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* 1 — The [[United States Department of State]] begins issuing passport applications that ask applicants for "Mother or parent one" and "Father or parent two" instead of for "Father" and "Mother."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/08/AR2011010802320.html?hpid=moreheadlines State Dept steps back on gender-neutral parentage]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> The change, announced in December 2010, is "in recognition of different types of families."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/07/AR2011010706741.html Parent One, Parent Two to replace references to mother, father on passport forms]</ref> |
* 1 — The [[United States Department of State]] begins issuing passport applications that ask applicants for "Mother or parent one" and "Father or parent two" instead of for "Father" and "Mother."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/08/AR2011010802320.html?hpid=moreheadlines State Dept steps back on gender-neutral parentage]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> The change, announced in December 2010, is "in recognition of different types of families."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/07/AR2011010706741.html Parent One, Parent Two to replace references to mother, father on passport forms]</ref> |
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* 7 — New York City adopts a new policy regarding transgender marriage license applicants specifying that once an applicant displays a proper photo identification the city clerk may not request further proof of sex.<ref>[http://transgenderlegal.org/headline_show.php?id=328 Victory! New York City Adopts Policy Ensuring Transgender People Equal Access to Marriage Licenses]</ref> |
* 7 — New York City adopts a new policy regarding transgender marriage license applicants specifying that once an applicant displays a proper photo identification the city clerk may not request further proof of sex.<ref>[http://transgenderlegal.org/headline_show.php?id=328 Victory! New York City Adopts Policy Ensuring Transgender People Equal Access to Marriage Licenses]</ref> |
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* 17 — The [[Arkansas Supreme Court]] upholds a lower court ruling giving a woman visitation rights with the child of her former partner. The court rules that even though same-sex marriage is not legally recognised in Arkansas, the woman stood ''[[in loco parentis]]'' to the child.<ref>[http://arkansasnews.com/2011/02/17/court-woman-entitled-to-visitation-with-child-of-former-same-sex-partner/ Court: Woman entitled to visitation with child of former same-sex partner]{{ |
* 17 — The [[Arkansas Supreme Court]] upholds a lower court ruling giving a woman visitation rights with the child of her former partner. The court rules that even though same-sex marriage is not legally recognised in Arkansas, the woman stood ''[[in loco parentis]]'' to the child.<ref>[http://arkansasnews.com/2011/02/17/court-woman-entitled-to-visitation-with-child-of-former-same-sex-partner/ Court: Woman entitled to visitation with child of former same-sex partner] {{wayback|url=http://arkansasnews.com/2011/02/17/court-woman-entitled-to-visitation-with-child-of-former-same-sex-partner/ |date=20110221195630 }}</ref> |
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* 18 |
* 18 |
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** Massachusetts governor [[Deval Patrick]] signs an executive order banning discrimination against state employees based on gender identity or expression.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2011/02/patrick_bans_di.html Patrick bans discrimination against transgender state workers]</ref> |
** Massachusetts governor [[Deval Patrick]] signs an executive order banning discrimination against state employees based on gender identity or expression.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2011/02/patrick_bans_di.html Patrick bans discrimination against transgender state workers]</ref> |
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===July=== |
===July=== |
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*2 — [[Rhode Island]] Governor [[Lincoln Chafee]] signs a civil unions bill into law. The law, which is effective immediately, grants same-sex couples the same rights as married couples but withholds the word "marriage" from their certificates.<ref>[http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_news/providence/chafee-signs-civil-unions-legislation WPRI - Chafee Signs Civil-Unions Legislation | WPRI.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some LGBT rights activists had urged Chafee to veto the bill, saying that exemptions for religious organisations were overly broad and might allow some such groups to discriminate against civil unions.<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/06/28/RI_Likely_to_Pass_Civil_Unions_Almost_No_One_Pleased/ RI Likely to Pass Civil Unions Almost No One Pleased | Advocate.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, some rights, such as tax exemptions based on marital status, remain unavailable because the state uses federal tax law to determine them, which does not recognise any form of same-sex union.<ref>[http://www.projo.com/news/content/CIVIL_UNIONS_ISSUES_10-10-11_U9QQ4RJ_v57.60a62.html]{{ |
*2 — [[Rhode Island]] Governor [[Lincoln Chafee]] signs a civil unions bill into law. The law, which is effective immediately, grants same-sex couples the same rights as married couples but withholds the word "marriage" from their certificates.<ref>[http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_news/providence/chafee-signs-civil-unions-legislation WPRI - Chafee Signs Civil-Unions Legislation | WPRI.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some LGBT rights activists had urged Chafee to veto the bill, saying that exemptions for religious organisations were overly broad and might allow some such groups to discriminate against civil unions.<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/06/28/RI_Likely_to_Pass_Civil_Unions_Almost_No_One_Pleased/ RI Likely to Pass Civil Unions Almost No One Pleased | Advocate.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, some rights, such as tax exemptions based on marital status, remain unavailable because the state uses federal tax law to determine them, which does not recognise any form of same-sex union.<ref>[http://www.projo.com/news/content/CIVIL_UNIONS_ISSUES_10-10-11_U9QQ4RJ_v57.60a62.html] {{wayback|url=http://www.projo.com/news/content/CIVIL_UNIONS_ISSUES_10-10-11_U9QQ4RJ_v57.60a62.html |date=20111012091555 }}</ref> |
