the provincial authorities would frequently acquiesce to pressure and ultimatums from Rideau Hall.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Editorial| title=Hope for the Monarchy in Canada: The Provincial Crown| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Spring 2005| issue=23| page=12| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2005| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090226172807/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf| archivedate= 26 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Clarkson also took the place of the monarch in presenting to the next vicereine the Chancellor's insignia of the [[Order of Canada]], thereby breaking the order's "first and oldest tradition"; a move Canada's expert on honours, [[Christopher McCreery]], called "a rather bizarre turn of events."<ref>{{Cite news| last=McCreery| first=Christopher| author-link=Christopher McCreery| date=April 2006| publication-date=2007| contribution=Address to the Conference on Commonwealth Honours and Award| editor-last=Jackson| editor-first=Michael D.| title=Honours of the Crown| periodical=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2007| issue=26| page=12| place=Regina| publication-place=Toronto| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| accessdate=July 25, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The [[Monarchist League of Canada]] even reported that a member of parliament had telephoned to ask if they had ever before heard of the eruption of booing at the mention of the governor general's name, as had apparently happened in the MP's riding when Clarkson was spoken about.<ref name=CMNed /> |
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==Post-viceregal life== |
==Post-viceregal life== |
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After leaving Rideau Hall, Clarkson and Saul purchased a new home in Toronto's [[The Annex]] district, taking possession at the end of September 2005. Clarkson then worked towards founding and co-chairing the [[Institute for Canadian Citizenship]], and signed a deal with [[Penguin Books|Penguin Canada]] to publish her memoirs in two books. The first, ''Heart Matters'', was published in September 2006, making Clarkson the third former governor general to release an autobiography.{{#tag:ref|After [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|the Earl Alexander of Tunis]] and [[Vincent Massey]].|group=n|name=Book1}} In the first half of the book, Clarkson outlined her childhood in Ottawa and her career in the CBC, while the second half covered her time as governor general, and contained her own positive views of Jean Chrétien and negative views of Paul Martin. The book was met with mixed reviews, however,{{#tag:ref|[[Etiquette]] experts in the [[United Kingdom]] chided Clarkson for her condescending criticisms of the Queen's behaviour at a dinner party, and of the [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Queen Mother]] for having used different china settings throughout a formal meal, calling Clarkson "prissy",<ref>{{Cite news| last=Graham| first=David| title=Clarkson disses the Queen: In new book, ex-GG gets all haughty about royal manners but experts say she misses the point| newspaper=Toronto Star| date=October 3, 2006| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1159825812798&call_page=TS_News&call_pageid=968332188492&call_pagepath=News/News&pubid=968163964505| accessdate=October 8, 2006}}</ref> and [[Rex Murphy]] deemed Clarkson as hypocritical for claiming a Governor General must adhere to tradition and discretion, all in a book that reveals intimate and judgmental details about certain personages, and released mere months after she left the office.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Murphy| first=Rex| title=Adrienne Clarkson: the personal and the political| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=September 23, 2006| accessdate=October 8, 2006}}</ref>|group=n|name=Book2}} and her expressed opinion that future nominees for appointment as governor general should be voted on in the House of Commons was condemned by monarchists, though supported by ''Macleans''.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Editorial| title=It's time to vote for the governor general| journal=Maclean's| publisher=Kenneth Whyte| location=Toronto| date=September 25, 2006| accessdate=September 30, 2006| ref=harv}}</ref> |
After leaving Rideau Hall, Clarkson and Saul purchased a new home in Toronto's [[The Annex]] district, taking possession at the end of September 2005. Clarkson then worked towards founding and co-chairing the [[Institute for Canadian Citizenship]], and signed a deal with [[Penguin Books|Penguin Canada]] to publish her memoirs in two books. The first, ''Heart Matters'', was published in September 2006, making Clarkson the third former governor general to release an autobiography.{{#tag:ref|After [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|the Earl Alexander of Tunis]] and [[Vincent Massey]].|group=n|name=Book1}} In the first half of the book, Clarkson outlined her childhood in Ottawa and her career in the CBC, while the second half covered her time as governor general, and contained her own positive views of Jean Chrétien and negative views of Paul Martin. The book was met with mixed reviews, however,{{#tag:ref|[[Etiquette]] experts in the [[United Kingdom]] chided Clarkson for her condescending criticisms of the Queen's behaviour at a dinner party, and of the [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Queen Mother]] for having used different china settings throughout a formal meal, calling Clarkson "prissy",<ref>{{Cite news| last=Graham| first=David| title=Clarkson disses the Queen: In new book, ex-GG gets all haughty about royal manners but experts say she misses the point| newspaper=Toronto Star| date=October 3, 2006| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1159825812798&call_page=TS_News&call_pageid=968332188492&call_pagepath=News/News&pubid=968163964505| accessdate=October 8, 2006}}</ref> and [[Rex Murphy]] deemed Clarkson as hypocritical for claiming a Governor General must adhere to tradition and discretion, all in a book that reveals intimate and judgmental details about certain personages, and released mere months after she left the office.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Murphy| first=Rex| title=Adrienne Clarkson: the personal and the political| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=September 23, 2006| accessdate=October 8, 2006}}</ref>|group=n|name=Book2}} and her expressed opinion that future nominees for appointment as governor general should be voted on in the House of Commons was condemned by monarchists, though supported by ''Macleans''.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Editorial| title=It's time to vote for the governor general| journal=Maclean's| publisher=Kenneth Whyte| location=Toronto| date=September 25, 2006| accessdate=September 30, 2006| ref=harv}}</ref> |
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During an October 2006 interview on [[CBC Newsworld]] with [[Don Newman (broadcaster)|Don Newman]], Clarkson spoke her views on the nature of the position of Governor General of Canada, stating that while the Queen remained popular with Canadians, the governor general was now the direct representative of "the Crown", and not of the monarch, therefore making the viceroy Canada's actual head of state. This was a theory contrary to those of [[Eugene Forsey]], the government of Canada itself, and numerous others, but was inline with [[Edward McWhinney]]. Into 2009, Clarkson continued to promote this notion, stating at a constitutional law conference that the governor general embodied the nation and the prime minister's nominee for the viceregal role should thus be vetted by a parliamentary committee, in a similar format to [[Congressional hearing#Confirmation hearings|Congressional Confirmation Hearings]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite news| last=Valpy| first=Michael| author-link=Michael Valpy| title=Let MPs vet G-G candidates, and show hearings, Clarkson says| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=April 17, 2009| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090417.wclarkson17art021492/BNStory/politics/home| accessdate=April 23, 2009}}</ref> She then went further to say that the candidate should also submit to a televised quiz on [[Canadiana]].<ref>{{Cite news| last=Canwest News Service| title=Clarkson backs test| newspaper=Windsor Star| date=April 18, 2009| url=http://www.windsorstar.com/News/Clarkson+backs+test/1509256/story.html| accessdate=April 23, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Though a University of Toronto political scientist stated this would "strengthen the legitimacy of the governor-general as a non-partisan umpire," the editorial board of the [[Montreal]] ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|Gazette]]'' said that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap" and Clarkson's process would undermine the impartiality of the viceroy.<ref>{{Cite news| title=One thing in Ottawa that doesn't need fixing| newspaper=The Gazette| date=April 23, 2009| url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/thing+Ottawa+that+doesn+need+fixing/1524583/story.html| accessdate=April 23, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
During an October 2006 interview on [[CBC Newsworld]] with [[Don Newman (broadcaster)|Don Newman]], Clarkson spoke her views on the nature of the position of Governor General of Canada, stating that while the Queen remained popular with Canadians, the governor general was now the direct representative of "the Crown", and not of the monarch, therefore making the viceroy Canada's actual head of state. This was a theory contrary to those of [[Eugene Forsey]], the government of Canada itself, and numerous others, but was inline with [[Edward McWhinney]]. Into 2009, Clarkson continued to promote this notion, stating at a constitutional law conference that the governor general embodied the nation and the prime minister's nominee for the viceregal role should thus be vetted by a parliamentary committee, in a similar format to [[Congressional hearing#Confirmation hearings|Congressional Confirmation Hearings]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite news| last=Valpy| first=Michael| author-link=Michael Valpy| title=Let MPs vet G-G candidates, and show hearings, Clarkson says| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=April 17, 2009| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090417.wclarkson17art021492/BNStory/politics/home| accessdate=April 23, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090420040141/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090417.wclarkson17art021492/BNStory/politics/home| archivedate= 20 April 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> She then went further to say that the candidate should also submit to a televised quiz on [[Canadiana]].<ref>{{Cite news| last=Canwest News Service| title=Clarkson backs test| newspaper=Windsor Star| date=April 18, 2009| url=http://www.windsorstar.com/News/Clarkson+backs+test/1509256/story.html| accessdate=April 23, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Though a University of Toronto political scientist stated this would "strengthen the legitimacy of the governor-general as a non-partisan umpire," the editorial board of the [[Montreal]] ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|Gazette]]'' said that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap" and Clarkson's process would undermine the impartiality of the viceroy.<ref>{{Cite news| title=One thing in Ottawa that doesn't need fixing| newspaper=The Gazette| date=April 23, 2009| url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/thing+Ottawa+that+doesn+need+fixing/1524583/story.html| accessdate=April 23, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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Clarkson was on February 7, 2007, appointed by the Queen as [[Colonel-in-Chief]] of [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]], replacing [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|the Countess Mountbatten of Burma]], and commented that she was "deeply honoured" and proud to accept the role.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Canadian Press| title=Clarkson named colonel-in-chief of PPCLI| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=February 7, 2007| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070205.wmilclark0205/BNStory/National/home}}</ref> The ceremony to mark her appointment took place on March 17 at the regimental headquarters in [[Edmonton]].<ref>{{Cite news| last=Farrell| first=James| title=Clarkson to be given military honour| newspaper=Edmonton Journal| date=February 4, 2007| url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/local/story.html?id=44f65e8c-cc5c-42ec-b757-1374a99fd6d5&k=0| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> Clarkson is also vice-chair of the board of directors of the dance company [[La La La Human Steps]]. |
