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''Turritopsis dohrnii'' also has a bottom-living polyp form, or hydroid, which consists of [[stolon]]s that run along the substrate, and upright branches with feeding polyps that can produce medusa buds.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fraser|first=C. McLean|title=Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1937|pages=201 plus 44 plates}}</ref> These polyps develop over a few days into tiny 1&nbsp;mm medusae, which are liberated and swim free from the parent hydroid colony.
''Turritopsis dohrnii'' also has a bottom-living polyp form, or hydroid, which consists of [[stolon]]s that run along the substrate, and upright branches with feeding polyps that can produce medusa buds.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fraser|first=C. McLean|title=Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1937|pages=201 plus 44 plates}}</ref> These polyps develop over a few days into tiny 1&nbsp;mm medusae, which are liberated and swim free from the parent hydroid colony.


Images of both the medusa and polyp of the closely related species ''Turritopsis rubra'' from [[New Zealand]] can be found online.<ref name="schuchert-10">{{cite web|url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/mhng/hydrozoa/antho/turritopsis-rubra.htm|title=Turritopsis rubra|last=Schuchert|first=Peter|accessdate=23 January 2010}} {{dead link|date=March 2015}}</ref> Until a recent genetic study, it was thought that ''Turritopsis rubra'' and ''Turritopsis nutricula'' were the same.<ref name=mig/> It is not known whether or not ''T. rubra'' medusae can also transform back into polyps.
Images of both the medusa and polyp of the closely related species ''Turritopsis rubra'' from [[New Zealand]] can be found online.<ref name="schuchert-10">{{cite web|url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/mhng/hydrozoa/antho/turritopsis-rubra.htm |title=Turritopsis rubra |last=Schuchert |first=Peter |accessdate=23 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090912180002/http://www.ville-ge.ch:80/mhng/hydrozoa/antho/turritopsis-rubra.htm |archivedate=September 12, 2009 }}</ref> Until a recent genetic study, it was thought that ''Turritopsis rubra'' and ''Turritopsis nutricula'' were the same.<ref name=mig/> It is not known whether or not ''T. rubra'' medusae can also transform back into polyps.


== Distribution and range ==
== Distribution and range ==

Revision as of 12:35, 22 February 2016

Immortal Jellyfish
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Cnidaria
Class:
Hydrozoa
Order:
Anthoathecata
Family:
Oceaniidae
Genus:
Turritopsis
Species:
T. dohrnii
Binomial name
Turritopsis dohrnii
(Weismann, 1883)[1]

Turritopsis dohrnii, the immortal jellyfish, is a species of small, biologically immortal jellyfish[2][3] found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters of Japan. It is one of the known cases of animals capable of reverting completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after having reached sexual maturity as a solitary individual, others include also the jellyfish Laodicea undulata[4] and Aurelia sp.1.[5]

Like most other hydrozoans, T. dohrnii begin their life as free-swimming tiny larvae known as planula. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor. The polyps form into an extensively branched form, which is not commonly seen in most jellyfish. Jellyfish, also known as medusae, then bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form, eventually becoming sexually mature. When sexually mature they have been known to prey on other jellyfish species at a rapid pace. All the polyps and jellyfish arising from a single planula are genetically identical clones. If a T. dohrnii jellyfish is exposed to environmental stress or physical assault, or is sick or old, it can revert to the polyp stage, forming a new polyp colony.[6] It does this through the cell development process of transdifferentiation, which alters the differentiated state of the cells and transforms them into new types of cells.

Theoretically, this process can go on indefinitely, effectively rendering the jellyfish biologically immortal,[3][7] although, in nature, most Turritopsis are likely to succumb to predation or disease in the medusa stage, without reverting to the polyp form.[8]

The "immortal jellyfish" was formerly classified as T. nutricula.[9]

Description

The medusa of Turritopsis dohrnii is bell-shaped, with a maximum diameter of about 4.5 millimetres (0.18 in) and is about as tall as it is wide.[10][11] The jelly in the walls of the bell is uniformly thin, except for some thickening at the apex. The relatively large stomach is bright red and has a cruciform shape in cross section. Young specimens 1 mm in diameter have only eight tentacles evenly spaced out along the edge, whereas adult specimens have 80–90 tentacles. The medusa (jellyfish) is free-living in the plankton.