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*5 — Governor [[Dan Malloy]] of Connecticut signs bill HB-6599, which bars discrimination in employment, housing, public accommodations, credit and other laws based on gender identity or expression. The law, which will take effect 1 October, makes Connecticut the 15th state (along with Washington, D.C.) to outlaw some form{{Vague|date=August 2011}} of gender identity discrimination.<ref>[http://www.baywindows.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=121897 Conn. governor signs transgender protections into law]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonblade.com/2011/07/07/connecticut-adds-gender-identity-to-non-discrimination-laws/ Connecticut adds gender identity to non-discrimination laws]</ref> |
*5 — Governor [[Dan Malloy]] of Connecticut signs bill HB-6599, which bars discrimination in employment, housing, public accommodations, credit and other laws based on gender identity or expression. The law, which will take effect 1 October, makes Connecticut the 15th state (along with Washington, D.C.) to outlaw some form{{Vague|date=August 2011}} of gender identity discrimination.<ref>[http://www.baywindows.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=121897 Conn. governor signs transgender protections into law]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonblade.com/2011/07/07/connecticut-adds-gender-identity-to-non-discrimination-laws/ Connecticut adds gender identity to non-discrimination laws]</ref> |
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*6 — In ''[[Log Cabin Republicans v. United States]]'', the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] lifts its stay of a lower court's order and orders an immediate halt to the enforcement of "don't ask, don't tell." The court cites progress implementing the 2010 repeal of the policy and the Obama administration's 1 July brief in a DOMA case that cites the history of government and private discrimination based on sexual orientation.<ref>''Miami Herald'': [http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/07/06/2302381/court-orders-immediate-halt-to.html Lisa Leff and Lolita C. Baldor, "Court orders immediate halt to gay military ban," July 6, 2011]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}, accessed July 7, 2011</ref> |
*6 — In ''[[Log Cabin Republicans v. United States]]'', the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] lifts its stay of a lower court's order and orders an immediate halt to the enforcement of "don't ask, don't tell." The court cites progress implementing the 2010 repeal of the policy and the Obama administration's 1 July brief in a DOMA case that cites the history of government and private discrimination based on sexual orientation.<ref>''Miami Herald'': [http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/07/06/2302381/court-orders-immediate-halt-to.html Lisa Leff and Lolita C. Baldor, "Court orders immediate halt to gay military ban," July 6, 2011]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}, accessed July 7, 2011</ref> |
Revision as of 08:51, 1 February 2016
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2011) |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT history in 2011.
This is a list of events in 2011 that affected LGBT rights.
Events
January
- 1 — The Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 comes into effect in Ireland, allowing same-sex couples to enter civil partnerships.[1]
- 3 — Ugandan High Court Justice V.F. Kibuuka Musoke rules that Rolling Stone violated the civil rights of homosexuals when it printed their pictures on the front page with the headline "Hang Them." The court orders the newspaper to pay each of the three lead plaintiffs $1.5 million Ugandan shillings.[2]
- 7 — The 3rd Court of Appeals in Austin, Texas rules that the Texas Attorney General does not have standing to intervene in a same-sex divorce case. The ruling, which conflicts with a ruling issued in 2010 by the 5th Court of Appeals,[3] means that a Texas divorce granted to two women who married in Massachusetts is legal. However, the state's ban on same-sex marriage is unaffected.[4]
- 10
- The Saskatchewan Court of Appeal in Canada rules that marriage commissioners in Saskatchewan cannot refuse to marry same-sex couples due to religious objections. The decision is in response to a proposed law which had two versions: One would allow any marriage commissioner to avoid performing a same-sex wedding because of his or her religion; the other version would allow commissioners to opt out of performing a same-sex ceremony only if they were commissioners before Canada enacted marriage equality in 2004.[5]
- Newly sworn-in Ohio Governor John Kasich allows a previous executive order prohibiting discrimination in state employment on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity to expire.[6]
- 14 — A Virginia circuit court judge reverses his earlier ruling and allows one half of a lesbian couple to change her last name legally to that of her partner. The judge had initially denied the name change, stating that since same-sex marriage is illegal in Virginia and the couple "hold themselves out as a married couple" the name change was for "fraudulent purposes."[7]
- 18 — A Bristol County Court judge rules that the owners of a bed and breakfast in Cornwall, United Kingdom violated the rights of a gay couple in a civil partnership when they refused to rent them a double room because of the owners' Christian beliefs.[8]
- 24 — The Wyoming House of Representatives passes a bill that would bar the state from recognising legal same-sex marriages performed in other legal jurisdictions, changing a law that though bars same-sex marriage within Wyoming recognises legal marriages performed elsewhere.[9]
- 27 — The Iowa Senate rejects a proposal for a voter initiative to amend the Iowa constitution to ban same-sex marriage.[10]
- 28
- The Constitutional Council of France rules that French laws which restrict marriage to unions between men and women do not violate the French Constitution.[11]
- In Indiana, the Gary Community School Corporation, as part of the settlement of a lawsuit filed in 2007 by a transgender former student, announces a new anti-discrimination policy that includes specific protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity.[12]
- 31
- Following its passage in December 2010, Illinois Governor Pat Quinn signs the Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act. This act allows all couples, regardless of gender, to enter into civil unions which provide all of the state benefits of marriage.[13][14] The law is scheduled to take effect June 1.