Clarkson was on February 7, 2007, appointed by the Queen as [[Colonel-in-Chief]] of [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]], replacing [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|the Countess Mountbatten of Burma]], and commented that she was "deeply honoured" and proud to accept the role.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Canadian Press| title=Clarkson named colonel-in-chief of PPCLI| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=February 7, 2007| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070205.wmilclark0205/BNStory/National/home}}</ref> The ceremony to mark her appointment took place on March 17 at the regimental headquarters in [[Edmonton]].<ref>{{Cite news| last=Farrell| first=James| title=Clarkson to be given military honour| newspaper=Edmonton Journal| date=February 4, 2007| url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/local/story.html?id=44f65e8c-cc5c-42ec-b757-1374a99fd6d5&k=0| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> Clarkson is also vice-chair of the board of directors of the dance company [[La La La Human Steps]]. |
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A member of the [[Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Toronto)|Church of St. Mary Magdalene]], Clarkson is a devout [[Anglican]], as is her entire family going back five generations, with her uncle being a [[priest]] in the [[Sheng Kung Hui|Anglican Church in Hong Kong]]. Clarkson chose to attend Trinity College at the University of Toronto because of its Anglican associations, and, while there, she casually dated divinity student [[Michael Peers]], who would later become an [[archbishop]] and [[primate of the Anglican Church of Canada]]. This friendship was maintained over the years, and Peers presided over Clarkson's marriage to Saul, officiated at her installation as governor general, and presided over the funerals of both her parents. Clarkson is also credited for returning prayer to the viceregal installation ceremony, which had been removed when Roméo LeBlanc was installed in 1995.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Adrienne Clarkson Installed as Governor General| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Autumn 1999| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=1999| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/1999/installed.htm| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
A member of the [[Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Toronto)|Church of St. Mary Magdalene]], Clarkson is a devout [[Anglican]], as is her entire family going back five generations, with her uncle being a [[priest]] in the [[Sheng Kung Hui|Anglican Church in Hong Kong]]. Clarkson chose to attend Trinity College at the University of Toronto because of its Anglican associations, and, while there, she casually dated divinity student [[Michael Peers]], who would later become an [[archbishop]] and [[primate of the Anglican Church of Canada]]. This friendship was maintained over the years, and Peers presided over Clarkson's marriage to Saul, officiated at her installation as governor general, and presided over the funerals of both her parents. Clarkson is also credited for returning prayer to the viceregal installation ceremony, which had been removed when Roméo LeBlanc was installed in 1995.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Adrienne Clarkson Installed as Governor General| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Autumn 1999| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=1999| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/1999/installed.htm| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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Clarkson was admired by the faithful for being open about her religious beliefs during her time in Rideau Hall. In a December 2005 interview with the ''Anglican Journal'', she was quoted as saying about the Anglican elements of her heraldic arms that "I am an Anglican and that is part of my life; that I really feel at home in the Anglican Communion."<ref>{{cite journal| last=Sison| first=Marites| title=Ex-vice regal 'at home' in communion| journal=Anglican Journal| volume=131| issue=10| pages=10| publisher=The Anglican Church of Canada| location=Toronto| date=December 1, 2005| url=http://anglicanjournal.com/131/10/canada04.html| issn=0847-978X| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In this same interview, she criticized conservatives for creating what she called the "deep divide" in the Anglican church regarding [[homosexuality]]. Clarkson was also noted for visiting Anglican churches around Canada on her many tours, saying that she enjoyed seeing how the church fit in communities in all parts of Canada. Her public faith, however, like much of her term, had its run-ins with controversy: She received particular criticism when she was seen taking communion in a Catholic church since that denomination does not permit [[open communion]].<ref>{{cite journal| last=Donovan| first=Gill| title=Governor General rebuked for taking Communion| journal=National Catholic Reporter| publisher=Joe Feuerherd| location=Kansas City| date=February 21, 2003| url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_16_39/ai_98370562| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Davidson| first=Jane| title=Catholics, Anglicans debate awkward communion issue| journal=Anglican Journal| volume=129| issue=3| publisher=The Anglican Church of Canada| location=Toronto| date=March 1, 2003| url=http://www.anglicanjournal.com/issues/2003/129/mar/03/article/catholics-anglicans-debate-awkward-communion-issue/?cHash=79349c445e| issn=0847-978X| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
Clarkson was admired by the faithful for being open about her religious beliefs during her time in Rideau Hall. In a December 2005 interview with the ''Anglican Journal'', she was quoted as saying about the Anglican elements of her heraldic arms that "I am an Anglican and that is part of my life; that I really feel at home in the Anglican Communion."<ref>{{cite journal| last=Sison| first=Marites| title=Ex-vice regal 'at home' in communion| journal=Anglican Journal| volume=131| issue=10| pages=10| publisher=The Anglican Church of Canada| location=Toronto| date=December 1, 2005| url=http://anglicanjournal.com/131/10/canada04.html| issn=0847-978X| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In this same interview, she criticized conservatives for creating what she called the "deep divide" in the Anglican church regarding [[homosexuality]]. Clarkson was also noted for visiting Anglican churches around Canada on her many tours, saying that she enjoyed seeing how the church fit in communities in all parts of Canada. Her public faith, however, like much of her term, had its run-ins with controversy: She received particular criticism when she was seen taking communion in a Catholic church since that denomination does not permit [[open communion]].<ref>{{cite journal| last=Donovan| first=Gill| title=Governor General rebuked for taking Communion| journal=National Catholic Reporter| publisher=Joe Feuerherd| location=Kansas City| date=February 21, 2003| url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_16_39/ai_98370562| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090204122632/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_16_39/ai_98370562| archivedate= 4 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Davidson| first=Jane| title=Catholics, Anglicans debate awkward communion issue| journal=Anglican Journal| volume=129| issue=3| publisher=The Anglican Church of Canada| location=Toronto| date=March 1, 2003| url=http://www.anglicanjournal.com/issues/2003/129/mar/03/article/catholics-anglicans-debate-awkward-communion-issue/?cHash=79349c445e| issn=0847-978X| accessdate=March 1, 2009| ref=harv}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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==Titles, styles, honours, and arms== |
==Titles, styles, honours, and arms== |
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In her post-viceregal life, Clarkson's style and title is, in English: ''The Right Honourable Adrienne Louise Clarkson, Companion of the Order of Canada, Commander of the Order of Military Merit, Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces'', and in French: ''la très honorable Adrienne Louise Clarkson, compagnon de l'ordre du Canada, commandante de l'ordre du mérite militaire, commandante de l'ordre du mérite des forces de police''. |
In her post-viceregal life, Clarkson's style and title is, in English: ''The Right Honourable Adrienne Louise Clarkson, Companion of the Order of Canada, Commander of the Order of Military Merit, Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces'', and in French: ''la très honorable Adrienne Louise Clarkson, compagnon de l'ordre du Canada, commandante de l'ordre du mérite militaire, commandante de l'ordre du mérite des forces de police''. |
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Clarkson's [[post-nominal letters]] are, in order according to the ''Oxford University Calendar Notes on Style'':<ref>{{Cite journal| url=http://www2.ox.ac.uk/gazette/calendar/style.pdf| title=Oxford University Gazette > Oxford University Calendar > Notes on Style| publisher=University of Oxford| accessdate=July 27, 2010| ref=harv}}</ref> ''PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, BA MA Tor, BA(''hc'') Acadia, BA(''hc'') Dal, BA(''hc'') Lake, BA(''hc'') Ott, BA(''hc'') WOnt, BA(''hc'') PEI, BA(''hc'') Bishop, LLD(''hc'') Con, LLD(''hc'') McM, LLD(''hc'') McGill, LLD(''hc'') MtSV, LLD(''hc'') Osg, LLD(''hc'') Queen, LLD(''hc'') Vic'' |
