Julian Assange: Difference between revisions
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'''Julian Paul Assange''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|ɒ|n|ʒ}};<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,275343738001_2006959,00.html |title= WikiLeaks Founder on History's Top Leaks |work=Time Video |location =New York |accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> born 3 July 1971) is an [[Australia]]n computer programmer, [[Publishing|publisher]] and [[journalist]]. He is [[editor-in-chief]] of the organisation [[WikiLeaks]], which he founded in 2006. |
'''Julian Paul Assange''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|ɒ|n|ʒ}};<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,275343738001_2006959,00.html |title= WikiLeaks Founder on History's Top Leaks |work=Time Video |location =New York |accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> born 3 July 1971) is an [[Australia]]n computer programmer, [[Publishing|publisher]] and [[journalist]]. He is [[editor-in-chief]] of the organisation [[WikiLeaks]], which he founded in 2006. |
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On November 2010, Assange was requested to be extradited to Sweden, where he is wanted for questioning concerning an allegation of rape.<ref name="davies2010">{{cite news |author=Nick Davies |title=10 days in Sweden: the full allegations against Julian Assange |work=The Guardian |location= London |date=17 December 2010 |url= http://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/17/julian-assange-sweden |accessdate=7 May 2015}}</ref> Assange denied the allegation and has expressed concern that he would be extradited from Sweden to the United States due to his perceived role in publishing secret American documents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35490108|title=What next for Julian Assange?|date=5 February 2016|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/feb/24/britain-precedent-defy-un-report-julian-assange-politicians "Britain 'sets dangerous precedent' by defying UN report on Assange"]. ''The Guardian'' (London). 24 February 2016.</ref> |
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After exhausting his legal options in the United Kingdom, Assange |
After exhausting his legal options in the United Kingdom, Assange did not surrender for extradition. Rather, he sought and was granted [[Right of asylum|asylum]] by Ecuador in August 2012. Assange has since remained in the [[Embassy of Ecuador, London|Embassy of Ecuador in London]], and is unable to leave without being arrested for breaching his bail conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19426382|title=Q&A: Julian Assange and the law|date=13 March 2015|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> |
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The United Nations' [[Working Group on Arbitrary Detention]] found, by a majority, that he has been "arbitrarily detained" and that his detention should be brought to an end;<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35499942 "Julian Assange should be allowed to go free, UN panel finds".] ''BBC News''. 5 February 2016.</ref> UK Foreign Secretary [[Philip Hammond]] said the UN conclusion was "ridiculous", that the group was "made up of lay people", and called Assange a [[fugitive from justice]].<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ecuador-sweden-assange-hammond-idUKKCN0VE120 Hammond calls U.N. Assange report 'ridiculous'], Reuters</ref> On October 17, 2016, the state of Ecuador cut Assange's internet access in the embassy.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37680411 Wikileaks: Julian Assange's internet access 'cut'], BBC</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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{{see also|Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority}} |
{{see also|Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority}} |
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In November 2010 Assange was alleged to have committed several crimes against two different women during a visit to Sweden that August. He was wanted for questioning in Sweden over two counts of sexual molestation, one count of unlawful coercion and one count of "lesser-degree rape" (''mindre grov våldtäkt''). Assange denies the allegations.<ref |