- As same-sex marriage is constitutionally prohibited in the state of Nebraska, an Otoe County judge refuses to grant a divorce to two women legally married in Vermont eight years ago. The judge does, however, rule on child support and visitation issues.[vague][15]
- Representatives at São Tomé and Príncipe's United Nations Universal Periodic Review announce that upcoming revisions to its Criminal Code will decriminalize homosexual sex in the country. The new code would come into effect four months later. Nauru announced a similar intention days earlier[when?] at its UPR session.[16]
February
- 1 — The United States Department of State begins issuing passport applications that ask applicants for "Mother or parent one" and "Father or parent two" instead of for "Father" and "Mother."[17] The change, announced in December 2010, is "in recognition of different types of families."[18]
- 7 — New York City adopts a new policy regarding transgender marriage license applicants specifying that once an applicant displays a proper photo identification the city clerk may not request further proof of sex.[19]
- 17 — The Arkansas Supreme Court upholds a lower court ruling giving a woman visitation rights with the child of her former partner. The court rules that even though same-sex marriage is not legally recognised in Arkansas, the woman stood in loco parentis to the child.[20]
- 18
- Massachusetts governor Deval Patrick signs an executive order banning discrimination against state employees based on gender identity or expression.[21]
- The Alaska Board of Regents votes to add sexual orientation to its anti-discrimination policy.[22]
- 23
- In response to two lawsuits, Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management and Windsor v. United States, the US Justice Department announces that it will no longer defend the constitutionality of section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act although the department will "remain parties (sic) to the cases and continue to represent the interests of the United States throughout the litigation."[23] That section had been ruled unconstitutional in two district court cases, Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services and Gill v. Office of Personnel Management.[24][25]
- Hawaii governor Neil Abercrombie signs the state's civil unions bill. The law will take effect on 1 January 2012.[26]
- 24 — A New York state appellate court rules that recognising a legal same-sex marriage performed in Canada for purposes of probate does not violate the public policy of the state of New York.[27]
March
- 1 — The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit rules that Indian Prairie School District 204 may not bar students from wearing shirts with anti-LGBT slogans finding that a "school that permits advocacy of the rights of homosexual students cannot be allowed to stifle criticism of homosexuality." The district had argued that it barred a shirt reading "Be Happy, Not Gay" on the grounds that it violated the rights of students toward whom the derogatory comment was directed.[28]
- 2 — The Wyoming Senate defeats a bill that would have prevented the state from recognising same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.[29]
- 7 — Citing the 1971 Minnesota Supreme Court ruling in Baker v. Nelson and the local defense of marriage act,[which?] Hennepin County District Judge Mary Dufresne dismisses a lawsuit brought by marriage equality advocacy group Marry Me Minnesota which contended that the ban on same-sex marriage violates the rights of same-sex couples to due process, equal protection, religious freedom and freedom of association.[30][31]
- 9 — Along party lines, the United States House of Representatives Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group votes to defend the constitutionality of Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act after the Obama administration announced it would not support the bill. The Advisory Group vote sidesteps a full House vote on the question.[32]
- 16 — Upon its second reading, the Liechtenstein Parliament passes a bill legalising registered civil partnership. The law will take effect on 1 September 2011.[33]
- 21 — The Cook County Jail in Chicago implements a new policy for housing transgender prisoners, allowing for them to be housed based on their gender identity rather than birth sex.[34]
- 24
- Canada announces a pilot programme to provide $100,000 in living assistance funds to refugees facing persecution because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.[35]
- Roman Catholic-operated Marquette University announces that it will offer domestic partnership benefits to employees beginning in 2012.[clarification needed][36]
- 28 — United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) announces that it will no longer deny applications for green cards on the part of bi-national same-sex married couples but will put those cases on hold pending resolution of the constitutionality of the Defense of Marriage Act.[37]
- 30
- USCIS later reverses its ruling and announces that it will continue to deny green cards to bi-national applicants in same-sex marriages.[38]
- The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit dismisses the complaint of a Wal-Mart employee fired in 2005 for anti-gay harassment of another employee. The court rules that Wal-Mart did not violate the fired employee's religious freedom. Wal-Mart's anti-harassment policy includes "sexual orientation" as a category.[39]
- 31 — The Constitutional Court of Korea rules in a 5-4 decision that the Korean military ban on homosexual conduct is constitutional and does not discriminate against homosexual military personnel.[40]
April
- 5 — The Nashville, Tennessee Metro Council passes a measure requiring businesses with contracts with the city to promise not to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.[41]
- 7 — The Arkansas Supreme Court upholds a 2010 lower court ruling that a 2008 voter-approved ban on adoption by unmarried cohabiting couples is unconstitutional.[42]
- 11 — The Maine Human Rights Commission finds that a rental agency that repeatedly delayed an application from a transgender applicant illegally discriminated against her based on her gender identity.[43]
- 12 — The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit rules that a Louisiana registrar's refusal to list the names of both same-sex adoptive parents on a birth certificate does not violate their child's right to equal protection nor does the Full Faith and Credit Clause, which requires each state to recognize the legal proceedings of the other states, require Louisiana to "confer particular benefits on unmarried adoptive parents contrary to its law."[44]
- 13 — Rear Admiral Mark L. Tidd, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy, issues a two-page "guidance" memo stating that following final repeal of the don't ask, don't tell policy, same-sex couples would be allowed to marry in Naval facilities with Naval chaplains officiating in those states in which same-sex marriage is legal.[45]
- 18
- The National Assembly of Hungary adopts a new constitution that among other things explicitly restricts same-sex marriage. However, same-sex couples may obtain the same legal protections through registering as domestic partners.[46] If signed as expected by President Pál Schmitt it will go into effect on January 1, 2012.
- Arizona Governor Jan Brewer signs into law a bill that requires adoption agencies in the state to "give primary consideration to adoptive placement with a married man and woman." Agencies may place a child with a legally single person if it is in the child's best interest or if there is no married couple avapplying for adoption.[47] Same-sex marriage is not legally recognized in Arizona.