Clarkson's [[post-nominal letters]] are, in order according to the ''Oxford University Calendar Notes on Style'':<ref>{{Cite journal| url=http://www2.ox.ac.uk/gazette/calendar/style.pdf| title=Oxford University Gazette > Oxford University Calendar > Notes on Style| publisher=University of Oxford| accessdate=July 27, 2010| ref=harv| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100813043555/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/calendar/style.pdf| archivedate= 13 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> ''PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, BA MA Tor, BA(''hc'') Acadia, BA(''hc'') Dal, BA(''hc'') Lake, BA(''hc'') Ott, BA(''hc'') WOnt, BA(''hc'') PEI, BA(''hc'') Bishop, LLD(''hc'') Con, LLD(''hc'') McM, LLD(''hc'') McGill, LLD(''hc'') MtSV, LLD(''hc'') Osg, LLD(''hc'') Queen, LLD(''hc'') Vic'' |
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====Unofficial==== |
====Unofficial==== |
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** '''September 27, 2005{{ndash}}''': Companion of the Order of Canada (CC) |
** '''September 27, 2005{{ndash}}''': Companion of the Order of Canada (CC) |
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* {{flagicon|Ontario}} '''1999{{ndash}}''': Lay Bencher of the [[Law Society of Upper Canada]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lsuc.on.ca/about/a/history/time-capsule/summer-2005/| title=About the Society > History > Time Capsule > Summer 2005 > Governors General of Canada and the Law Society| publisher=Law Society of Upper Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} '''1999{{ndash}}''': Lay Bencher of the [[Law Society of Upper Canada]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lsuc.on.ca/about/a/history/time-capsule/summer-2005/| title=About the Society > History > Time Capsule > Summer 2005 > Governors General of Canada and the Law Society| publisher=Law Society of Upper Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''October 8, 1999{{ndash}} September 27, 2005''': [[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Military Merit]] (CMM)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://gg.ca/honours/nat-ord/omm/index_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| authorlink=Governor General of Canada| title=Honours > Order of Military Merit| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''October 8, 1999{{ndash}} September 27, 2005''': [[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Military Merit]] (CMM)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://gg.ca/honours/nat-ord/omm/index_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| authorlink=Governor General of Canada| title=Honours > Order of Military Merit| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090225122455/http://gg.ca/honours/nat-ord/omm/index_e.asp| archivedate= 25 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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** '''September 27, 2005{{ndash}}''': Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM) |
** '''September 27, 2005{{ndash}}''': Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM) |
||
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''October 8, 1999{{ndash}} September 27, 2005''': [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Dame of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]] (DStJ)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/gg/rr/ins/index_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Honours > Insignia Worn by the Governor General| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''October 8, 1999{{ndash}} September 27, 2005''': [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Dame of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]] (DStJ)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/gg/rr/ins/index_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Honours > Insignia Worn by the Governor General| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090202185059/http://www.gg.ca/gg/rr/ins/index_e.asp| archivedate= 2 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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** '''September 27, 2005{{ndash}}''': Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (DStJ) |
** '''September 27, 2005{{ndash}}''': Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (DStJ) |
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* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''October 8, 1999{{ndash}} September 27, 2005''': [[Scouts Canada#Organization|Chief Scout of Canada]] |
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''October 8, 1999{{ndash}} September 27, 2005''': [[Scouts Canada#Organization|Chief Scout of Canada]] |
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* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''1999{{ndash}}''': [[Royal Military College of Canada|Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club]] |
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''1999{{ndash}}''': [[Royal Military College of Canada|Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club]] |
||
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''October 3, 2000{{ndash}} September 27, 2005''': [[Order of Merit of the Police Forces|Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces]] (COM)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://gg.ca/honours/nat-ord/ormp/index_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Honours > Order of Merit of the Police Forces| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=February 26, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''October 3, 2000{{ndash}} September 27, 2005''': [[Order of Merit of the Police Forces|Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces]] (COM)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://gg.ca/honours/nat-ord/ormp/index_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Honours > Order of Merit of the Police Forces| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=February 26, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090204182029/http://gg.ca/honours/nat-ord/ormp/index_e.asp| archivedate= 4 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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** '''September 27, 2005{{ndash}}''': Companion of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (COM) |
** '''September 27, 2005{{ndash}}''': Companion of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (COM) |
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* [[Image:Flag of La Francophonie.svg|23px]] '''2001''': ''Grand croix du [[Order of La Pléiade|l'Ordre de la Pléiade de l'Association des parlementaires de langue française]]''<ref name=Bio /> |
* [[Image:Flag of La Francophonie.svg|23px]] '''2001''': ''Grand croix du [[Order of La Pléiade|l'Ordre de la Pléiade de l'Association des parlementaires de langue française]]''<ref name=Bio /> |
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Line 179: | Line 179: | ||
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''1993''': [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] Prix Anik for Best Entertainment Series: ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents'' |
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''1993''': [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] Prix Anik for Best Entertainment Series: ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents'' |
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* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''1995''': ''Gemeaux Award Meilleur'' pour Meilleur Spécial pour les Arts de la Scène: ''Peau, Chair et Os''<ref name=Award /> |
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''1995''': ''Gemeaux Award Meilleur'' pour Meilleur Spécial pour les Arts de la Scène: ''Peau, Chair et Os''<ref name=Award /> |
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* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''November 19, 2010''': [[Vimy Award]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=13944| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| authorlink=Governor General of Canada| title=Presentation of the 2010 Vimy Award| date=November 19, 2010| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=November 20, 2010}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Canada}} '''November 19, 2010''': [[Vimy Award]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=13944| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| authorlink=Governor General of Canada| title=Presentation of the 2010 Vimy Award| date=November 19, 2010| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=November 20, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101122230820/http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=13944| archivedate= 22 November 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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;Award nominations |
;Award nominations |
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*'''1995''': Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program for ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents'' |
*'''1995''': Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program for ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents'' |
||
*'''1998''': Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program or Series, or Arts Documentary Program for ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents: Black and White to Colour: The Making of "The English Patient" |
*'''1998''': Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program or Series, or Arts Documentary Program for ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents: Black and White to Colour: The Making of "The English Patient" |
||
*'''1998''': Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program or Series, or Arts Documentary Program for ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?nname=Adrienne+Clarkson&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=1&curstep=4&submit.x=34&submit.y=7| last=Canada's Awards Database| title=Adrienne Clarkson| publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television| date=September 1, 2008| accessdate=March 1, 2009}}</ref> |
*'''1998''': Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program or Series, or Arts Documentary Program for ''Adrienne Clarkson Presents''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?nname=Adrienne+Clarkson&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=1&curstep=4&submit.x=34&submit.y=7| last=Canada's Awards Database| title=Adrienne Clarkson| publisher=Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television| date=September 1, 2008| accessdate=March 1, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090204103318/http://www.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?nname=Adrienne+Clarkson&winonly=0&awards=0&rtype=1&curstep=4&submit.x=34&submit.y=7| archivedate= 4 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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;Foreign honours |
;Foreign honours |
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====Honorary Degrees==== |
====Honorary Degrees==== |
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* {{flagicon|British Columbia}} '''April 7, 2000''': [[University of Victoria]], [[Doctor of Laws]] (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://web.uvic.ca/univsec/governance/hondegreelist.html| title=Honorary Degree Recipients as of November 2006| publisher=University of Victoria| accessdate=February 27, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|British Columbia}} '''April 7, 2000''': [[University of Victoria]], [[Doctor of Laws]] (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://web.uvic.ca/univsec/governance/hondegreelist.html| title=Honorary Degree Recipients as of November 2006| publisher=University of Victoria| accessdate=February 27, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090114073851/http://web.uvic.ca/univsec/governance/hondegreelist.html| archivedate= 14 January 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Quebec}} '''2001''': [[McGill University]], Doctor of Laws (LLD) |