In November 2010 Assange was alleged to have committed several crimes against two different women during a visit to Sweden that August. He was wanted for questioning in Sweden over two counts of sexual molestation, one count of unlawful coercion and one count of "lesser-degree rape" (''mindre grov våldtäkt''). Assange denies the allegations.<ref name="davies2010" /><ref name="humanrights">Esther Addley, [http://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/aug/17/julian-assange-human-rights-violated-ecuador "Julian Assange has had his human rights violated, says Ecuador foreign minister".] ''[[The Guardian]]'' (London). 17 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.</ref> |
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After 18 August 2015, Assange could no longer be charged for all three of the less serious allegations, as the Swedish prosecutors did not succeed in interviewing Assange before the statute of limitations for these alleged crimes ran out. However, he is still wanted for questioning over the allegation of rape. The preliminary investigation still continues as the statute of limitations here will only expire in 2020.<ref name="bbcdrop">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33894757 |publisher=BBC News |date=12 August 2015 |title=Assange Assault Inquiry to Be Dropped |author= Caroline Hawley}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12392781 "Wikileaks' Assange inquiry by Sweden 'improper'."] [[BBC]] News, 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</ref><ref name="TenDays">Nick Davies, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/17/julian-assange-sweden "10 days in Sweden: the full allegations against Julian Assange,"] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 17 December 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.</ref><ref name="GreenLong">David Allen Green, [http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/david-allen-green/2012/09/legal-mythology-extradition-julian-assange "The legal mythology of the extradition of Julian Assange,"] ''[[New Statesman]]'', 3 September 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</ref><ref name="AnyaPalmer">Anya Palmer, [http://storify.com/anyapalmer/why-doesn-t-sweden-interview-assange-in-london?utm_campaign=&utm_medium=sfy.co-twitter&awesm=sfy.co_e56c&utm_content=storify-pingback&utm_source=t.co "Why doesn't Sweden interview Assange in London?"] Blogpost. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</ref> |
After 18 August 2015, Assange could no longer be charged for all three of the less serious allegations, as the Swedish prosecutors did not succeed in interviewing Assange before the statute of limitations for these alleged crimes ran out. However, he is still wanted for questioning over the allegation of rape. The preliminary investigation still continues as the statute of limitations here will only expire in 2020.<ref name="bbcdrop">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33894757 |publisher=BBC News |date=12 August 2015 |title=Assange Assault Inquiry to Be Dropped |author= Caroline Hawley}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12392781 "Wikileaks' Assange inquiry by Sweden 'improper'."] [[BBC]] News, 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</ref><ref name="TenDays">Nick Davies, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/17/julian-assange-sweden "10 days in Sweden: the full allegations against Julian Assange,"] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 17 December 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.</ref><ref name="GreenLong">David Allen Green, [http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/david-allen-green/2012/09/legal-mythology-extradition-julian-assange "The legal mythology of the extradition of Julian Assange,"] ''[[New Statesman]]'', 3 September 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</ref><ref name="AnyaPalmer">Anya Palmer, [http://storify.com/anyapalmer/why-doesn-t-sweden-interview-assange-in-london?utm_campaign=&utm_medium=sfy.co-twitter&awesm=sfy.co_e56c&utm_content=storify-pingback&utm_source=t.co "Why doesn't Sweden interview Assange in London?"] Blogpost. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</ref> |
Revision as of 14:29, 18 October 2016
Julian Assange | |
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![]() Assange in the Ecuadorian Embassy, London (August 2014) | |
Born | Townsville, Queensland, Australia | 3 July 1971
Nationality | Australian |
Other names | Julian Paul Assange |
Alma mater | |
Occupation | Editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks |
Julian Paul Assange (/əˈsɒnʒ/;[1] born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, publisher and journalist. He is editor-in-chief of the organisation WikiLeaks, which he founded in 2006.