Turritopsis dohrnii also has a bottom-living polyp form, or hydroid, which consists of stolons that run along the substrate, and upright branches with feeding polyps that can produce medusa buds.[12] These polyps develop over a few days into tiny 1 mm medusae, which are liberated and swim free from the parent hydroid colony.

Images of both the medusa and polyp of the closely related species Turritopsis rubra from New Zealand can be found online.[13] Until a recent genetic study, it was thought that Turritopsis rubra and Turritopsis nutricula were the same.[9] It is not known whether or not T. rubra medusae can also transform back into polyps.

Distribution and range

Turritopsis is believed to have originated in the Pacific but has spread all over the world through trans-Arctic migrations, and has speciated into several populations that are easy to distinguish morphologically, but whose species distinctions have recently been verified by a study and comparison of mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences.[9][14] Turritopsis are found in temperate to tropical regions in all of the world's oceans.[11] Turritopsis is believed to be spreading across the world as ships are discharging ballast water in ports.[11] Since the species is immortal, the number of individuals could be rising fast. "We are looking at a worldwide silent invasion", said Smithsonian Tropical Marine Institute scientist Dr. Maria Miglietta.[14]

Life cycle

The eggs develop in gonads of female medusae, which are located in the walls of the manubrium (stomach). Mature eggs are presumably spawned and fertilized in the sea by sperm produced and released by male medusae, as is the case for most hydromedusae, although the related species Turritopsis rubra seems to retain fertilized eggs until the planula stage.[13] Fertilized eggs develop into planula larvae, which settle onto the sea-floor (or even the rich marine communities that live on floating docks), and develop into polyp colonies (hydroids). The hydroids bud new jellyfishes, which are released at about one millimetre in size and then grow and feed in the plankton, becoming sexually mature after a few weeks (the exact duration depends on the ocean temperature; at 20 °C (68 °F) it is 25 to 30 days and at 22 °C (72 °F) it is 18 to 22 days).[3]

Biological immortality

Most jellyfish species have a relatively fixed life-span, which varies by species from hours to many months (long-lived mature jellyfish spawn every day or night; the time is also fairly fixed and species-specific).[15] The medusa of Turritopsis dohrnii is the only form known to have developed the ability to return to a polyp state, by a specific transformation process that requires the presence of certain cell types (tissue from both the jellyfish bell surface and the circulatory canal system).[16] Careful laboratory experiments have revealed that all stages of the medusae, from newly released to fully mature individuals, can transform back into polyps.[3] The transforming medusa is characterized first by deterioration of the bell and tentacles, with subsequent growth of a perisarc sheet and stolons, and finally feeding polyps. Polyps further multiply by growing additional stolons, branches and then polyps, to form colonial hydroids. This ability to reverse the biotic cycle (in response to adverse conditions) is unique in the animal kingdom, and allows the jellyfish to bypass death, rendering Turritopsis dohrnii potentially biologically immortal. Studies in the laboratory showed that 100% of specimens could revert to the polyp stage, but so far the process has not been observed in their natural habitat, in part because the process is quite rapid and field observations at the right moment are unlikely.[3] In spite of this remarkable ability, most Turritopsis medusae are likely to fall victim to the general hazards of life as plankton, including being eaten by predators or succumbing to disease.