* {{flagicon|Quebec}} '''2001''': [[McGill University]], Doctor of Laws (LLD) |
||
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} '''February 27, 2003''': [[Law Society of Upper Canada]] at [[Osgoode Hall]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lsuc.on.ca/news/a/archives/index.cfm?c=1029&i=6293| title=Honorary L.L.D.s| publisher=Law Society of Upper Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} '''February 27, 2003''': [[Law Society of Upper Canada]] at [[Osgoode Hall]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lsuc.on.ca/news/a/archives/index.cfm?c=1029&i=6293| title=Honorary L.L.D.s| publisher=Law Society of Upper Canada| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
||
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} '''2003''': [[Queen's University]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/HDrecipients.pdf| title=HONORARY DEGREES| date=December 15, 2008| publisher=Queen's University| accessdate=March 7, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} '''2003''': [[Queen's University]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/HDrecipients.pdf| title=HONORARY DEGREES| date=December 15, 2008| publisher=Queen's University| accessdate=March 7, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090304132120/http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/HDrecipients.pdf| archivedate= 4 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Quebec}} '''June 10, 2004''': [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite press release| title=Media Advisory: Governor General to receive honorary doctorate from Concordia University| publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada| date=June 7, 2004| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4206| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Quebec}} '''June 10, 2004''': [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite press release| title=Media Advisory: Governor General to receive honorary doctorate from Concordia University| publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada| date=June 7, 2004| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4206| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Ontario}} '''November 2006''': [[McMaster University]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/univsec/reports_lists/S_HD_Recipients.pdf| title=Honorary Degree Recipients (Alphabetical) 1892-present)| publisher=McMaster University| accessdate=February 10, 2010}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} '''November 2006''': [[McMaster University]], Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/univsec/reports_lists/S_HD_Recipients.pdf| title=Honorary Degree Recipients (Alphabetical) 1892-present)| publisher=McMaster University| accessdate=February 10, 2010}}</ref> |
||
* {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} '''May 16, 2008''': [[Mount Saint Vincent University]], Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite press release| title=MSVU to Confer Honorary Degrees on Former Governor General, Lieutenant Governor and Mi'kmaq Advocate| publisher=Mount Saint Vincent University| date=April 24, 2008| url=http://www.msvu.ca/MediaCentre/Releases/2008/Apr08/240408.asp| accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} '''May 16, 2008''': [[Mount Saint Vincent University]], Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD)<ref>{{cite press release| title=MSVU to Confer Honorary Degrees on Former Governor General, Lieutenant Governor and Mi'kmaq Advocate| publisher=Mount Saint Vincent University| date=April 24, 2008| url=http://www.msvu.ca/MediaCentre/Releases/2008/Apr08/240408.asp| accessdate=February 27, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090204200804/http://www.msvu.ca/MediaCentre/Releases/2008/Apr08/240408.asp| archivedate= 4 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Acadia University]] |
* {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Acadia University]] |
||
* {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Dalhousie University]] |
* {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Dalhousie University]] |
||
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Lakehead University]] |
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Lakehead University]] |
||
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[University of Ottawa]]<ref name=TCE>{{cite encyclopedia| title=Biography > Broadcasters > Clarkson, Adrienne Louise| encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia| publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada| year=2009| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001665| accessdate=March 2, 2009}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[University of Ottawa]]<ref name=TCE>{{cite encyclopedia| title=Biography > Broadcasters > Clarkson, Adrienne Louise| encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia| publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada| year=2009| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001665| accessdate=March 2, 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090202040914/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001665| archivedate= 2 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[University of Western Ontario]]<ref name=TCE /> |
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[University of Western Ontario]]<ref name=TCE /> |
||
* {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[University of Prince Edward Island]]<ref name=TCE /> |
* {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[University of Prince Edward Island]]<ref name=TCE /> |
Revision as of 09:57, 23 March 2012
The Right Honourable Adrienne Louise Clarkson PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, FRSC(hon), FRAIC(hon), FRCPSC(hon) | |
---|---|
![]() | |
![]() 26th Governor General of Canada | |
In office October 7, 1999 – September 27, 2005 | |
Monarch | Elizabeth II |
Prime Minister | Jean Chrétien Paul Martin |
Preceded by | Roméo LeBlanc |
Succeeded by | Michaëlle Jean |
Personal details | |
Born | ![]() | February 10, 1939
Spouse(s) | Stephen Clarkson (1963–1975) John Ralston Saul (1999-) |
Profession | Journalist |
Signature | ![]() |
Adrienne Louise Clarkson PC CC CMM COM CD FRSC(hon) FRAIC(hon) FRCPSC(hon) (Chinese: 伍冰枝; née Adrienne Louise Poy, February 10, 1939) is a Canadian journalist and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 26th since Canadian Confederation.
Clarkson arrived in Canada with her family in 1941 as a refugee from Hong Kong and was raised in Ottawa, Ontario. After receiving a number of university degrees, Clarkson worked as a producer and broadcaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and a journalist for various magazines. Her first diplomatic posting came in the early 1980s, when she promoted Ontario culture in France and other European countries. She was in 1999 appointed as governor general by Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien, to replace Roméo LeBlanc as viceroy, and she occupied the post until succeeded by Michaëlle Jean in 2005. While Clarkson's appointment as the Canadian vicereine was generally welcomed at first, she caused some controversy during her time serving as the Queen's representative, mostly due to costs incurred in the operation of her office, as well as a somewhat anti-monarchist attitude toward the position.
On October 3, 2005, Clarkson was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada,[1] giving her the accordant style of The Honourable; however, as a former governor general of Canada, Clarkson is entitled to be styled for life with the superior form of The Right Honourable. She subsequently published her memoirs, founded the Institute for Canadian Citizenship, and became Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.
Family and early life
Clarkson's ancestry lies with the Hakka in Taishan, Guangdong, China, from where her paternal grandfather (伍培 Pinyin: Wǔ Péi) emigrated in the late 19th century to Chiltern, Australia. There, he operated a general store called Willie Ah Poy Fruitier and Confectioner, Ah Poy being his name in the vocative, based on the Taishanese pronunciation, and what Australian immigration officials heard Poy enunciate in response to their request for his name.[2] Poy's first son, William (伍英才 Pinyin: Wǔ Yīngcái), was born in Victoria but was later sent back to Taishan, from where he made his way to Hong Kong. There, he worked with his father for the Canadian government and met and married Ethel Poy, with whom he had two children: Neville, born October 29, 1935, and Adrienne, born February 10, 1939. The elder went on to become a plastic surgeon in Toronto and married Vivienne Poy, who herself became a Senator.[3]
Clarkson describes one of her earliest memories as that of hiding in several Hong Kong basements during the Japanese invasion of the territory in 1941. It was only through his Canadian government connections that her father gained his family the opportunity in 1942 to flee the occupation to Canada, as part of the repatriating of Canadian government staff from the fallen city. Even so, the Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, prevented the Poys' immediate entry into the country until the Department of External Affairs intervened and cited an unfilled quota in the prisoner of war exchange programme with the Japanese Imperial Forces that would permit the Poy family free passage into Canada.[4] The family settled in Ottawa, though William had lost almost all of his substantial fortune, and the Poys lived in a cramped duplex.[3] Clarkson attended public school in the city and, in October 1951, was lined up with her class to see Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II), as the royal motorcade passed through the city.[5]
Education and first marriage
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/St_Hilda%2C_UofT.jpg/220px-St_Hilda%2C_UofT.jpg)
Clarkson graduated from Lisgar Collegiate Institute in 1956, afterwards enrolling at the University of Toronto's Trinity College. During her time there, Clarkson won a Governor General's Medal in English before graduating in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with honours in the subject, and then travelling with her parents to East and Southeast Asia. Clarkson went on to obtain her master's degree in English literature, also at the University of Toronto.[6]
She began post-graduate work in 1962, at the Sorbonne in Paris, France, with a thesis on the poems of George Meredith, and the following year, married Stephen Clarkson, a University of Toronto political science professor. Together, the couple had three daughters: Kyra, born in 1969, and twins Blaise and Chloe, born in 1971; at the age of nine months, however, Chloe died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Adrienne and Stephen divorced four years later, with Stephen being awarded full custody of the two surviving children, and, subsequently, Stephen's second wife, Christina McCall, adopted the two girls, who eventually became estranged from their mother for several decades.