On November 2010, Assange was requested to be extradited to Sweden, where he is wanted for questioning concerning an allegation of rape.[2] Assange denied the allegation and has expressed concern that he would be extradited from Sweden to the United States due to his perceived role in publishing secret American documents.[3][4]
After exhausting his legal options in the United Kingdom, Assange did not surrender for extradition. Rather, he sought and was granted asylum by Ecuador in August 2012. Assange has since remained in the Embassy of Ecuador in London, and is unable to leave without being arrested for breaching his bail conditions.[5]
The United Nations' Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found, by a majority, that he has been "arbitrarily detained" and that his detention should be brought to an end;[6] UK Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said the UN conclusion was "ridiculous", that the group was "made up of lay people", and called Assange a fugitive from justice.[7] On October 17, 2016, the state of Ecuador cut Assange's internet access in the embassy.[8]
Early life
Assange was born in the north Queensland city of Townsville,[9][10] to Christine Ann Hawkins (b. 1951),[11] a visual artist,[12] and John Shipton, an anti-war activist and builder.[13] The couple had separated before Assange was born.[13]
When he was a year old, his mother married Richard Brett Assange,[14][15][16] an actor, with whom she ran a small theatre company.[17] They divorced around 1979, and Christine Assange then became involved with Leif Meynell, also known as Leif Hamilton, a member of the Australian New Age group the Family, with whom she had a son before the couple broke up in 1982.[9][18][19] Assange had a nomadic childhood, and had lived in over thirty[20][21] different Australian towns by the time he reached his mid-teens, when he settled with his mother and half-brother in Melbourne, Victoria.[14][22]
He attended many schools, including Goolmangar Primary School in New South Wales (1979–1983)[17] and Townsville State High School,[23] as well as being schooled at home.[15] He studied programming, mathematics, and physics at Central Queensland University (1994)[24] and the University of Melbourne (2003–2006),[14][25] but did not complete a degree.[26]
Hacking
In 1987 Assange began hacking under the name Mendax.[15][27] He and two others—known as "Trax" and "Prime Suspect"—formed a hacking group they called the International Subversives.[15] During this time he hacked into the Pentagon and other US Department of Defense facilities, MILNET, the US Navy, NASA, and Australia's Overseas Telecommunications Commission; Citibank, Lockheed Martin, Motorola, Panasonic, and Xerox; and the Australian National University, La Trobe University, and Stanford University's SRI International.[28] He is thought to have been involved in the WANK (Worms Against Nuclear Killers) hack at NASA in 1989, but he does not acknowledge this.[29][30]
In September 1991, Assange was discovered hacking into the Melbourne master terminal of Nortel, a Canadian multinational telecommunications corporation.[15] The Australian Federal Police tapped Assange's phone line (he was using a modem), raided his home at the end of October,[31] and eventually charged him in 1994 with 31 counts of hacking and related crimes.[15] In December 1996, he pleaded guilty to 25 charges (the other six were dropped), was ordered to pay reparations of A$2,100 and released on a good behaviour bond,[29][32] avoiding a heavier penalty due to the perceived absence of malicious or mercenary intent and his disrupted childhood.[33][34][35][36] After the trial, Assange lived in Melbourne, where he survived on single-parent income support.[32]
Programming
In 1993 Assange gave technical advice to the Victoria Police Child Exploitation Unit and assisted with prosecutions.[37] In the same year he was involved in starting one of the first public Internet service providers in Australia, Suburbia Public Access Network.[14][38] He began programming in 1994, authoring or co-authoring the Transmission Control Protocol port scanner strobe.c (1995);[39][40] patches to the open-source database PostgreSQL (1996);[41][42] the Usenet caching software NNTPCache (1996);[43] the Rubberhose deniable encryption system (1997),[44][45] which reflected his growing interest in cryptography;[46] and Surfraw, a command-line interface for web-based search engines (2000).[47] During this period he also moderated the AUCRYPTO forum;[46] ran Best of Security, a website "giving advice on computer security" that had 5,000 subscribers in 1996;[48] and contributed research to Suelette Dreyfus's Underground (1997), a book about Australian hackers, including the International Subversives.[27][49] In 1998, he co-founded the company Earthmen Technology.[35]
