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The complex was the subject of significant controversy around the time of its construction. About 9,000 people were evicted under [[eminent domain]], mostly from working-class and poorer sections of older Albany which were home to ethnic communities of [[Jews]] and [[Italians]]. The construction of the plaza occurred during the decline of Albany's [[Downtown Albany Historic District|downtown]] shopping district, and the massive displacement of population allegedly hastened the process. Numerous restaurants, specialty shops, two major department stores, and downtown's last movie theater had shuttered by the end of construction. The majority of the displaced residents had not owned cars, and they had shopped locally.<ref name="nyt-farrell01" /> The construction of the elevated plaza separated the largely residential neighborhoods surrounding [[Washington Park Historic District (Albany, New York)|Washington Park]] and points west, from the largely commercial streets between the [[State Capitol]] and the [[Hudson River]].
The complex was the subject of significant controversy around the time of its construction. About 9,000 people were evicted under [[eminent domain]], mostly from working-class and poorer sections of older Albany which were home to ethnic communities of [[Jews]] and [[Italians]]. The construction of the plaza occurred during the decline of Albany's [[Downtown Albany Historic District|downtown]] shopping district, and the massive displacement of population allegedly hastened the process. Numerous restaurants, specialty shops, two major department stores, and downtown's last movie theater had shuttered by the end of construction. The majority of the displaced residents had not owned cars, and they had shopped locally.<ref name="nyt-farrell01" /> The construction of the elevated plaza separated the largely residential neighborhoods surrounding [[Washington Park Historic District (Albany, New York)|Washington Park]] and points west, from the largely commercial streets between the [[State Capitol]] and the [[Hudson River]].


The plaza has also been criticized for the cost of its lavish architecture ([[marble]] and other imported stone are used throughout),<ref name="Fickies" /> its sheer size, and its period architecture. In a sharply critical 1976 ''New York Times'' article, architectural reviewer [[Paul Goldberger]] described the complex as "a compendium of clichés of [[modern architecture]]". He further commented that "Ultimately, of course, one realizes that the entire mall complex is not so much a vision of the future as of the past. The ideas here were dead before they left the drawing board, and every design decision, from the space allocations to the overall concept, emerges from an outdated notion of what modern architecture, not to mention modern government, should stand for."<ref name=GoldbergerNYT>{{cite news|last1=Goldberger|first1=Paul|title=Mall Architecture: Futuristic Doesn't Work|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/07/02/75626481.html?pageNumber=11|accessdate=2015-02-17|work=New York Times|date=July 2, 1976}}</ref><ref name=Goldberger>{{cite web|last1=Goldberger|first1=Paul|title=Mall Architecture: Futuristic Doesn't Work|url=http://www.bobrej.com/albany/pgreview76.htm|website=Albany Notebook|accessdate=2015-02-17}}</ref> In his 1980 book, ''The Shock of the New'',<ref>{{cite book |last= Hughes |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Hughes (critic) |title=The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change | publisher = Thames & Hudson | location = London | year = 1980 | isbn = 0-500-27582-3}}</ref> [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]] refers to the buildings as being in "The [[International Style (architecture)|International]] Power Style of the Fifties", comparing the buildings to those built by [[Fascism|Fascist]] governments ([[Fascist architecture]]). Architecture critic [[Martin Filler]], quoted in ''The Making Of Empire State Plaza'', says "There is no relationship at all between buildings and site, neither at grade nor atop the podium, since all vestiges of the existing site have been so totally obliterated. Thus, as one stands on the Plaza itself, there is an eerie feeling of detachment. The Mall buildings loom menacingly, like aliens from another galaxy set down on this marble landing strip". <ref>{{cite web|last=Faber|first=Lo|title=The Making Of Empire State Plaza|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130625115719/http://www.lofaber.com/albany/essaymaking.html|work=All About Albany|accessdate=Oct 22, 2013}}</ref>
The plaza has also been criticized for the cost of its lavish architecture ([[marble]] and other imported stone are used throughout),<ref name="Fickies" /> its sheer size, and its period architecture. In a sharply critical 1976 ''New York Times'' article, architectural reviewer [[Paul Goldberger]] described the complex as "a compendium of clichés of [[modern architecture]]". He further commented that "Ultimately, of course, one realizes that the entire mall complex is not so much a vision of the future as of the past. The ideas here were dead before they left the drawing board, and every design decision, from the space allocations to the overall concept, emerges from an outdated notion of what modern architecture, not to mention modern government, should stand for."<ref name=GoldbergerNYT>{{cite news|last1=Goldberger|first1=Paul|title=Mall Architecture: Futuristic Doesn't Work|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/07/02/75626481.html?pageNumber=11|accessdate=2015-02-17|work=New York Times|date=July 2, 1976}}</ref><ref name=Goldberger>{{cite web|last1=Goldberger|first1=Paul|title=Mall Architecture: Futuristic Doesn't Work|url=http://www.bobrej.com/albany/pgreview76.htm|website=Albany Notebook|accessdate=2015-02-17}}</ref> In his 1980 book, ''The Shock of the New'',<ref>{{cite book |last= Hughes |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Hughes (critic) |title=The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change | publisher = Thames & Hudson | location = London | year = 1980 | isbn = 0-500-27582-3}}</ref> [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]] refers to the buildings as being in "The [[International Style (architecture)|International]] Power Style of the Fifties", comparing the buildings to those built by [[Fascism|Fascist]] governments ([[Fascist architecture]]). Architecture critic [[Martin Filler]], quoted in ''The Making Of Empire State Plaza'', says "There is no relationship at all between buildings and site, neither at grade nor atop the podium, since all vestiges of the existing site have been so totally obliterated. Thus, as one stands on the Plaza itself, there is an eerie feeling of detachment. The Mall buildings loom menacingly, like aliens from another galaxy set down on this marble landing strip". <ref>{{cite web|last=Faber |first=Lo |title=The Making Of Empire State Plaza |url=http://www.lofaber.com/albany/essaymaking.html |work=All About Albany |accessdate=Oct 22, 2013 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625115719/http://www.lofaber.com/albany/essaymaking.html |archivedate=June 25, 2013 }}</ref>