Journalism
After being introduced by a college friend in 1964 to the producers of Take 30— an afternoon variety show run by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)— Clarkson was hired by the Crown corporation as a freelance book reviewer. This marked the start of her nearly 30 year career with the CBC, as, after less than a year in her initial position, Clarkson was promoted to co-host, thus becoming one of the first members of a visible minority to obtain a prominent position on Canadian television. She remained with Take Thirty for a decade, while also branching into print journalism by becoming a regular contributor to such publications as Maclean's and Chatelaine. Similarly, Clarkson wrote and published her own romantic fiction novels: A Lover More Condoling in 1968, and Hunger Trace in 1970.[7] Beyond these, her non-fiction book True to You in My Fashion: A Woman Talks to Men About Marriage— a collection of interviews with men on the subject of divorce— was published in 1971, during which time her first marriage had hit a hard patch.
In 1974, Clarkson began her own public affairs television show Adrienne at Large, though this was not particularly successful and lasted less than four months. The series did, however, allow her to travel extensively outside of Canada, as she recorded segments for the show in locations such as South Africa (where she interviewed Nadine Gordimer and Helen Suzman), and her native Hong Kong. With the cancellation of the show, the CBC created in 1975 the hard journalism programme The Fifth Estate as a means for meeting Canadian content requirements. Clarkson was brought on to co-host with Warner Troyer for the first season, but, due to persistent problems between the two, Troyer left the series, leaving Clarkson to host with Peter Reilly and Eric Malling thereafter. She focused on investigative journalism and gained prominence after an in-depth study of the McCain family's business practices led a Senator to publicly accuse her of being un-naturalised.[3]
After winning several ACTRA Awards, Clarkson ended her job with The Fifth Estate in 1983 and was subsequently appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, John Black Aird, on the advice of his Premier, William Davis, as the Agent General for Ontario in France, acting in this role as a cultural liaison between the province and the country, as well as promoting Ontario in several other European states. After five years at this post, she returned to private business, becoming president and publisher of McClelland and Stewart, at a time when the publisher was in financial difficulty. Clarkson was not only unsuccessful at improving the company's fiscal problems, she was also highly unpopular with employees, and resigned herself after 18 months that saw several protest resignations; the imprint Adrienne Clarkson Books does, however, remain with McClelland and Stewart.
Clarkson opted to return to television, hosting through mid 1988 Adrienne Clarkson Summer Festival, which became popular enough to be picked up and repackaged as Adrienne Clarkson Presents, an arts show that was critically acclaimed, but which never received high ratings. After four years of hosting the show, Clarkson was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada for her long media career, which included hosting more than 3,500 television programmes, as well as assisting charitable organisations, such as the Kidney Foundation of Canada, Horizons of Canada, and International PEN.[8] Further, as host and executive producer of Adrienne Clarkson Presents, she received numerous Gemini Award nominations— winning in 1993 for best host in a light information, variety, or performing arts programme or series— and was the 1995 recipient of the Donald Brittain Award, a special honour given every year for the best social/political documentary programme. In the same year, she also won a Gémeaux Award (the French language equivalent of a Gemini) for Adrienne Clarkson Presents. Her precise diction and sometimes haughty demeanour did sometimes become the occasional subject of satire, however; most famously in the CBC Radio series Double Exposure, where co-creator Linda Cullen mimicked Clarkson with the line: "I'm Adrienne Clarkson, and you're not" (derived from Chevy Chase's early Saturday Night Live refrain).
Throughout the 1990s— during which time she also wrote and produced films, such as 'The Lust In His Eye: Visions of James Wilson Morrice and Borduas and Me and Artemisia[7]— there was much speculation that Clarkson would soon be given a high level appointment by the Queen-in-Council. This was finally realized in 1995 when Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and then Minister of Canadian Heritage Michel Dupuy advised Governor General Roméo LeBlanc to appoint Clarkson as chair of the board of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and later, to the Canadian War Museum as well, all while she continued to host her show.[9] It was during this time that the War Museum announced the decision to build the structure which now houses its collection, and which Clarkson opened as Governor General in May 2005.[10]
Governor General of Canada
Clarkson was the first visible minority to be appointed governor general, as well as the second female (after Jeanne Sauvé), the first Chinese Canadian, and the first without a military or political background. She was also the second person to have been appointed to the Order of Canada prior to nomination as governor general-designate, after Jules Léger. Clarkson brought with her a new approach to the governor generalcy, and dedicated much of her self imposed mandate to drawing national attention to Northern Canada.
As governor general-designate
It was on September 8, 1999, announced from the Office of the Prime Minister of Canada that Elizabeth II had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and Great Seal of Canada, approved Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's choice of Clarkson to succeed Roméo LeBlanc as the Queen's representative.[11][12] At that time, it was revealed that, with Clarkson being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her longtime partner, John Ralston Saul, the official appointment would be bringing an unofficial pair to the viceregal post,[3][7] in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture.
In office
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Unknown_Soldier.jpg/220px-Unknown_Soldier.jpg)
Bond with the military
On October 8, 1999, Clarkson was sworn in as the 26th Governor General of Canada, and was soon actively participating in her role, becoming immediately instrumental in the final stages of the repatriation of Canada's unknown soldier from France.[13] Her eulogy read at the tomb's dedication ceremony on May 28, 2000, was described by the Royal Canadian Legion as "powerful",[14] and led journalist John Fraser to state: "You have to go back pretty far to find anyone who stirred national emotions the way Clarkson did with her magnificent speech..."[15] In the same vein, after a decade of inaction on the part of the Cabinet, Clarkson moved to have Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry honoured with the Commander-in-Chief's Unit Commendation, on behalf of the Queen,[15] beginning a long relationship between Clarkson and the regiment.
Following the terrorist attacks United States on September 11, 2001, Clarkson praised Operation Yellow Ribbon, saying "communities across the country selflessly opened their homes and hearts to stranded air travellers," and, on September 14, 2001, presided over a memorial service on Parliament Hill for the victims of the attacks, which was attended by over 100,000 people— the largest single vigil ever seen in Canada's capital.[16] On her cabinet's advice, Clarkson subsequently dispatched Canadian soldiers to assist in the invasion of Afghanistan, and, in her role of representing the Queen as commander-in-chief of the Canadian Forces, visited in 2002 the Canadian troops serving in the Afghan theatre. This trip, plus similar ones she undertook during her tenure— such as those to Kosovo to meet with Canadian troops, to the Persian Gulf to spend Christmas with members of the Armed Forces on a Canadian destroyer, and again to Afghanistan to spend New Year's with Canadian soldiers— won her acclaim for being the first governor general since at least 1945 to take seriously the duties associated with the commander-in-chief title,[17] which was credited for helping to boost pride in the Canadian Forces.