The Turritopsis dohrnii's cell development method of transdifferentiation has inspired scientists to find a way to make stem cells using this process for renewing damaged or dead tissue in humans.[17]

Culturing

Keeping T. dohrnii in captivity is quite difficult. Currently only one scientist, Shin Kubota from Kyoto University, has managed to sustain a group of these jellyfish for a prolonged period of time. The plankton must be inspected daily to ensure that they have properly digested the Artemia cysts they are being fed.[6] Kubota reported that during a two-year period, his colony rebirthed itself 11 times.[18]

Kubota regularly appears in Japanese media to talk about his immortal jellyfish and has recorded several songs about them.[6]

  • The Blacklist season 2 episode 17 "The Longevity Initiative" – Hobbs is a billionaire tech mogul whose fascination with immortality led him to develop and fund a research team for just that purpose. Leading the research is Dr. Julian Powell, a scientist who has been injecting the cells of T. dohrnii into humans in order to hopefully force their cells to regenerate.[19]
  • In Kate Reigstad's young adult novel, Fast Forward, scientists use the T. dohrnii in an attempt to cure progeria.
  • Season 3, Episode 17 of the CBeebies show The Octonauts was titled "The Octonauts & The Immortal Jellyfish" - the team is fascinated by a jellyfish who spontaneously turns into a baby jellyfish when a sea turtle is chasing it.

See also

References

  1. ^ Schuchert P, ed. (2012). "Turritopsis dorhnii (Weissmann, 1883)". World Hydrozoa database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  2. ^ Bavestrello, Giorgio; Christian Sommer; Michele Sarà (1992). "Bi-directional conversion in Turritopsis nutricula (Hydrozoa)". Scientia Marina. 56 (2–3): 137–140.
  3. ^ a b c d e Piraino, Stefano; F. Boero; B. Aeschbach; V. Schmid (1996). "Reversing the life cycle: medusae transforming into polyps and cell transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)". Biological Bulletin. 190 (3). Biological Bulletin, vol. 190, no. 3: 302–312. doi:10.2307/1543022. JSTOR 1543022.
  4. ^ De Vito; et al. (2006). "Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851)". Marine Biology. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0182-3. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  5. ^ He; et al. (2015-12-21). "Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)". PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314. PMID 26690755. Retrieved 2015-12-31.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b c Nathaniel Rich (November 28, 2012). "Can a jellyfish unlock the secret of immortality?". The New York Times Magazine.
  7. ^ Gilbert, Scott F. (2006). "Cheating Death: The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis". Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  8. ^ Ker Than (January 29, 2009). ""Immortal" Jellyfish Swarm World's Oceans". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  9. ^ a b c Miglietta, M. P.; S. Piraino; S. Kubota; P. Schuchert (November 2006). "Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 45 (1) (published February 2007): 11–19. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00379.x.
  10. ^ Kramp, P. L. (1961). "Synopsis of the medusae of the world". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 40: 1–469. doi:10.1017/s0025315400007347.
  11. ^ a b c Mintowt-Czyz, Lech (26 January 2009). "Turritopsis nutricula: the world's only 'immortal' creature". Times Online. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  12. ^ Fraser, C. McLean (1937). Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press. pp. 201 plus 44 plates.
  13. ^ a b Schuchert, Peter. "Turritopsis rubra". Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b "'Immortal' jellyfish swarming across the world". Telegraph Media Group. January 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  15. ^ Mills, C. E. (1983). "Vertical migration and diel activity patterns of hydromedusae: studies in a large tank". Journal of Plankton Research. 5 (5): 619–635. doi:10.1093/plankt/5.5.619.
  16. ^ Mihai, Andrei (December 5, 2008). "Meet the world's only immortal animal". ZME Science. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
  17. ^ Dimberu, Peniel M. "Immortal Jellyfish Provides Clues for Regenerative Medicine". Singularity Hub. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  18. ^ S Kubota (2011). "Repeating rejuvenation in Turritopsis, an immortal hydrozoan (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)" (PDF). Biogeography. 13: 101–103. ISSN 1345-0662.
  19. ^ Walker, Jodi. "'The Longevity Initiative'". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2015.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turritopsis.
Wikispecies has information related to Turritopsis nutricula.
  • Cheating Death: The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis
  • Telomerase activity is not related to life history stage in the jellyfish Cassiopea sp.
  • "Turritopsis dohrnii" at the Encyclopedia of Life
  • Scientists are Close to Finding a Way to be Immortal
  • "Turritopsis nutricula". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
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