In 1999 Assange registered the domain leaks.org, but, as he put it, "I didn't do anything with it."[35][unreliable source?] He did, however, publicise a patent granted to the National Security Agency in August 1999 for voice-data harvesting technology: "This patent should worry people. Everyone's overseas phone calls are or may soon be tapped, transcribed and archived in the bowels of an unaccountable foreign spy agency."[46] Systematic abuse of technology by governments against fundamental freedoms of world citizens remained an abiding concern — more than a decade later in the introduction to Cypherpunks (2012) Assange summarized "the Internet, our greatest tool for emancipation, has been transformed into the most dangerous facilitator of totalitarianism we have ever seen".[50]
WikiLeaks
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Julian_Assange_full.jpg/220px-Julian_Assange_full.jpg)
After his period of study at the University of Melbourne, Assange and others established WikiLeaks in 2006. Assange is a member of the organisation's advisory board[51] and describes himself as the editor-in-chief.[52] From 2007 to 2010, Assange travelled continuously on WikiLeaks business, visiting Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.[15][21][53][54][55]
WikiLeaks published secret information, news leaks,[56] and classified media from anonymous sources.[57] By 2015 WikiLeaks had published more than 10 million documents and associated analyses, and was described by Assange himself as "a giant library of the world's most persecuted documents".[58] The published material between 2006 and 2009 attracted various degrees of publicity,[59] but it was only after it began publishing documents supplied by Chelsea Manning that Wikileaks became a household name.[60] The Manning material included the Collateral Murder video (April 2010)[61] which showed US soldiers shooting dead 18 people from a helicopter in Iraq, [62] the Afghanistan war logs (July 2010), the Iraq war logs (October 2010), a quarter of a million diplomatic cables (November 2010), and the Guantánamo files (April 2011).
Opinions of Assange at this time were divided. Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard described his activities as "illegal,"[63] but the police said that he had broken no Australian law.[64] US Vice President Joe Biden and others called him a "terrorist."[65][66][67][68][69] Some called for his assassination or execution.[70][71][72][73] Support came from people including the Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva,[74][75] Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa,[76] Russian President Dmitry Medvedev,[77][78] Britain's Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn,[79] Spain's Podemos party leader Pablo Iglesias,[80] UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay,[81] Argentina's ambassador to the UK Alicia Castro,[82] and activists and celebrities including Tariq Ali,[83] John Perry Barlow,[84] Daniel Ellsberg,[85][86] Mary Kostakidis,[87] John Pilger,[88][89] Ai Weiwei,[90] Michael Moore,[91] Noam Chomsky,[90] Vaughan Smith,[92][93] and Oliver Stone.[94]
The year 2010 culminated with the Sam Adams Award, which Assange accepted in October,[95] and a string of distinctions in December—the Le Monde readers' choice award for person of the year,[96][97] the Time readers' choice award for person of the year (he was also a runner-up in Time's overall person of the year award),[98][99] a deal for his autobiography worth at least US$1.3 million,[100][101][102] and selection by the Italian edition of Rolling Stone as "rockstar of the year."[103][104]
Assange announced that he would run for the Australian Senate in March 2012 under the newly created WikiLeaks Party,[105][106] had his own talk show on Russia Today in April–July and Cypherpunks[50] was published in November. In the same year, he analysed the Kissinger cables held at the US National Archives and released them in searchable form.[107][108] On 15 September 2014, he appeared via remote video link on Kim Dotcom's Moment of Truth town hall meeting held in Auckland.[109]
The following February he won the Sydney Peace Foundation Gold Medal for Peace with Justice, previously awarded to only three people—Nelson Mandela, the Dalai Lama, and Buddhist spiritual leader Daisaku Ikeda.[110] Two weeks later he filed for the trademark "Julian Assange" in Europe, which was to be used for "Public speaking services; news reporter services; journalism; publication of texts other than publicity texts; education services; entertainment services."[111][112][113] For several years a member of the Australian journalists' union and still an honorary member,[114][115][116] he was awarded the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism in June,[117][118] and the Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism in November,[119][120] having earlier won the Amnesty International UK Media Award (New Media) in 2009.[121]
US criminal investigation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg/170px-Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg)