More robust viceregal office
Clarkson took a proactive role in increasing the stature of the Canadian viceregal office, travelling widely, hosting lavish state events, and hosting conferences and forums. However, criticism soon ensued over the way her office was spending Crown funds, as, during her tenure, expenditures at Rideau Hall increased 200%; the budget for 2003 was estimated at CAD$41 million. Part of this increase was due to accounting reasons; some costs that had previously been worked into the budgets of ministries were transferred to the Governor General's office. But, the event that the media mostly focused on was Clarkson's 2003, 19 day circumpolar "northern identity" tour, which included state visits to Russia, Finland, and Iceland, and the attendance of 50 other Canadians prominent in the fields of arts, culture, and science. In an atmosphere tainted by several spending scandals in the government, the trip's estimated CAD$1 million cost was attacked as a waste of money.[18] All together, this resulted in some politicians calling for the role of the governor general to be reduced or even for the position to be eliminated, and a poll taken late in 2003 found a majority of Canadians thought Clarkson was "too grand" for the office. In an unprecedented move for a vicereine, Clarkson, and not her ministers, personally addressed the controversy, explaining that she had been asked to undertake the state visits by her prime minister.[18] Still, though the Office of the Governor General defended the tour as successful, particularly with regard to the warm reception Clarkson received in Russia and during her meeting with Russian president Vladimir Putin, and it was the Department of Foreign Affairs that commissioned and paid for the trip with funds approved by parliament, when the end cost for the trips came in at CAD$5 million, a scheduled continuation of the tour that would have included visits to Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Greenland was scrapped by the federal government in early 2004.[19]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-1.jpg)
From that time on, Clarkson and her office faced intense scrutiny. By November 2004, it was announced that Clarkson's budget would be cut by ten percent, despite the fact that parliament itself had approved her budget each year. Then, in March 2005, she again faced questions about spending after it was reported that she had been advised by her then prime minister, Paul Martin, to make official visits to Spain, the Netherlands, and Russia in order to attend the state funeral of the victims of the Madrid terrorist bombings, the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the Netherlands, and participate in Victory in Europe Day celebrations in Moscow, respectively.[20][21] Clarkson waited until less than two weeks after the end of her time serving as governor general before she publicly criticised Jean Chrétien and the Cabinet under his chairmanship for not defending the viceregal office, and reaffirmed that she had been asked by the Department of Foreign Affairs to take each of her state trips in the first place.[22]
At the same time, Clarkson's unorthodox mode of exercising the Office of the Governor General led to negative critiques of how she carried out a number of ceremonial duties. In June 2004, the Governor General and her office were targeted by Canadian monarchists, who noted that, prior to the ceremony to recognize Canada's involvement at Juno Beach in the D-Day landings of 1944, Government House claimed that Clarkson would be attending as Canada's head of state and, at the event, the Queen, who also attended the ceremony, was relegated to third place in precedence behind Clarkson and Saul.[23] Jack Granatstein alleged that this arrangement had displeased the Queen and "there was fury."[24] Government House later retracted its head of state statement, saying that it was the error of a junior official, but why the protocol was altered was never explained.[25] At Remembrance Day ceremonies, the Governor General also caused a stir when she eschewed the tradition of placing the first wreath at the cenotaph in favour of doing so simultaneously with her husband; a practice that was discontinued by Clarkson's viceregal successor. Then, during a visit to Vancouver in September of the same year, Clarkson was booed and hissed at by a small but vocal group of protesters. She was on a goodwill tour of a poor area of the city; however, the protesters argued that her visit was nothing more than a publicity stunt to try to gain some of her lost popular support to get her time in office extended.
In January 2005, disappointment was further expressed over Clarkson's failure to attend a memorial service for Alberta's late lieutenant governor, Lois Hole.[26][27] Rideau Hall issued a statement saying the Governor General was, at the time, abroad represent Canada at the inauguration of the President of Ukraine, Victor Yushchenko. However, the inauguration was postponed, and it was felt that Clarkson could have returned to Canada for the service. When it was later reported by the Toronto Sun and The Globe and Mail that Clarkson would wait in Paris, France, for the rescheduled presidential investiture, more outrage was expressed in the press, which was only compounded when Rideau Hall informed the public that the Governor General would also attend a "long-standing engagement" with the Queen at Sandringham House, contradicting reports that Buckingham Palace had said the dinner was actually booked at the last minute. In response, some monarchists began lobbying Clarkson to resign, had she willingly used the Queen for publicity and damage control purposes.
Extended tenure
Regardless of the controversies, Clarkson was asked, and agreed, to remain in the Queen's service for an additional year beyond the traditional, but not official, five year period. Though the decision was met with mixed feelings from across the country,[28] Prime Minister Martin had advised the Queen to retain Clarkson as her vicereine in order to provide stability while the country faced potential constitutional difficulties arising from a minority government; there had been speculation at the end of 2004 over whether or not Clarkson would have to become directly involved in politics should the Cabinet led by Paul Martin lose the confidence of the House of Commons, leaving the Governor General to decide whether or not to ask the leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, then Stephen Harper, to form a government, or to call a general election. Ultimately, circumstances played out so that Clarkson's personal involvement was rendered unnecessary.[29]
Soon after, however, on July 8, 2005, Clarkson was admitted to hospital in Toronto in order to have a pacemaker implanted. She recovered quickly,[29] and returned to her viceregal duties in the same month. To coincide with that year's 50th anniversary of the appointment of the first Canadian-born governor general, Clarkson moved Order of Canada investitures from their typical location in Rideau Hall to various places around the country.[15] Also, on July 23, 2005, Clarkson was inducted as an honorary member of the Kainai Chieftainship, during a traditional ceremony held at Red Crow Park, near Standoff, Alberta, after which she was adopted into the Blood Tribe with the name Grandmother of Many Nations; this made Clarkson the first governor general since Edward Schreyer in 1984 to be made an honorary chief, and only the third woman to be inducted since the creation of the chieftainship. Then, on September 15, 2005, Clarkson announced the creation of the Governor General's Northern Medal, to be awarded annually to a citizen whose actions and achievements had contributed to the evolution and constant reaffirmation of the Canadian North as part of the national identity.[30]
During her last days in office, Clarkson's popularity with the Armed Forces was expressed in a large farewell ceremony mounted by the military; the first ever such send-off for a governor general. Similarly, on the morning of September 26, 2005, Clarkson attended a celebration on Parliament Hill in which members of parliament thanked her for her work and presented her with the viceregal flag that flew atop the Peace Tower when Clarkson was present in parliament.[31] Then, following tradition, Clarkson and Saul planted on Rideau Hall's grounds, two ceremonial trees (swamp white oaks) to mark the end of the former's time in office,[32] and the next day, Clarkson's time as vicereine ended when her successor, Michaëlle Jean, was sworn in as Governor General of Canada. However, Clarkson caused yet another controversy when she decided, with Jean's consent,[31] to attend Jean's investiture, marking the first time in more than a century that a governor general had attended the swearing-in of his or her successor.[31]
Legacy
Clarkson was seen as having brought new life to the post of governor general, receiving praise through her first years in office for being a more modern governor general who brought increased public attention to the position;[15][26][29][33][34] Michaëlle Jean recognised Clarkson as having "infused the office with a new energy," for "promot[ing] artists and their achievements from across Canada," and for her "close work with aboriginal communities." Clarkson was further praised for her devotion to the armed forces and remembrance,[34] and was credited for breathing new life into the Canadian monarchy as a whole; Mailo' Ken Wiwa stated in The Globe and Mail: "that Adrienne Clarkson, once a refugee, represents the Queen here in Canada is, for me, the singular most important reason for believing that the monarchy is relevant to Canada's emerging identity. Her role may only be ceremonial and symbolic, but as the enduring quality of the Royal Family attests, you can never underestimate the power of myth. Even— or rather, especially— in this iconoclastic age."[35] Clarkson and her husband also travelled across Canada and met more Canadians than any other governor general in Canadian history and, unlike many other state figures, Clarkson also wrote most of her own speeches, which were noted for being simultaneously intellectual and approachable.[15] Clarkson's tenure was also notable for her patronage of all the arts— making such efforts as ensuring the governor general's study at Rideau Hall had copies of every book that had won the Governor General's Awards for literature— and for sports, as demonstrated in her creation on September 14, 2005, of the Clarkson Cup for women's hockey in Canada.
