Mujaddid: Difference between revisions
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*[[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni]] (864–941)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/><ref name="Paradise Lost"/> |
*[[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni]] (864–941)<ref name="Izalat al-Khafa"/><ref name="Paradise Lost"/> |
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*[[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] (874–936)<ref name="Josef W. Meri p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906</ref> |
*[[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] (874–936)<ref name="Waines"/><ref name="Josef W. Meri p 678">Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906</ref> |
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===Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)=== |
===Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)=== |
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Revision as of 16:17, 2 November 2015
A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.
The concept is based not on the Quran but on a famous hadith (Prophetic tradition) recorded by Abu Dawood: Abu Hurairah narrated that the Islamic prophet Muhammad said:
Allah will raise for this community at the end of every hundred years the one who will renovate its religion for it.
Mujaddid tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.[2]
List of claimants and potential Mujaddids
While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and the Naqshbandi order have their own list of mujaddids.[2]
First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)[4][5]
Second Century (August 10, 815)
Third Century (August 17, 912)
- Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864–941)[7][8]
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)[6][9]
Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)
- Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)[5][8]
- Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)[7]
- Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[8]
Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)
Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)[14]
Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)
- Moinuddin Chishti (1165–1240)[8]
- Ibn Arabi (1165–1240)[8]
- Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328)[8]
Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)
- Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)[15]
Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)
- Jalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)[4][16]
Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)
- Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)[4]
Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)
- Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[9][17]
- Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)[18]
- Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)[19]
Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)
- Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)[16]
- Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[20]
- Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[21]
Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)
- Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[8]
- Said Nursî (1878–1960)[22]
Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)
- Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1921)[23]
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908)[22][24]
References
- ^ Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad. The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. p. 7. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678.
- ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
- ^ a b c "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
- ^ a b c d Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
- ^ a b Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0521539064.
- ^ a b c Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. p. 24. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) Cite error: The named reference "Paradise Lost" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
- ^ "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990
- ^ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
- ^ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
- ^ "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)". Muslim Philosophy.
- ^ "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk.
- ^ a b Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ "A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad". Iqra Islamic Publications.
- ^ Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books.
- ^ O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ a b Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) Cite error: The named reference "Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ "Services As A Mujadid". Alahazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan.
- ^ "The Promised Messiah". Al Islam.
Further reading
- Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
- Friedmann, Yohanan. "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity". Oxford India Paperbacks