After WikiLeaks released the Manning material, US authorities began investigating WikiLeaks and Assange personally with a view to prosecuting them under the Espionage Act of 1917.[122] In November 2010 US Attorney-General Eric Holder said there was "an active, ongoing criminal investigation" into WikiLeaks.[123] It emerged from legal documents leaked over the ensuing months that Assange and others were being investigated by a federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia.[124][125][126] An email from an employee of intelligence consultancy Strategic Forecasting, Inc. (Stratfor) leaked in 2012 said, "We have a sealed indictment on Assange."[127] The US government denies the existence of such an indictment.[128][129]
In December 2011 prosecutors in the Chelsea Manning case revealed the existence of chat logs between Manning and an alleged WikiLeaks interlocutor they claimed to be Assange;[130][131] he denied this,[132][133] dismissing the alleged connection as "absolute nonsense."[134] The logs were presented as evidence during Manning's court-martial in June–July 2013. The prosecution argued that they show WikiLeaks helping Manning reverse-engineer a password.[135][136] The evidence that the interlocutor was Assange is circumstantial, however, and Manning insists she acted alone.[126][136]
Assange was being examined separately by "several government agencies" in addition to the grand jury, most notably the FBI.[137] Court documents published in May 2014 suggest that Assange was still under "active and ongoing" investigation at that time.[138]
Moreover, some Snowden documents published in 2014 show that the United States government put Assange on the "2010 Manhunting Timeline",[139] and in the same period they urged their allies to open criminal investigations into the editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks.[140] In the same documents there was a proposal by the NSA to designate WikiLeaks as a "malicious foreign actor", thus increasing the surveillance against it.
On 26 January 2015, WikiLeaks revealed that three members of the organisation received notice that "Google had handed over all their emails and metadata to the United States government".[141] In the notifications, there was the list of possible charges that originated the warrant to Google and that the secret grand jury intends to use against WikiLeaks and likely Assange too. They were espionage, conspiracy to commit espionage, theft or conversion of property belonging to the United States government, violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and general conspiracy. They carry up to a minimum of 45 years in prison, if they amount to one charge per these five types; otherwise, even more years could be added.
The United States investigation confirmed its ongoing proceedings against WikiLeaks in a 15 December 2015 court submission.[142]
Swedish sexual assault allegations
In November 2010 Assange was alleged to have committed several crimes against two different women during a visit to Sweden that August. He was wanted for questioning in Sweden over two counts of sexual molestation, one count of unlawful coercion and one count of "lesser-degree rape" (mindre grov våldtäkt). Assange denies the allegations.[2][143]
After 18 August 2015, Assange could no longer be charged for all three of the less serious allegations, as the Swedish prosecutors did not succeed in interviewing Assange before the statute of limitations for these alleged crimes ran out. However, he is still wanted for questioning over the allegation of rape. The preliminary investigation still continues as the statute of limitations here will only expire in 2020.[144][145][146][147][148]
Political asylum and life at the Ecuadorian embassy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Julian_Assange_in_Ecuadorian_Embassy.jpg/220px-Julian_Assange_in_Ecuadorian_Embassy.jpg)
On 19 June 2012, Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño announced that Assange had applied for political asylum, that his government was considering the request, and that Assange was at the Ecuadorian embassy in London.[149][150][151][152]
Assange and his supporters claim he is concerned not about any proceedings in Sweden as such, but that his deportation to Sweden could lead to politically motivated deportation to the United States, where he could face severe penalties, up to the death sentence, for his activities related to WikiLeaks.[62]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Reuni%C3%B3n_con_Julian_Assange_-_9060714006.jpg/220px-Reuni%C3%B3n_con_Julian_Assange_-_9060714006.jpg)