==Photo gallery==
==Photo gallery==

Revision as of 23:44, 26 May 2016

This article is about the government complex in Albany, New York. For the shopping mall in Allentown, Pennsylvania, see South Mall.
Empire State Plaza
Aerial view, looking eastward to the Hudson River
Map
Alternative namesGovernor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza
General information
Architectural styleModernist, Brutalist, International
LocationAlbany, New York
AddressBetween Madison Avenue and State Street, and Swan Street and Eagle Street
Coordinates42°39′01″N 73°45′35″W / 42.650347°N 73.759688°W / 42.650347; -73.759688
Current tenantsVarious government agencies of the State of New York,
New York State Museum
Construction started1959
Completed1976
Renovated2001
Cost$2 Bn[1]
OwnerState of New York[2]
Height44 stories, 589 feet (180 m)
Technical details
Structural systemReinforced concrete
Floor count6-story platform; 44-story tower
Design and construction
Architect(s)Wallace Harrison
Architecture firmHarrison & Abramovitz
Renovating team
Architect(s)Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates

The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza (known commonly as the Empire State Plaza, and less formally as the South Mall) is a complex of several state government buildings in downtown Albany, New York.

The complex was built between 1965 and 1976 at an estimated total cost of $2 billion.[3] It houses several departments of the New York State administration and is integrated with the New York State Capitol, completed in 1899, which houses the state legislature. Among the offices located at the plaza are the Department of Health and the Biggs Laboratory of the Wadsworth Center.

History

The plaza was the idea of Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who was inspired to create the new government complex after Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands visited Albany for a celebration of the area's Dutch history. Riding with the princess through a section of the city known colloquially as "the Gut", Rockefeller was embarrassed. He later said, "there's no question that the city did not look as I think the Princess thought it was going to".[4]

Rockefeller conceived the basic design of the complex with architect Wallace Harrison in flight aboard the governor's private plane. Rockefeller doodled his ideas in pen on the back of a postcard, and Harrison revised them. They used the vast scope and style of Brasilia, Versailles and Chandigarh as models. The massive scale was designed to be appreciated from across the Hudson River, as the dominant feature of the Albany skyline.[5]

Paying for the construction of the plaza was a major problem, since a bond issue for an Albany project would almost certainly have been disapproved by the statewide electorate. Despite the displacement of thousands of loyal political voters, Albany Mayor Erastus Corning worked with Rockefeller to engineer a funding scheme that utilized Albany County bonds instead of state bonds. During repayment, the state guaranteed the principal and interest payments in the form of rent for a plaza that was officially county property. Ownership was then to be transferred to the state in exchange for regular payments in lieu of taxes. Control of the bond issues gave Corning and party boss Daniel P. O'Connell influence when dealing with the Republican governor.[6] The bonds were paid in 2001 and the state assumed ownership, though it required years to do the paperwork to change title.[2]