- 20 — The Virginia Board of Social Services votes to strike language from new proposed adoption regulations which would have barred discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Single people and married mixed-sex couples may adopt children.[48]
- 21 — Montana District Judge Jeffrey Sherlock rules against same-sex couples seeking to force the state to extend the benefits of marriage to them, finding that the state's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage and the separation of powers between the courts and the legislature prevents it.[49]
- 23 — It is reported that pursuant to a 2008 order by then-Governor David Paterson that New York state agencies recognize same-sex unions performed in other jurisdictions, the New York State Department of Correctional Services has updated its regulations to allow prisoners in same-sex marriages and civil unions to have conjugal visits and seek furloughs if a spouse or partner is terminally ill.[50]
- 26
- In the UK, the Charity Tribunal upholds an earlier ruling from the Charity Commission that denies an exemption from the 2007 Sexual Orientation Regulations to the Leeds-based Catholic Care adoption agency. The charity must consider same-sex couples as prospective adoptive parents and may not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.[51]
- 29 — The United States Department of Labor updates its internal equal employment opportunity policy to bar discrimination on the basis of gender identity.[52]
May
- Nepal takes a national census and officially recognises a third gender in addition to male and female.[53]
- 5
- The Supreme Federal Court of Brazil rules in a unanimous 10-0 decision, with one abstaintation, to legalise same-sex civil unions.[54]
- The ACLU announces a settlement in the case of Witt v. Department of the Air Force. The Air Force agrees to drop its appeal and remove Witt's discharge from her military record and she will retire with full benefits.[55]
- The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) approves a constitutional amendment allowing for the ordination of clergy in same-sex relationships.[56]
- In the face of political opposition from Republican members of Congress who claimed that allowing the use of federal facilities or personnel to perform same-sex marriages would violate the Defense of Marriage Act, Rear Admiral Mark L. Tidd suspends his April 13 "guidance" memo pending further Naval review.[57]
- 11
- Delaware Governor Jack Markell signs the state's civil unions bill into law, granting same-sex couples in the state all of the rights of marriage. The law will take effect January 1, 2012.[58]
- The Minnesota Senate approves a proposed constitutional amendment to bar same-sex marriage in the state.[59]
- 13 — After delaying a vote originally scheduled two day ago, the Parliament of Uganda adjourns without taking action on the country's proposed anti-homosexuality bill.[60]
- 17
- The Nevada Legislature passes a bill to bar employment discrimination in the state on the basis of gender identity or expression.[61]
- Moscow mayor Sergei Sobyanin bans a gay pride march scheduled for 28 May, despite an October 2010 ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that similar bans in 2006, 2007 and 2008 violated the European Convention on Human Rights. Activists plan to defy the ban as they had in past years.[62]
- 20
- The Tennessee Legislature gives final passage to the "Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act." The bill would repeal an ordinance passed earlier this year in Nashville that requires companies doing business with the city to adopt anti-discrimination policies that include sexual orientation and gender identity. The bill would also prevent any unit of local government from requiring companies to bar discrimination on any basis that is not illegal under state law.[63] The Tennessee Senate also passes Senate Bill 49, colloquially known as the "Don't Say Gay bill", which would bar schools from presenting any prepared material or lessons about homosexuality to students before high school.[64]
- United States District Judge Frank Montalvo rules that a voter initiative in El Paso, Texas that stripped health benefits from the unmarried partners of city employees is constitutional. Although supporters of the initiative stated that they only intended to remove benefits from the partners of gay employees, Montalvo finds that the language of the ordinance also strips benefits from city officials and others who are not technically employees of the city.[65]
- 23
- Tennessee governor Bill Haslam signs the "Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act" into law, reversing Nashville's LGBT-inclusive anti-discrimination ordinance and barring any local unit of government from requiring that companies bar discrimination on any basis not already covered by state law.[66]
- The Church of Scotland votes to allow openly gay ministers, who can live in civil unions.[67]
- 24 — A judge in Wharton, Texas ruled that a transgender woman is still legally male and invalidates her marriage to a biological male.[68]
- 25
- Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signs Assembly Bill 211, which prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity or expression. The law will take effect October 1.[69]
- A spokesperson for Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff announces that she has suspended an upcoming distribution of sex education videos through the ministries of health and education, saying that the "anti-homophobia kits," as they are known, are inappropriate for children and do not offer an "objective" view of homosexuality.[70]
June
- 2 — Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signs the Nevada Senate Bills 331 and 368, which outlawed discrimination in housing and public accommodation on the basis of gender identity.[71]
- 6 — The Wyoming Supreme Court reverses a lower court ruling and allows a LGBT couple married in Canada to divorce. The ruling recognised same-sex marriage in Wyoming only in the context of divorce.[72]
- 8
- The Virginia Board of Juvenile Justice, which oversees the state's juvenile correctional facilities, votes unanimously to ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[73]
- The Portland, Oregon City Council votes unanimously to expand health coverage for city workers to cover the cost of sex re-assignment surgery up to $50,000.[74]
- Cambridge, Massachusetts announces plans to reimburse city employees in legal same-sex marriages for the federal tax burden they incur for the value of health benefits received by their spouses. Under federal law, employers are required to include the value of such benefits as taxable income, while mixed-sex married couples are not taxed. Reimbursement in the form of quarterly stipends are expected to begin in July.[75]
- 10 — The Obama administration issues a "guidance" memo stating that under existing law, states may choose to offer the same level of asset protection to same-sex couples under Medicaid asset recovery plans as it offers to straight married couples.[76]
- 14
- United States Department of Education Secretary Arne Duncan affirms in a letter to educators that gay-straight alliances should be afforded the same rights and protections as any other student-initiated organisation under the Equal Access Act.[77]
- The National Assembly of France rejects a bill presented by the opposition Socialist Party seeking to legalise same-sex marriage by 293 votes to 222.[78]
- The El Paso, Texas city council votes to restore health benefits to the non-married partners of city employees. The benefits had been stripped by a voter initiative in November 2010.[79]