On 16 August 2012, Foreign Minister Patiño announced that Ecuador was granting Assange political asylum because of the threat represented by the United States secret investigation against him and several calls for assassination from many American politicians.[153][154][155][156] In its formal statement, Ecuador reasoned that "as a consequence of [Assange's] determined defense to freedom of expression and freedom of press… in any given moment, a situation may come where his life, safety or personal integrity will be in danger".[157] Latin American states expressed support for Ecuador.[158][159][160][161] Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa confirmed on 18 August that Assange could stay at the embassy indefinitely,[162][163][164] and the following day Assange gave his first speech from the balcony.[165][166][167][168] Assange's supporters forfeited £293,500 in bail[169] and sureties.[169][170] His home since then has been an office converted into a studio apartment, equipped with a bed, telephone, sun lamp, computer, shower, treadmill, and kitchenette.[171][172][173]
Just before Assange was granted asylum, the UK Government wrote to Foreign Minister Patiño stating that the police were entitled to enter the embassy and arrest Assange under UK law.[174] Patiño criticised what he claimed to be an implied threat, stating that "such actions would be a blatant disregard of the Vienna Convention". Officers of the Metropolitan Police Service were stationed outside the building from June 2012 to October 2015 in order to arrest Assange for extradition and for breach of bail, should he leave the embassy. The police guard was withdrawn on grounds of cost in October 2015, but the police said they would still deploy "a number of overt and covert tactics to arrest him". The cost of the policing for the period was reported to have been £12.6 million.[175]
In April 2015, during a video conference to promote the documentary Terminal F about Edward Snowden, Bolivia's ambassador to Russia, María Luisa Ramos Urzagaste, accused Assange of putting the life of Bolivian president Evo Morales at risk by intentionally providing the United States with false rumours that Snowden was on the president's plane when it was forced to land in Vienna in July 2013. "It is possible that in this wide-ranging game that you began my president did not play a crucial role, but what you did was not important to my president, but it was to me and the citizens of our country. And I have faith that when you planned this game you took into consideration the consequences," the ambassador told Assange. Assange stated that the plan "was not completely honest, but we did consider that the final result would have justified our actions. We weren't expecting this outcome. The result was caused by the United States' intervention. We can only regret what happened."[176] Later, in an interview[177] with Democracy Now, Assange explained the story of the grounding of Morales' plane, claiming that after the United States cancelled Snowden's passport, WikiLeaks thought about other strategies to take him to Latin America, and they considered private presidential jets of those countries which offered support. The appointed jet was that of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, but Assange stated that "our code language that we used deliberately swapped the presidential jet that we were considering for the Bolivian jet [...] and in some of our communications, we deliberately spoke about that on open lines to lawyers in the United States. And we didn’t think much more of it. [...] We didn’t think this was anything more than just distracting." Eventually, the plan was not pursued and, under Assange's advice, Snowden sought asylum in Russia.
Paris newspaper Le Monde in its edition of 3 July 2015 published an open letter from Assange to French President François Hollande in which Assange urged the French government to grant him refugee status.[178] Assange wrote that "only France now has the ability to offer me the necessary protection against, and exclusively against, the political persecution that I am currently the object of."[179] In the letter Assange wrote, "By welcoming me, France would fulfill a humanitarian but also probably symbolic gesture, sending an encouragement to all journalists and whistleblowers ... Only France is now able to offer me the necessary protection ... France can, if it wishes, act."[178][179]
In a statement issued by the Élysée Palace on 3 July 2015 in response to this letter, the French President said: “France cannot act on his request. The situation of Mr Assange does not present an immediate danger.”[180]
On 4 July 2015, in response to the denial of asylum by France, a spokesman for Assange denied that Assange had actually "filed" a request for asylum in France. Speaking on behalf of Assange, Baltasar Garzón, head of his legal team, said that Assange had sent the open letter to French president Francois Hollande; but Assange had only expressed his willingness "to be hosted in France if and only if an initiative was taken by the competent authorities".[179]
UNWGAD ruling
On 5 February 2016, the UN's Working Group on Arbitrary Detention decided that Assange had been subject to arbitrary detention by the UK and Swedish Governments since 7 December 2010, including his time in prison, on conditional bail and in the Ecuadorian embassy. According to the group, Assange should be allowed to walk free and be given compensation.[181][182]