The state obtained possession of the 98.5-acre site on March 27, 1962 through eminent domain. Demolition of the 1,200 structures began in the fall of 1962 and continued through the end of 1964. The official groundbreaking was on June 21, 1965. The initial cost estimate was $250 million.[4] The project was plagued by delays. Unrealistic schedules set by the state forced contractors for various parts to interfere with each other during work. The difficult working conditions caused some of the contractors to successfully sue the state later.[7]

The first building to be completed was the Legislative Office Building in 1972, and the last was the Egg in 1978.[8] Though the plaza was dedicated in 1973,[9] it finally began full operation in 1976 at a total cost exceeding $1.7 billion. As of 2014, more than 11,000 state employees work at the complex.[10]

Architecture

The eastern elevation of the plaza

The Empire State Plaza consists of various steel and reinforced concrete buildings, all clad in imported stone (except The Egg, which fully exposes its concrete structure).[11] The buildings are placed on a six-story stone-clad Main Platform, supported by more than 25,000 steel pilings driven an average of 70 feet (21 m) into soft glacial clay deposits underlying the site.[11]

The placement of starkly abstract geometric building forms on a monolithic plaza is said to represent Rockefeller's concept of architecture as similar to sculpture.[5] The exterior columns and narrow windows of the buildings resemble the style of the former World Trade Center towers in New York City, which were completed around the same time. The buildings constituting the plaza include:

The scale of the buildings in the plaza is imposing, and the complex is the most easily recognizable aspect of the Albany skyline. The Corning Tower is the tallest building in New York State outside of New York City; the Swan Street Building is more than a quarter of a mile long (400 meters), and modeled partly on Pharaoh Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir el-Bahri, Egypt.[citation needed] The Main Platform of the plaza itself is one of the largest buildings in the world.[11] The complex incorporates 240,000,000 cubic feet (6,800,000 m3) of concrete, clad with 600,000 cubic feet (17,000 m3) of stone imported from many locations on three continents. A detailed walking tour guide can be downloaded, describing the many varieties of stone and concrete used in construction.[11]

At least 15 memorials are located on the plaza, including the New York State Fallen Firefighters Memorial as well as memorials for World War II and the Vietnam War. The plaza has shade trees on the edges, and in the side gardens and memorials. Originally, hundreds of Norway maples were planted;[3] today, they have been classified as invasive plant species by the State of New York.[12]

The plaza also features a skating rink[further explanation needed] and decorative water fountains. As of 2014, the outdoors plaza has been closed to the public during the winter (December 1 – March 31).[why?]

Transportation access

View of plaza bulkhead wall from Eagle Street, with access to parking garage

Crossing under the plaza is the South Mall Arterial, a short highway artery connecting to the Dunn Memorial Bridge. Construction of this highway destroyed many buildings of Albany's downtown. In the initial proposal, the highway was to go from Interstate 90 in North Greenbush (current exit 8 to NY Route 43), through Rensselaer, under the plaza, and connecting to the also-cancelled Mid-Crosstown Arterial, which would have extended from I-90 Exit 6, through the city, traveling underneath Washington Park, meeting with the South Mall Expressway in the process, and continuing on to the New York State Thruway at Exit 23. The current South Mall Arterial ends abruptly in a loop at Swan Street, with both eastbound and westbound lanes using the two outer portals of the four-portal tunnel leading under the plaza. (The inner two were to be express lanes to the Mid-Crosstown Arterial/SME interchange underneath the park.) The only evidence of the original Mid-Crosstown Arterial is the four level stack interchange for I-90 at present day US 9.[citation needed]

Over 3,000 parking spaces take up much of the lower levels of the Main Platform.[11]

There are several CDTA bus routes serving the plaza complex, including some with direct access to a bus station in the underground Concourse.

Layout

New York State Capitol, which is at the north end of the plaza

The buildings are set around a row of three reflecting pools. On the west side are the four 23-story, 310-foot (94 m) Agency towers. On the east side is the Egg (Meeting Center) and the 44-floor (589-foot (180 m)) Erastus Corning Tower, which has an observation deck on the 42nd floor. On the south end is the Cultural Education Center, set on a higher platform; and on the north end is the New York State Capitol. While the Capitol predates the plaza, it is connected to the Concourse by an escalator which allows underground access to the rest of the plaza, most notably (to the New York State Legislature, at least), the Legislative Office Building.

The plaza is connected to the Times Union Center (a covered sports arena, known formerly as the Pepsi Arena, and originally named the Knickerbocker Arena) by a pedestrian bridge and to the New York State Capitol by an underground tunnel. Additionally there is a tunnel that runs under the West Capitol Park, connecting the Capitol building with the Alfred E. Smith Building located at 80 South Swan Street.