- 15 — The United States Department of Health and Human Services announces its first-ever grant in the amount of $250,000 to create a resource center for LGBT political refugees.[80]
- 16 — The United Nations Human Rights Council passes a declaration which for the first time condemns discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The declaration also commissions a study of anti-gay discrimination around the world.[81]
- 19 — Voters in Liechtenstein approve a binding resolution by a margin of 68%–32% that recognises registered partnerships. Same-sex couples will have the same tax, inheritance and welfare rights as married couples but will remain barred from adopting children.[82]
- 20 — Dane County Judge Dan Moeser rules that Wisconsin's domestic partnership registry, which offers limited benefits to registered partners, does not violate the state's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. He finds that the state "does not recognise domestic partnership in a way that even remotely resembles how the state recognises marriage."[83]
- 23 — A Washington County, Maryland judge rules that one member of a same-sex couple legally married in Washington, D. C. may invoke spousal privilege and refuse to testify against her spouse in a criminal case.[84]
- 24
- Following a 36-26 vote passing exemptions for religious organisations,[85] the New York Senate approves the same-sex marriage law;[86] the New York State Assembly also approved the bill to legalise same-sex marriage in the state by a vote of 80-63.[87][88] Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the bill into law shortly before midnight.[89] The law would take effect in 30 days and will make New York the sixth state in the United States to recognise same-sex marriage.[citation needed]
- Police in St. Petersburg, Russia, detain 14 gay rights activists holding an unsanctioned gay pride event.[90]
- 27 — Sao Paulo, Brazil state Judge Fernando Henrique Pinto rules that two men in a civil union may convert their union into a full legal marriage, believed[vague] to be the first legal same-sex marriage in the country.[91]
July
- 2 — Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee signs a civil unions bill into law. The law, which is effective immediately, grants same-sex couples the same rights as married couples but withholds the word "marriage" from their certificates.[92] Some LGBT rights activists had urged Chafee to veto the bill, saying that exemptions for religious organisations were overly broad and might allow some such groups to discriminate against civil unions.[93] However, some rights, such as tax exemptions based on marital status, remain unavailable because the state uses federal tax law to determine them, which does not recognise any form of same-sex union.[94]
- 5 — Governor Dan Malloy of Connecticut signs bill HB-6599, which bars discrimination in employment, housing, public accommodations, credit and other laws based on gender identity or expression. The law, which will take effect 1 October, makes Connecticut the 15th state (along with Washington, D.C.) to outlaw some form[vague] of gender identity discrimination.[95][96]
- 6 — In Log Cabin Republicans v. United States, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit lifts its stay of a lower court's order and orders an immediate halt to the enforcement of "don't ask, don't tell." The court cites progress implementing the 2010 repeal of the policy and the Obama administration's 1 July brief in a DOMA case that cites the history of government and private discrimination based on sexual orientation.[97]
- 7 — The United States Department of Justice seeks to withdraw its appeal of a California same-sex couple's joint bankruptcy petition and announces that it will no longer raise objections to "bankruptcy petitions filed jointly by same-sex couples who are married under state law."[98]
- 14— California governor Jerry Brown signs the Fair, Accurate, Inclusive and Respectful Education Act. The new law mandates that educational material in California schools includes information on the contributions of LGBT people to California and United States history, prohibits discriminatory material and lessons and adds "sexual orientation" to existing laws that prohibit discrimination in education.[99]
- 15 — The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals grants the government's emergency request to reinstate "don't ask, don't tell" but bars the government from investigating, penalizing or discharging anyone under the policy.[100][101]
- 20 — The United States Department of Justice confirms that it, along with the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights, is investigating Anoka-Hennepin School District 11 in Minnesota for "allegations of harassment and discrimination in the [district] based on sex, including peer-on-peer harassment based on not conforming to gender stereotypes." Several students, including four who, according to friends and family, were homosexual or perceived as such and committed suicide within the last two years. The school district has a policy barring any discussion of homosexuality and requires staff to remain neutral on matters of sexual orientation.[102]
- 22 — The Michigan Supreme Court rejects an appeal from a lesbian seeking shared custody of the children of her former partner.[103]
- 24 — The first legal same-sex marriages are performed in the state of New York. New York City records 659 marriages, a one-day record for the city.[104]
- 26
- The Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that same-sex couples in de facto unions constitute a family. The Court further ruled that the Congress of Colombia has two years to address marriage equality through the legislative process. If the deadline passes without legislation, same-sex couples would be able to formalise their unions through notary publics.[105]
- The United Nations Economic and Social Council reports that the International Gay and Lesbian Association has been granted consultative status. This gives ILGA the right to attend U.N. meetings, speak, and provide information to U.N. bodies on treatment of gays.[106]
- The Italian Chamber of Deputies rejects a bill that would have outlawed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.[107]
- The United States Department of Labor releases a report on employee benefits in the United States which for the first time includes information on the availability of same-sex domestic partnership benefits.[108]
August
- 1 — Members of the Suquamish tribe in the U.S. state of Washington vote unanimously to legalise same-sex marriage. The tribal court may issue a marriage license to two unmarried adults regardless of sex as long as at least one of them is a registered tribal member.[109]
- 4 — US President Barack Obama signs a proclamation ordering the State Department to bar from entry into the United States anyone who has engaged in oppression against various groups, including those defined by "sexual orientation or gender identity."[110]
- 5 — The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit upholds a lower court ruling in Fields v. Smith, striking down Wisconsin's "Inmate Sex Change Prevention Act." The law barred doctors in Wisconsin prisons from prescribing hormone treatment or sex reassignment surgery to transgender inmates. The court found that denial of treatment without a medically necessary reason constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.[111]
September
