Ghetto uprisings: Difference between revisions
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The '''ghetto uprisings''' during [[World War II]] were a series of armed revolts against the regime of [[Nazi Germany]] between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe]]. Following the German and Soviet [[invasion of Poland]] in September 1939, [[Polish Jews]] were targeted from the outset. Within months inside [[occupied Poland]], the Germans [[Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland|created hundreds of ghettos]] in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn">{{cite web | url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/warsaw-uprising.html | title=The Ghetto Fights | publisher=Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania | work=The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising | accessdate=2 October 2013 | author=Marek Edelman}}</ref> In most cities the [[Jewish resistance under Nazi rule|Jewish underground resistance]] movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources. The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of [[the Holocaust]] against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – [[Nazi concentration camps|to camps]], with the aim of their [[Extermination camp|mass extermination]].<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 |title=Resistance in Ghettos |publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia |work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 |date=June 10, 2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> |
The '''ghetto uprisings''' during [[World War II]] were a series of armed revolts against the regime of [[Nazi Germany]] between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe]]. Following the German and Soviet [[invasion of Poland]] in September 1939, [[Polish Jews]] were targeted from the outset. Within months inside [[occupied Poland]], the Germans [[Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland|created hundreds of ghettos]] in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn">{{cite web | url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/warsaw-uprising.html | title=The Ghetto Fights | publisher=Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania | work=The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising | accessdate=2 October 2013 | author=Marek Edelman}}</ref> In most cities the [[Jewish resistance under Nazi rule|Jewish underground resistance]] movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources. The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of [[the Holocaust]] against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – [[Nazi concentration camps|to camps]], with the aim of their [[Extermination camp|mass extermination]].<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 |title=Resistance in Ghettos |publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia |work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 |date=June 10, 2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> |
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Armed resistance was offered in over 100 ghettos.<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web |
Armed resistance was offered in over 100 ghettos.<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |title=Jewish Resistance |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2011 |accessdate=9 January 2014 |via=Internet Archive |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |archivedate=January 26, 2012 }}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of such uprisings took place in [[Warsaw]] in April–May 1943,<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising |title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |work=Timeline of Events |year=2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> and [[Białystok Ghetto Uprising|in Białystok]] in August. In the course of the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard [[Holocaust trains]] to [[extermination camps]] before [[Warsaw Ghetto|the Ghetto]] was razed to the ground.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-warsaw-ghetto-uprising.htm |title=World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Originally published by ''World War II'' magazine |date=12 June 2006 |accessdate=4 September 2014 |quote=''See also:'' [[Stroop Report]] for supplementary data.}}</ref><ref name="zssedu">{{cite web |url=http://zssedu.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/a-somber-anniversary/ |title=A Somber Anniversary |publisher=ZSSEDU |date=19 April 2011 |author=Marcin Wilczek |accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> In Białystok approximately 10,000 Jews were led to cattle trains immediately afterwards.<ref name="Bender">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DSkendQVMbcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Fleisher&f=false | title=The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust | publisher=UPNE | work=The End of the Ghetto | date=2008 | accessdate=26 October 2015 | author=Sara Bender | pages=253–263 | via=Google Books preview | ISBN=1584657294}}</ref> There were other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in [[Kolomyia|Kołomyja]] (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC |work=Holocaust Encyclopedia |year=2012 |accessdate=9 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |archivedate=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and mass shootings of women and children as [[Mizocz Ghetto|in Mizocz]].<ref name="mizocz">Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7WpFCQAAQBAJ&q=Mizocz#v=snippet&q=Mizocz&f=false Daily Life During the Holocaust]]'', p. 124. ISBN 0313353093.</ref><ref name="ushmm17876">[http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ Photographs of the Mizocz shootings] in the [[USHMM]] collection (No. 17876, [http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1065461 17877,] [http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1065469 17878], 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref> |
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==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust== |
==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust== |
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Revision as of 23:28, 28 March 2016
| Ghetto uprisings | |
|---|---|
  Top: members of the United Partisan Organization (FPO) in the Vilna Ghetto, one of the first armed resistance organizations established in the Nazi ghettos during World War II. Bottom: captured Jews during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising led by the Germans for deportation to death camps. Picture taken at Nowolipie street, near the intersection with Smocza | |
| Location | German-occupied Europe |
| Date | 1941–43, World War II |
| Incident type | Armed revolt |
The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.[1] In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources. The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – to camps, with the aim of their mass extermination.[2]
Armed resistance was offered in over 100 ghettos.[3] Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of such uprisings took place in Warsaw in April–May 1943,[4] and in Białystok in August. In the course of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard Holocaust trains to extermination camps before the Ghetto was razed to the ground.[5][6] In Białystok approximately 10,000 Jews were led to cattle trains immediately afterwards.[7] There were other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in Kołomyja (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),[8] and mass shootings of women and children as in Mizocz.[9][10]
Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust
Notable instances included:[11]
- Będzin Ghetto Uprising also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising
- Białystok Ghetto Uprising - organized by the Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa
- Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising of 25–30 June 1943
- Łachwa (Lakhva) Ghetto Uprising of 3 September 1942
- Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto prisoner revolt of 10 January 1943
- Mizocz Ghetto Uprising of 14 October 1942
- Warsaw Ghetto Uprising organised by the ŻOB and ŻZW
- Riga Ghetto Resistance movement
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To some extent the armed struggle was also carried out during the final liquidation of the Ghettos as a way of meeting death with courage rather than be taken away:
- Kraków Ghetto
- Łódź Ghetto
- Lwów Ghetto
- Łuck Ghetto
- Marcinkonys Ghetto
- Minsk Ghetto
- Pińsk Ghetto
- Sosnowiec Ghetto
- Wilno (Vilna) Ghetto - resistance of the Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje
See also
- Anti-fascism
- Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe
- Ghetto Fighters' House
- Jewish response to The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
- Nazi gun control theory
References
- ^ Marek Edelman. "The Ghetto Fights". The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising. Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Resistance in Ghettos". Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944. Holocaust Encyclopedia. June 10, 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ "Jewish Resistance". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014 – via Internet Archive.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ "World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Originally published by World War II magazine. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
See also: Stroop Report for supplementary data.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Marcin Wilczek (19 April 2011). "A Somber Anniversary". ZSSEDU. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
- ^ Sara Bender (2008). The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust. UPNE. pp. 253–263. ISBN 1584657294. Retrieved 26 October 2015 – via Google Books preview.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC. 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, Daily Life During the Holocaust], p. 124. ISBN 0313353093.
- ^ Photographs of the Mizocz shootings in the USHMM collection (No. 17876, 17877, 17878, 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ "Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II" (PDF file, direct download 169 KB). Yad Vashem. 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- Jewish Armed Resistance and Rebellions on the Yad Vashem website. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- JTA (March 7, 1943). "58,000 Jews Executed by Nazis in Kolomyja; Thousands Burned Alive". Archive. Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
A few hundred Jews remained in their ghetto hideouts. In order to make certain that not a single one of them would remain alive, the chief of the Gestapo ordered the ghetto burnt down to the ground, thus finishing the process of making Kolomyja "completely judenrein."
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