The entire complex is wheelchair-accessible, except the State Street Capitol entrance and the Concourse tunnel to the Swan Street Building. An access map is available onsite or is downloadable.[13]

Concourse

The Concourse is Albany's "Underground City" with food courts, a McDonald's restaurant, banks, a post office, a CDTA bus station, a visitor's center, and several retailers. The Concourse connects all buildings of the state plaza, and many state workers spend their lunch hour there. The Concourse also features various works of art and sculptures, part of the State collection of modern abstract art.

Art collection

The 1⁄4-mile (400 m) underground corridor at the Concourse level of the plaza displays part of the Empire State Plaza Art Collection

The Empire State Plaza Art Collection is located throughout the plaza, within the underground Concourse, buildings, and outdoor areas. The Collection includes 92 large-scale paintings, sculptures, and tapestries at various locations, and features works from the New York School of abstract modern art from the 1960s and 1970s. Glenn D. Lowry, director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, has termed the plaza's display of American art "the most important State collection of modern art in the country".[14] The Collection has also been called "the greatest collection of modern American art in any single public site that is not a museum".[15]

Artists represented in the Collection include Jackson Pollock, Robert Motherwell, Alexander Calder, Lyman Kipp, Robert Rauschenberg, Clement Meadmore, Ronald Bladen, Herbert Ferber, Forrest Myers, Dimitri Hadzi, William T. Williams, Ellsworth Kelly, Claes Oldenburg, George Rickey, James Rosati, Tony Smith, George Sugarman and Chryssa.[16][17] The collection includes five works by Abstract Expressionist New York sculptor David Smith.[16]

Free guided tours for groups or individuals are available by appointment, and self-guided Acoustiguide tours are also available.[18]

Memorials

The Empire State Plaza has at least 15 memorials of various types, built by the New York State Office of General Services. State memorials to World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War are located here, as well as special memorials to women veterans, police, firefighters, crime victims, children, and missing persons.[17][19] An illustrated and annotated self-guided tour brochure is available for download.[20]

Corning Tower Observation Deck

Located on the 42nd floor of the 44-story Erastus Corning Tower, the observation deck is free and open to the public on weekdays. However, it does not feature a 360-degree view because it has no windows on the west side. The tower is the tallest building in New York State outside of New York City.[21]

Controversy

View of the plaza from the South Mall Expressway below

The complex was the subject of significant controversy around the time of its construction. About 9,000 people were evicted under eminent domain, mostly from working-class and poorer sections of older Albany which were home to ethnic communities of Jews and Italians. The construction of the plaza occurred during the decline of Albany's downtown shopping district, and the massive displacement of population allegedly hastened the process. Numerous restaurants, specialty shops, two major department stores, and downtown's last movie theater had shuttered by the end of construction. The majority of the displaced residents had not owned cars, and they had shopped locally.[4] The construction of the elevated plaza separated the largely residential neighborhoods surrounding Washington Park and points west, from the largely commercial streets between the State Capitol and the Hudson River.

The plaza has also been criticized for the cost of its lavish architecture (marble and other imported stone are used throughout),[11] its sheer size, and its period architecture. In a sharply critical 1976 New York Times article, architectural reviewer Paul Goldberger described the complex as "a compendium of clichés of modern architecture". He further commented that "Ultimately, of course, one realizes that the entire mall complex is not so much a vision of the future as of the past. The ideas here were dead before they left the drawing board, and every design decision, from the space allocations to the overall concept, emerges from an outdated notion of what modern architecture, not to mention modern government, should stand for."[22][23] In his 1980 book, The Shock of the New,[24] Robert Hughes refers to the buildings as being in "The International Power Style of the Fifties", comparing the buildings to those built by Fascist governments (Fascist architecture). Architecture critic Martin Filler, quoted in The Making Of Empire State Plaza, says "There is no relationship at all between buildings and site, neither at grade nor atop the podium, since all vestiges of the existing site have been so totally obliterated. Thus, as one stands on the Plaza itself, there is an eerie feeling of detachment. The Mall buildings loom menacingly, like aliens from another galaxy set down on this marble landing strip". [25]

  • Erastus Corning Tower, viewed from Eagle Street
    Erastus Corning Tower, viewed from Eagle Street
  • Cultural Education Center, viewed from the plaza
    Cultural Education Center, viewed from the plaza
  • Albany skyline, with the Empire State Plaza visible on the left
    Albany skyline, with the Empire State Plaza visible on the left
  • View from across river, heading west on US Route 20/north on US Route 9 in Rensselaer
    View from across river, heading west on US Route 20/north on US Route 9 in Rensselaer
  • View from observation deck on the 42nd floor of the Corning Tower
    View from observation deck on the 42nd floor of the Corning Tower
  • Empire State Plaza viewed from the Dunn Memorial Bridge. The upper rim of The Egg can be seen at center-right behind the pyramid-topped KeyBank office building.
    Empire State Plaza viewed from the Dunn Memorial Bridge. The upper rim of The Egg can be seen at center-right behind the pyramid-topped KeyBank office building.