- 2 — The California State Senate passes AB 9, known as "Seth's Law" after 13-year-old Seth Walsh, who committed suicide in 2010 after constant homophobic harassment at his school. The bill would require every school in California to implement anti-harassment and anti-discrimination policies and programmes that include actual or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity and expression. The state assembly had passed the bill in June.[112]
- 6 — California governor Jerry Brown signs SB 117 into law. SB 117, also known as the Equal Benefits Act, bars the state from entering into contracts worth more than $100,000 with vendors that do not offer equal benefits to the spouses of same-sex employees.[113]
- 7 — The United States Department of Health and Human Services issues a finalised guidance memorandum that creates an enforcement mechanism for the policy announced last year by the Obama administration mandating hospitals that receive Medicare and Medicaid funding allow patients to designate their choice of visitors during inpatient stays, including same-sex partners.[114][dubious – discuss]
- 15 — The government of Australia announces new passport guidelines that will allow intersex people to select "X" as their gender identifier. Only intersex people may select X, transgender people must still select either "male" or "female".[115]
- 17 — Alaska Supreme Court Judge Frank Pfiffner rules that denying same-sex couples the senior citizen and property tax exemptions given to mixed-sex married couples violates the state's constitutional guarantee of equal protection.[116] \
- 20 — Don't ask, don't tell, the law which since 1993 has excluded LGB people from serving openly in the United States military, expires nine months after it was legislatively repealed. The United States Army is the first branch of the military to announce officially that the exclusionary policy is over.[117]
- 28 - The European Parliament in Straßburg passed a resolution against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[118]
October
- 3 — The U.K.'s Identity and Passport Service announces plans to change passport application forms to include options for same-sex parents to identify as "parent one" and "parent two" rather than as "mother" and "father." It would also allow transgender applicants to opt out of selecting a gender for passport purposes.[119]
- 5 — California Governor Jerry Brown signs Seth's Law, requiring school districts across the state have a uniform process for dealing with complaints about bullying and mandating that school personnel intervene, when safe to do so, to stop bullying.[120]
- 8 — Andrew Mitchell, the British Secretary of State for International Development, announced that African countries which persecute homosexuals will face cuts in financial aid from the British government. This followed a cut of £19 million in aid to Malawi after two men were sentenced in 2010 to 14 years' hard labour for attempting to marry (the men were later released after intercession by the United Nations).[121]
- 9 — California Governor Jerry Brown announces the signing of the Gender Nondiscrimination Act (AB 887) and the Vital Statistics Modernization Act (AB 443). AB 887 makes illegal discrimination based on gender identity or expression in employment, education, housing, and other public settings and AB 443 allows transgender people to obtain a court order to protect their gender.[122][123]
- 25 — The Supreme Federal Court of Brazil ruled in favour of two women seeking a legal civil marriage. It found that "sexual orientation should not serve as a pretext for excluding families from the legal protection that marriage represents."[124]
November
- 2
- The U.K. Equalities Commission announced that same-sex couples may use houses of worship in England and Wales for civil partnership ceremonies, although no religious organisation can be forced to perform them.[125]
- The United States Internal Revenue Service announces that it intends to issue a formal agreement, known as a "notice of acquiescence," with the 2010 United States Tax Court decision in O'Donnabhain v. Commissioner, allowing people to deduct the costs for treating gender identity disorder from their federal income taxes.[126]
- 15 — The Oklahoma City Council votes to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation in city employment.[127]
- 22 — An independent arbiter rules that Baltimore County, Maryland must extend spousal benefits to the same-sex spouses of two police officers who legally married in other states.[128]
December
- 1 — Australian state Queensland passes in parliament Civil Partnership Bill.[129]
- 6 — Elio Di Rupo becames the first openly gay male leader of a European Union country.[130]
Deaths
- 7 January — Carlos Castro, Portuguese journalist and LGBT rights activist, bludgeoned.[131][132]
- 15 January — Lance Lundsten, American student, suicide.[133] following alleged school bullying.[134]
- 19 January — Kameron Jacobsen, American student, suicide following alleged bullying on Facebook.[135]
- 26 January — David Kato, Ugandan, LGBT rights activist, bludgeoned.[136]
- 27 February — James Gruber, American LGBT activist, last surviving member of the Mattachine Society, following an illness.[137]
- 28 February — Peter J. Gomes, American theologian and same-sex marriage advocate, complications following a stroke.[138]
- 17 April — Alfred Freedman, American psychiatrist who led the campaign to declassify homosexuality as a mental illness in 1973, complications following surgery.[139]
- 23 April — Noxolo Nogwaza, South African LGBT activist, possible victim of corrective rape, murdered.[140]
- 7 May — Doric Wilson, American playwright and LGBT activist.[141]
- 25 June — Jean Harris, American LGBT rights activist.[clarification needed][142]
- 22 July — Ifti Nasim, Pakistani poet and LGBT rights activist, heart attack.[143]
- 3 August — Rudolf Brazda, German survivor of Buchenwald concentration camp and the last known homosexual internee.[clarification needed][144]
- 11 September — Arthur Evans, author and LGBT rights activist, co-founder of Gay Activists Alliance, heart attack.[145]
- 18 September - Jamey Rodemeyer, United States high school student, suicide following bullying.[146]
- 7 October — Paula Ettelbrick, United States lawyer and LGBT rights activist, cancer.[147]
- 11 October — Frank Kameny, United States LGBT right activist, heart disease.[148]
- 14 October — Jamie Hubley, Canadian student, suicide following depression and bullying.[149]
- 26 October
- Axel Axgil, Danish LGBT rights activist, complications from a fall.[150]
- Aristide Laurent, United States LGBT right activist and co-founder of The Advocate magazine, cancer.[151]
- 29 October — Rose Robertson, British, LGBT rights activist, natural causes.[vague][152]
- 7 November — Peter Burton, British journalist and LGBT rights advocate, heart attack,[153]
- 10 November — Barbara Grier, American lesbian rights activist and co-founder of Naiaid Press, cancer.[154]
See also
- Timeline of LGBT history – timeline of events from 12,000 BCE to present
- LGBT rights by country or territory – current legal status around the world
- LGBT social movements
References
- ^ Partnership laws come into force
- ^ Court Affirms Rights of Ugandan Gays
- ^ Appleton, Roy (September 1, 2010). "Dallas judge's ruling saying gay couple could divorce in Texas rejected on appeal". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Same-sex divorce stands under appellate ruling
- ^ Marriage officials can't refuse gays: Sask. court
- ^ Resnick, Eric. Kasich lets LGBT job bias rule expire. Gay People's Chronicle. 2011-01-14. Accessed: 2011-01-18.