Other summaries of Clarkson's time as governor general, however, found that the increased travel abroad attracted negative attention to the viceregal post over costs and caused conflict between domestic duties and foreign obligations. Also, it was observed that Clarkson had succumbed too easily to the desires of her advisors— both in the prime minister's and Privy Council offices, as well as amongst the staff of Government House— to turn the viceregal post into something it was not: Canada's head of state. Clarkson had expressed admiration for the Queen, was said to understand "the lustre the Crown affords," and to have "shudder[ed] a little in sympathy with members of the Royal Family at the degree of intrusion into their lives they must bear."[15] But the systematic downplaying of the monarch led to confusion over who was head of state and there was a sense that,[26] by taking this view, Clarkson and her office were overturning the long-standing theory that all the viceroys and their respective jurisdictions are equal under a sovereign who reigns consistently over the whole country.[36][37] When Clarkson attended a provincial occasion, her protocol officers insisted that she take precedence over the pertinent lieutenant governor and denied knowledge of the established order in which the lieutenant governor, as a direct representative of the Queen in a province, takes precedence at a provincial function over all other attendees, save for the monarch. These situations would result in "precedence battles", in which the provincial authorities would frequently acquiesce to pressure and ultimatums from Rideau Hall.[38] Clarkson also took the place of the monarch in presenting to the next vicereine the Chancellor's insignia of the Order of Canada, thereby breaking the order's "first and oldest tradition"; a move Canada's expert on honours, Christopher McCreery, called "a rather bizarre turn of events."[39] The Monarchist League of Canada even reported that a member of parliament had telephoned to ask if they had ever before heard of the eruption of booing at the mention of the governor general's name, as had apparently happened in the MP's riding when Clarkson was spoken about.[26]
Post-viceregal life
After leaving Rideau Hall, Clarkson and Saul purchased a new home in Toronto's The Annex district, taking possession at the end of September 2005. Clarkson then worked towards founding and co-chairing the Institute for Canadian Citizenship, and signed a deal with Penguin Canada to publish her memoirs in two books. The first, Heart Matters, was published in September 2006, making Clarkson the third former governor general to release an autobiography.[n 1] In the first half of the book, Clarkson outlined her childhood in Ottawa and her career in the CBC, while the second half covered her time as governor general, and contained her own positive views of Jean Chrétien and negative views of Paul Martin. The book was met with mixed reviews, however,[n 2] and her expressed opinion that future nominees for appointment as governor general should be voted on in the House of Commons was condemned by monarchists, though supported by Macleans.[42]
During an October 2006 interview on CBC Newsworld with Don Newman, Clarkson spoke her views on the nature of the position of Governor General of Canada, stating that while the Queen remained popular with Canadians, the governor general was now the direct representative of "the Crown", and not of the monarch, therefore making the viceroy Canada's actual head of state. This was a theory contrary to those of Eugene Forsey, the government of Canada itself, and numerous others, but was inline with Edward McWhinney. Into 2009, Clarkson continued to promote this notion, stating at a constitutional law conference that the governor general embodied the nation and the prime minister's nominee for the viceregal role should thus be vetted by a parliamentary committee, in a similar format to Congressional Confirmation Hearings in the United States.[43] She then went further to say that the candidate should also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana.[44] Though a University of Toronto political scientist stated this would "strengthen the legitimacy of the governor-general as a non-partisan umpire," the editorial board of the Montreal Gazette said that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap" and Clarkson's process would undermine the impartiality of the viceroy.[45]
Clarkson was on February 7, 2007, appointed by the Queen as Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, replacing the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, and commented that she was "deeply honoured" and proud to accept the role.[46] The ceremony to mark her appointment took place on March 17 at the regimental headquarters in Edmonton.[47] Clarkson is also vice-chair of the board of directors of the dance company La La La Human Steps.
Religion
A member of the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Clarkson is a devout Anglican, as is her entire family going back five generations, with her uncle being a priest in the Anglican Church in Hong Kong. Clarkson chose to attend Trinity College at the University of Toronto because of its Anglican associations, and, while there, she casually dated divinity student Michael Peers, who would later become an archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church of Canada. This friendship was maintained over the years, and Peers presided over Clarkson's marriage to Saul, officiated at her installation as governor general, and presided over the funerals of both her parents. Clarkson is also credited for returning prayer to the viceregal installation ceremony, which had been removed when Roméo LeBlanc was installed in 1995.[48]
Clarkson was admired by the faithful for being open about her religious beliefs during her time in Rideau Hall. In a December 2005 interview with the Anglican Journal, she was quoted as saying about the Anglican elements of her heraldic arms that "I am an Anglican and that is part of my life; that I really feel at home in the Anglican Communion."[49] In this same interview, she criticized conservatives for creating what she called the "deep divide" in the Anglican church regarding homosexuality. Clarkson was also noted for visiting Anglican churches around Canada on her many tours, saying that she enjoyed seeing how the church fit in communities in all parts of Canada. Her public faith, however, like much of her term, had its run-ins with controversy: She received particular criticism when she was seen taking communion in a Catholic church since that denomination does not permit open communion.[50][51]
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles
Viceregal styles of Adrienne Clarkson (1999–2005) | |
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Reference style | Her Excellency the Right Honourable Son Excellence la très honorable |
Spoken style | Your Excellency Votre Excellence |
- February 10, 1939– 1963: Miss/Madamoiselle Adrienne Poy
- 1963– 1975: Missus/Madam Adrienne Clarkson
- 1975– October 7, 1999: Miss/Madam Adrienne Clarkson
- October 7, 1999– September 27, 2005: Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada
- September 27, 2005–: The Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson
Clarkson's style and title as governor general was, in full, and in English: Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Louise Clarkson, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada, Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Military Merit, Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada, and in French: Son Excellence la très honorable Adrienne Louise Clarkson, chancelière et compagnon principale de l'ordre du Canada, chancelière et commandante de l'ordre du mérite militaire, chancelière et commandante de l'ordre du mérite des forces de police, gouverneure générale et commandante en chef du Canada.
In her post-viceregal life, Clarkson's style and title is, in English: The Right Honourable Adrienne Louise Clarkson, Companion of the Order of Canada, Commander of the Order of Military Merit, Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces, and in French: la très honorable Adrienne Louise Clarkson, compagnon de l'ordre du Canada, commandante de l'ordre du mérite militaire, commandante de l'ordre du mérite des forces de police.