See also

References

  1. ^ Churchill, Chris (17 November 2009). "Empire State Plaza price tag: $2 billion". Times Union. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ a b Paul Grondahl (February 9, 2004). "Closing the Books on Billion-Dollar Deal". p. B1. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
  3. ^ a b Weisman, Steven R. (1976-06-24). "Albany Mall Is Enjoyed by Friend and Foe Alike". The New York Times.
  4. ^ a b c Farrell, William E. (1971-02-15). "Albany Mall Reveals the High Price of a Renaissance". New York Times. New York, New York: New York Times Co. p. 44.
  5. ^ a b Benjamin, Gerald; Hurd, T. Norman, eds. (1984). "The Builder". Rockefeller in Retrospect: The Governor's New York Legacy. Albany, N.Y.: Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Govt. p. 90. ISBN 0-914341-01-4. OCLC 11770290. In a deeper sense, art and architecture have a much more intimate relationship. For him, art and architecture often blurred, and there is no doubt that on one plane of consciousness, Rockefeller perceived the outer shell of buildings as sculpture.
    The Mall here in Albany, for instance, can be characterized as a group of forms on a platform – sculpture on a pedestal, if you will.
  6. ^ Steen, Ivan D. (1986). "The Corning Legacy". In Roberts, Ann F.; VanDyk, Judith A. (eds.). Experiencing Albany: perspectives on a grand city's past. Albany, N.Y.: Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government/State University of New York. p. 81. ISBN 0-914341-04-9. OCLC 21041861.
  7. ^ Benjamin, Gerald; Hurd, T. Norman, eds. (1984). "Nelson Rockefeller and the New York Governorship". Rockefeller in Retrospect: The Governor's New York Legacy. Albany, N.Y.: Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Govt. p. 297. ISBN 0-914341-01-4. OCLC 11770290.
  8. ^ Empire State Plaza at 50, NY State Office of General Services, accessed 20 June 2015.
  9. ^ Matthews, Joe (29 September 1997). "Rockefeller's big dream realized". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  10. ^ "Welcome to the Empire State Plaza". Office of General Services. New York State Office of General Services. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Fickies, Robert H. "Building Stones of the Empire State Plaza: A Walking Tour" (PDF). New York State Museum. New York State Geological Survey. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
  12. ^ "Interim List of Invasive Plant Species in New York State". Advisory Invasive Plant List. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  13. ^ "Visitor Center". Office of General Services. New York State Office of General Services. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  14. ^ "Empire State Plaza Art Collection". Office of General Services. New York State Office of General Services. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  15. ^ "Empire State Plaza Art Collection". Visiting the Empire State Plaza. New York State Office of General Services. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  16. ^ a b "Empire State Plaza Art Collection (online catalog)". Visiting the Empire State Plaza. New York State Office of General Services. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  17. ^ a b Anderson, Glenn D. Lowry ; Dennis R. (2002). The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection and Plaza Memorials (1st ed.). New York: Rizzoli Internat. Publ. ISBN 978-0847824557.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ "Empire State Plaza - In The Heart Of Albany". albany.com Guide to the Capital Region. Mannix Marketing, Inc. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  19. ^ "Memorials on the Empire State Plaza". Visiting the Empire State Plaza. New York State Office of General Services. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  20. ^ "A Self-Guide" (PDF). Memorials on the Empire State Plaza: A Self-Guide. New York State Office of General Services. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  21. ^ "Corning Tower Observation Deck". Office of General Services. New York State Office of General Services. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  22. ^ Goldberger, Paul (July 2, 1976). "Mall Architecture: Futuristic Doesn't Work". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
  23. ^ Goldberger, Paul. "Mall Architecture: Futuristic Doesn't Work". Albany Notebook. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
  24. ^ Hughes, Robert (1980). The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27582-3.
  25. ^ Faber, Lo. "The Making Of Empire State Plaza". All About Albany. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved Oct 22, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Anderson, Glenn D. Lowry ; Dennis R. (2002). The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection and Plaza Memorials (1st ed.). New York: Rizzoli Internat. Publ. ISBN 978-0847824557.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Roseberry, C.R. (2014). Capitol Story (3rd ed.). Albany, New York: Albany Institute of History and Art. p. 207. ISBN 978-1438456393. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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