- ^ Judge Reverses on Lesbian Name Change
- ^ Gay Couple Win B&B Discrimination Case
- ^ House passes anti-gay marriage bill
- ^ Iowa Senate Denies Push for Gay Marriage Ban
- ^ French watchdog says no to gay marriage[dead link]
- ^ Lambda Legal Reaches Settlement Agreement with Indiana School District After Transgender Student Was Barred from Prom
- ^ Illinois Civil Unions Law: Governor Quinn Will Sign Historic Legislation Today
- ^ Illinois governor legalizes civil unions for gays, lesbians
- ^ Same Sex: Judge Says No Nebraska Marriage Means No Divorce In Nebraska
- ^ "São Tomé and Príncipe to legalise gay sex". PinkPaper. 2011-02-14. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ State Dept steps back on gender-neutral parentage[dead link]
- ^ Parent One, Parent Two to replace references to mother, father on passport forms
- ^ Victory! New York City Adopts Policy Ensuring Transgender People Equal Access to Marriage Licenses
- ^ Court: Woman entitled to visitation with child of former same-sex partner Archived 2011-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Patrick bans discrimination against transgender state workers
- ^ Alaska regents vote to ban gay discrimination[dead link]
- ^ Statement of the Attorney General on Litigation Involving the Defense of Marriage Act
- ^ Keen, Lisa (2010-07-08). "DOMA decisions released". Bay Windows. Archived from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
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{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
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- ^ Panel Finds Canadian Gay Marriage Valid in Probate Case
- ^ Judge: Anti-gay shirts worn by Neuqua Valley students OK
- ^ Wyoming Senate Kills Antigay Bill
- ^ Benson v. Alverson
- ^ Judge dismisses challenge to gay marriage barriers
- ^ House Republicans Vote to Defend DOMA in Court on Party Line 3-2 Vote
- ^ Template:De icon Landtag einhellig für Partnerschaftsgesetz
- ^ Cook County Jail using gender identity to determine housing
- ^ Canada to assist persecuted gay refugees
- ^ Marquette University to offer domestic partner benefits
- ^ The Advocate: Andrew Harmon, "Immigration Breakthrough?." March 27, 2011, accessed March 29, 2011
- ^ Official: No Hold on Gay Immigration Cases
- ^ Kilian Melloy, "Woman Loses Suit After Being Fired by Wal-Mart for Anti-Gay Diatribe," April 5, 2011
- ^ S. Korea court upholds military ban on gay behaviour
- ^ Nashville's gay bias ban called 'milestone moment'
- ^ ArkansasMatters.com: Chris Geidner, "Ark. Supreme Court Agrees Adoption Law is Unconstitutional," April 7, 2011[dead link], accessed April 7, 2011
- ^ Kennebec Journal: Betty Adams, "Panel backs claim of discrimination by transgender renter," April 12, 2011, accessed April 13, 2011
- ^ NOLA: "Gay dads lose appeal in Louisiana birth certificate case," April 12, 2011, accessed April 13, 2011
- ^ 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell': Navy OKs Bases, Chaplains for Same-Sex Marriages After Repeal
- ^ A New Constitution for Hungary
- ^ Brewer signs Arizona bill on adoption preference
- ^ Richmond Times-Dispatch: Olympia Meola, "Anti-gay bias ban stripped from proposed adoption rules," April 21, 2011, accessed April 21, 2011; Washington Post: Anita Kumar, "Same-sex adoptions lose ground after Va. board vote," April 20, 2011, accessed April 20, 2011
- ^ Montana judge rules against rights-seeking gay couples
- ^ Conjugal visits allowed for inmates and partners in same-sex marriages, civil unions
- ^ Catholic adoption agency loses gay adoption fight
- ^ U.S. Department of Labor Policy on Equal Employment Opportunity
- ^ Nepal census recognizes 'third gender'
- ^ "Brazil's supreme court recognizes gay partnerships". Reuters. May 5, 2011.
- ^ Final Settlement to Landmark Lawsuit: Major Witt to Retire with Full Benefits
- ^ Presbyterians Approve Ordination of Gay People
- ^ Navy Scraps Rules on Gay Marriages After GOP Protest
- ^ Delaware governor signs civil unions bill into law for gay, lesbian couples beginning in 2012[dead link]
- ^ Minn. Senate OKs Vote on Gay-Marriage Ban[dead link]
- ^ Uganda's parliament takes no action on anti-gay bill
- ^ Bill outlawing transgender discrimination goes to Sandoval
- ^ Activists Vow To Defy Moscow Gay-Parade Ban
- ^ TN state Senate approves bill to repeal Metro's new anti-discrimination law
- ^ 'Don't Say Gay' bill passes in TN Senate
- ^ Domestic partner benefits law sends El Paso backward, some say
- ^ Gov. Haslam reverses Nashville's anti-discrimination law
- ^ Guardian:Church of Scotland votes to allow gay ministers
- ^ Wharton judge rules against Nikki Araguz
- ^ Sandoval signs transgender job discrimination bill
- ^ Brazil sex education material suspended by President
- ^ Bill targeting Strip arena among 27 signed by governor, 4 vetoed
- ^ Wyoming Supreme Court reverses same-sex divorce ruling
- ^ Va. juvenile justice board backs ban on sexual orientation discrimination
- ^ Health Equality: Portland Embraces Transgender Rights
- ^ Cambridge to offset federal gay marriage tax for city employees[dead link]
- ^ EXCLUSIVE: Obama extends protections to gay couples under Medicaid
- ^ Key Policy Letters from the Education Secretary and Deputy Secretary
- ^ France rejects same-sex marriage bill
- ^ City restores domestic partner benefits
- ^ Heartland Alliance to Help Create First Ever Resource Center to Support LGBT Refugees
- ^ UN body votes for protection of gay rights[dead link]
- ^ Liechtenstein voters overwhelmingly back gay partnership law challenged by religious groups[dead link]
- ^ Judge rules Wisconsin same sex registry is constitutional