Clarkson's post-nominal letters are, in order according to the Oxford University Calendar Notes on Style:[52] PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, BA MA Tor, BA(hc) Acadia, BA(hc) Dal, BA(hc) Lake, BA(hc) Ott, BA(hc) WOnt, BA(hc) PEI, BA(hc) Bishop, LLD(hc) Con, LLD(hc) McM, LLD(hc) McGill, LLD(hc) MtSV, LLD(hc) Osg, LLD(hc) Queen, LLD(hc) Vic
Unofficial
- Grandmother of Many Nations
Honours
Ribbon bars of Adrienne Clarkson | |||
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- Appointments
April 30, 1992– October 8, 1999: Officer of the Order of Canada (OC)[8]
- October 8, 1999– September 27, 2005: Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada (CC)
- September 27, 2005–: Companion of the Order of Canada (CC)
1999–: Lay Bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada[53]
October 8, 1999– September 27, 2005: Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM)[54]
- September 27, 2005–: Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM)
October 8, 1999– September 27, 2005: Dame of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (DStJ)[55]
- September 27, 2005–: Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (DStJ)
October 8, 1999– September 27, 2005: Chief Scout of Canada
1999–: Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club
October 3, 2000– September 27, 2005: Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (COM)[56]
- September 27, 2005–: Companion of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (COM)
2001: Grand croix du l'Ordre de la Pléiade de l'Association des parlementaires de langue française[57]
July 23, 2005–: Honorary Chief of the Kainai Chieftainship
October 3, 2005–: Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (PC)
: Senior Fellow of Massey College[57]
: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (FRAIC(hon))[57]
: Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (FRCPSC(hon))[57]
: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC(hon))[57]
: Honorary Fellow of the University of Trinity College[57]
- Medals
1960: Governor General's Academic Medal
1967: Canadian Centennial Medal
1992: Commemorative Medal for the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada
October 8, 1999: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD)
2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal
- Awards
1973: Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists ACTRA Award for Best Documentary: The Desert is Dying[58]
1974: Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists ACTRA Award for Best Public Affairs Broadcaster[58]
1976: Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists Gordon Sinclair Award for Integrity in Broadcasting[58]
1982: Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists ACTRA Award for Best Host-Interviewer[58]
1993: Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Gemini Award for Best Host in Performing Arts Series[58]
1993: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Prix Anik for Best Entertainment Series: Adrienne Clarkson Presents
1995: Gemeaux Award Meilleur pour Meilleur Spécial pour les Arts de la Scène: Peau, Chair et Os[58]
November 19, 2010: Vimy Award[59]
- Award nominations
- 1992: Gemini Award: Best Host in a Light Information, Variety or Performing Arts Program or Series for Adrienne Clarkson Presents
- 1993: Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents – shared with Gordon Stewart
- 1994: Gemini Award: Donald Brittain Award for Best Social/Political Documentary Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents
- 1994: Gemini Award: Best Host in a Lifestyle Information, Variety or Performing Arts Program or Series for Adrienne Clarkson Presents
- 1995: Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents
- 1998: Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program or Series, or Arts Documentary Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents: Black and White to Colour: The Making of "The English Patient"
- 1998: Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program or Series, or Arts Documentary Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents[60]
- Foreign honours
1993: Gabriel Award: Adrienne Clarkson Presents: For the Beauty of the Earth[58]
1994: New York Television Festival Best International TV Award: Adrienne Clarkson Presents: Skin Flesh and Bone[58]
1995: Christopher Columbus International Film and Video Festival The Chris: The Lust of His Eye[58]
1997: Christopher Columbus International Film and Video Festival The Chris: Black and White to Colour: The Making of "The English Patient"[58]
June 30, 2006–: Order of Friendship[61]
Honorary military appointments
October 8, 1999– September 27, 2005: Colonel of the Regiment of the Governor General's Horse Guards
October 8, 1999– September 27, 2005: Colonel of the Regiment of the Governor General's Foot Guards
October 8, 1999– September 27, 2005: Colonel of the Regiment of the Canadian Grenadier Guards
February 7, 2007–: Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
Honorary Degrees
April 7, 2000: University of Victoria, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[62]
2001: McGill University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
February 27, 2003: Law Society of Upper Canada at Osgoode Hall, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[63]
2003: Queen's University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[64]
June 10, 2004: Concordia University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[65]
November 2006: McMaster University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[66]
May 16, 2008: Mount Saint Vincent University, Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD)[67]
Acadia University
Dalhousie University
Lakehead University
University of Ottawa[68]
University of Western Ontario[68]
University of Prince Edward Island[68]
Bishop's University
Honorific eponyms
- Awards
Canada: Clarkson Cup[57]
Ontario: Adrienne Clarkson Laureateship for Public Service, Massey College, Toronto[57][69]
- Schools
Ontario: Adrienne Clarkson Elementary School, Barrhaven
Ontario: Adrienne Clarkson Elementary School, Nepean
Ontario: Adrienne Clarkson Public School, Richmond Hill
Arms
File:Arms of Adrienne Clarkson.gif |
The trilliums represent both Clarkson's home province of Ontario, as well as the meaning of her Chinese first name, which is a metaphor for "ice flowering branch", while tigers are Clarkson's favourite animals, and represent the year in which she was born. The cross and white disc are based on the Anglican Church of Canada's badge. The rocks and trees represent the landscape around Clarkson's cottage on Georgian Bay.[70] |
See also
Notes
- ^ After the Earl Alexander of Tunis and Vincent Massey.
- ^ Etiquette experts in the United Kingdom chided Clarkson for her condescending criticisms of the Queen's behaviour at a dinner party, and of the Queen Mother for having used different china settings throughout a formal meal, calling Clarkson "prissy",[40] and Rex Murphy deemed Clarkson as hypocritical for claiming a Governor General must adhere to tradition and discretion, all in a book that reveals intimate and judgmental details about certain personages, and released mere months after she left the office.[41]
Footnotes
- ^ Privy Council Office (October 30, 2008). "Information Resources > Current Chronological List of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada > 2001–". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
- ^ Clarkson, Adrienne (September 12, 2006). Heart Matters. Toronto: Penguin Group Canada. p. 32. ISBN 0-670-06546-3.
- ^ a b c d Janigan, Mary (September 20, 1999). "Clarkson Appointed Governor General". Maclean's. Toronto: Kenneth Whyte. ISSN 0024-9262. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
{{cite journal}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Clarkson looks forward to books, Xmas leftovers". CTV. December 23, 2003. Retrieved December 30, 2003.
- ^ Clarkson, Adrienne (October 14, 2002). "Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson Speech on the Occasion of the Luncheon in Honour of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh". In Office of the Governor General of Canada (ed.). Media > Speeches. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ Adrienne Clarkson
- ^ a b c Walker, William (September 9, 1999). "PM names Clarkson". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
- ^ a b Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Honours > Order of Canada > Adrienne Clarkson, C.C., C.M.M., C.O.M., C.D." Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Dupuy names Clarkson as Chairperson of Museum of Civilization" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Canada. November 7, 1995. Retrieved July 12, 2006.
- ^ Alcock, Reg (April 14, 2005). "Excerpts From Statement by President of Treasury Board & Questions from MP's [sic]" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Vol. Spring 2005, no. 23. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
{{cite news}}
:|contribution=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ "Appointment of New Governor General" (Press release). Office of the Prime Minister. September 8, 1999. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
- ^ "Clarkson Installed as Governor General". Canadian Monarchist News. Autumn 1999. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) [dead link] - ^ "Unknown Soldier laid to rest at shrine to veterans". CBC. November 10, 2000. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- ^ Black, Dan (September 1, 2000). "The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier". Legion Magazine. September 2000. Kanata: Canvet Publications Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f Fraser, John (February 1, 2003). "Excellency". National Post. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- ^ "Interview With Pervez Musharraf; Interview With Paul Martin; Interview With Kweisi Mfume". CNN Late Edition With Wolf Blitzer. Season 11. December 5, 2004.
{{cite episode}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Graham, Bill (December 9, 2004). "Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Vol. Spring 2005, no. 23. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
{{cite news}}
:|contribution=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ a b "Gov. Gen. Clarkson defends her spending". CTV. September 24, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
- ^ MacKay, Peter (December 9, 2004). "Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Vol. Spring 2005, no. 23. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
{{cite news}}
:|contribution=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ "Prime Minister cancels trip to Netherlands and Moscow" (Press release). Office of the Prime Minister. April 25, 2005. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
- ^ "Governor General's itinerary in the Netherlands" (Press release). Office of the Governor General of Canada. April 29, 2005. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
{{cite press release}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Former GG Clarkson criticizes federal government". CTV. October 10, 2005. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Fidelis (2004). "Canadian Confusion on Juno Beach" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Summer 2004 (22). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
{{cite journal}}
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suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ Galloway, Gloria (June 7, 2010). "Jean to squeeze in trip to China between royal tour hello and goodbye". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
{{cite news}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - ^ Fidelis 2004, p. 3
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{{cite press release}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Greenway, Norma (September 27, 2005). "Jean puts imprint on swearing-in". CanWest News Service. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
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{{cite press release}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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{{citation}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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ignored (help); Invalid|ref=harv
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ignored (|url-status=
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ignored (help) [dead link] - ^ Graham, David (October 3, 2006). "Clarkson disses the Queen: In new book, ex-GG gets all haughty about royal manners but experts say she misses the point". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 8, 2006.
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Canwest News Service (April 18, 2009). "Clarkson backs test". Windsor Star. Retrieved April 23, 2009. [dead link]
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{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Davidson, Jane (March 1, 2003). "Catholics, Anglicans debate awkward communion issue". Anglican Journal. 129 (3). Toronto: The Anglican Church of Canada. ISSN 0847-978X. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "About the Society > History > Time Capsule > Summer 2005 > Governors General of Canada and the Law Society". Law Society of Upper Canada. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
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{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Honours > Insignia Worn by the Governor General". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Honours > Order of Merit of the Police Forces". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Clarkson, Adrienne. "Biography". Adrienne Clarkson. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Clarkson, Adrienne. "Awards". Adrienne Clarkson. Retrieved September 7, 2010.
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{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Canada's Awards Database (September 1, 2008). "Adrienne Clarkson". Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от" (in Russian). 30 июня 2006. года № 653.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients as of November 2006". University of Victoria. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
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ignored (|url-status=
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{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Media Advisory: Governor General to receive honorary doctorate from Concordia University" (Press release). Office of the Governor General of Canada. June 7, 2004. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
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{{cite press release}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Biography > Broadcasters > Clarkson, Adrienne Louise". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Canadian Heraldic Authority (October 1, 1999). "The Public Register of Arms, Flags, and Badges of Canada > Adrienne Clarkson". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
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