- ^ Judge: Woman doesn't have to testify against same-sex spouse
- ^ New York Senate Passes Chapter Amendment
- ^ Gay Marriage Approved by New York Senate
- ^ G.O.P. Senators Are Stalled in Talks on Marriage Bill
- ^ State Senate Approves Religious Amendments, Undertakes Vote On Same-Sex Marriage Bill
- ^ NY Gov. Cuomo signs gay marriage law[dead link]
- ^ NY marriage vote emboldens Paris gay pride march
- ^ Brazilian judge gives male couple approval for what court says is country’s first gay marriage[dead link]
- ^ WPRI - Chafee Signs Civil-Unions Legislation | WPRI.com
- ^ RI Likely to Pass Civil Unions Almost No One Pleased | Advocate.com
- ^ [1] Archived 2011-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Conn. governor signs transgender protections into law[dead link]
- ^ Connecticut adds gender identity to non-discrimination laws
- ^ Miami Herald: Lisa Leff and Lolita C. Baldor, "Court orders immediate halt to gay military ban," July 6, 2011[dead link], accessed July 7, 2011
- ^ MetroWeekly: Chris Geidner, "U.S. Trustee Withdraws Appeal of Gay Couple's Bankruptcy Court DOMA Victory," July 7, 2011, accessed July 7, 2011
- ^ BREAKING: Governor signs Leno's FAIR Act
- ^ California: ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ Is Back, Temporarily
- ^ Court Continues to Block DADT Discharges
- ^ Minnesota school district investigated after civil rights complaint
- ^ Michigan's Top Court Rejects Lesbian Custody Suit
- ^ New York state celebrates first same-sex marriages
- ^ Colombian court says Congress must decide on gay marriage
- ^ UN council votes to recognise global gay grouping
- ^ Italy rejects anti-homophobia bill
- ^ Employee Benefits in the United States news release text
- ^ Kitsap's Suquamish Tribe makes same-sex marriage legal
- ^ WhiteHouse.gov: Presidential Proclamation--Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons Who Participate in Serious Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Violations and Other Abuses, August 4, 2011, accessed August 7, 2011
- ^ Federal Court Upholds Transgender People’s Right to Access Medical Treatment in Prison
- ^ Seth's Law, Measure Designed To Curb Anti-Gay Bullying, Passes California State Senate
- ^ Governor Brown signs bill strengthening equal benefits law for LGBT workers
- ^ HHS expands hospital visitation rights for gay couples
- ^ 'X' now a gender option in Australian passports[dead link]
- ^ Judge back tax exemption for Alaska same-sex couples; marital classification unconstitutional[dead link]
- ^ It's official: `Don’t ask don’t tell’ is history
- ^ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/RES-20110928-Human-rights-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-at-the-United-Nations-As-adopted-Provisional.pdf
- ^ "British passport forms to get same-sex parents option". BBC News. 3 October 2011.
- ^ Buchanan, Wyatt (11 October 2011). "Jerry Brown signs antibullying, open-carry bills". The San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ Walters, Simon (8 October 2011). "We'll cut your aid if you persecute gays, Britain warns African nations". Daily Mail. London.
- ^ Governor Brown signs notable transgender bills into law | LGBT Weekly
- ^ http://www.eqca.org/atf/cf/%7B34f258b3-8482-4943-91cb-08c4b0246a88%7D/AB%20887%20GENDER%20NONDISCRIMINATION%20ACT%20FACT%20SHEET.PDF
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- ^ "Gay couples allowed to host civil ceremonies in church". BBC News. 2 November 2011.
- ^ IRS Formally Agrees with Historic Court Ruling for Transgender Taxpayers | Human Rights Campaign
- ^ Oklahoma City Council passes controversial sexual orientation measure
- ^ Baltimore Co. police officers win same-sex benefits claim
- ^ ABC:Queensland parliament passes same-sex bill
- ^ Worlds First Full Time Gay Male Leader Belgiums Elio Di Rupo | Advocate.com
- ^ Man Is Beaten and Killed in Upscale Hotel
- ^ Man Held in Times Sq. Hotel Killing
- ^ Lance Lundsten's Death Ruled Suicide Due to Mixed Drug Ingestion[dead link]
- ^ Teenager Commits Suicide; Friends Say Bullying to Blame[dead link]
- ^ Sources: Teenager Kills Himself After Facebook Taunts[dead link]
- ^ Ugandan gay rights activist David Kato found murdered
- ^ James Gruber, last original Mattachine member, dies
- ^ Influential Gay Rev. Dies at 68
- ^ Alfred Freedman, a Leader in Psychiatry, Dies at 94
- ^ Another SA Lesbian Murdered
- ^ Doric Wilson, Playwright and Gay Activist, Dies at 72
- ^ Jean Harris dies at 66; forceful gay-rights organizer
- ^ Well-known gay Pakistani Muslim poet dies at 64
- ^ Rudolf Brazda, believed last surviving gay concentration camp prisoner, dies at 98[dead link]
- ^ Arthur Evans, Leader in Gay Rights Fight, Dies at 68
- ^ Praetorius, Dean (20 September 2011). "Jamey Rodemeyer, 14-Year-Old Boy, Commits Suicide After Gay Bullying, Parents Carry On Message (VIDEO)". Huffington Post.
- ^ Michelson, Noah (7 October 2011). "Longtime LGBT Rights Icon Paula Ettelbrick Has Died". Huffington Post.
- ^ Frank Kameny, leading gay rights activist, dies at 86
- ^ Michelson, Noah (17 October 2011). "Jamie Hubley, Gay 15-Year-Old Ottawa, Canada Teen Commits Suicide, Cites Depression, School Troubles". Huffington Post.
- ^ "Danish gay rights hero, Axel Axgil, is dead at age 96; activist fought for gay marriage, among first to wed". Daily News. New York. 30 October 2011.
- ^ Advocate Co-Founder Aristide Laurent Dead at 70 | Advocate.com
- ^ Payne, Jonny (29 October 2011). "Gay helpline pioneer Rose Robertson dies aged 94". PinkPaper.
- ^ Peter Burton obituary
- ^ Lesbian publisher Barbara Grier dies at 78[dead link]