The UK and Swedish governments rejected the ruling,[183] as did the UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Philip Hammond, and the UK and Swedish prosecutors.[184][185] The UK maintained it would arrest Assange should he leave the Ecuadorian embassy.[186] Mark Ellis, executive director of the International Bar Association, stated that the ruling is "not binding on British law."[187] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad al Hussein has said that the ruling is based on binding international law.[188]
US Presidential Elections 2016
Assange wrote on WikiLeaks in February 2016: "I have had years of experience in dealing with Hillary Clinton and have read thousands of her cables. Hillary lacks judgement and will push the United States into endless, stupid wars which spread terrorism. ... she certainly should not become president of the United States."[189]
On May 11, 2016, Michael Ratner, Assange's attorney in New York died of complications from cancer.[190]
On the 4th of July 2016 during the primary elections for the candidate nominee for the democratic party, WikiLeaks released information and content of emails sent or received by candidate Hillary Clinton from a private email server, when she was Secretary of State.[191]
On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks released emails and documents from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) seemingly presenting ways to undercut Bernie Sanders and showing apparent favouritism towards Clinton, leading to the resignation of party chairman Debbie Wasserman Schultz.[192][193] The New York Times reported that "Assange accused Mrs. Clinton of having been among those pushing to indict him..." and that he had timed the release to coincide with the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[194] In an interview with Robert Peston of ITV News Assange suggested that he saw Hillary Clinton as a personal foe.[195][196]
On July 25th, following the Republican National Convention (RNC), Assange was interviewed by Amy Goodman and was quoted saying: "Choosing Between Trump or Clinton is Like Picking Between Cholera or Gonorrhea... Personally, I would prefer neither."[197][198]
In late August 2016 Assange showed that Clinton had received information about a Parkinson’s disease drug, leading to theories in the media about Clinton's health issues.[199]
On August 16, 2016, Assange's lawyer in the UK, John Jones, was found dead, according to the first reports after being hit by a train in an apparent suicide.[200] An inquest into his death found that the lawyer was accepted since March to a private psychiatric hospital with several issues of mental health including bipolar disorder, and CCTV cameras showed no-one was near him when he jumped before the train.[201] The death of both lawyers in such a short time span sparked conspiracy theories, and a tweet by WikiLeaks on August 21 claimed that an inquest rules it was not suicide (implying that he was assasinated)[202] On the same day, the New York Times wrote that Clinton is accusing Assange of being a Russian agent, but that he probably is working without their concent and the Russians are only exploiting the information leaks for their own interests.[203]
The next day, on August 22nd a man scaled the embassy's walls but was caught by the embassy's security.[204]
On August 26 Assange spoke to Fox News and claimed that Clinton was causing "hysteria about Russia". The claim was parroted in the Russian media outlet RT.[205]
On October 4, 2016, in a WikiLeaks anniversary meeting in Berlin with Assange teleconferencing from his refuge in the Ecuador embacy in London, reporters spoke of a supposed promise to reveal further information against Hilary Clinton which would bring her candidacy down, calling this information "The October Surprise". Assange said he would release this information in the future, but "not at 3am". Assange was asked whether he endorsed Donald Trump, who had previously chosen anti-liberal rhetoric including calls to build up the US military nuclear power, and to persecute the Guantanamo Bay prisoners. Assange waved the claim aside, but continued to promise anti Hillary material.[199]
During the second debate between the two presidential candidates, on October 9, 2016, Hillary Clinton accused Russian hackers for the leak of information to WikiLeaks, presumably working under the orders of Vladimir Putin: "...But you know, let's talk about what's really going on. Because our intelligence community said the Kremlin, meaning Putin and the Russian government, are directing the attacks, the hacking, on American accounts to influence our election... And believe me, they're not doing it to get me elected. They're doing it to try to influence the election for Donald Trump..."
Writings
Assange is an advocate of information transparency and market libertarianism.[206] He has written a few short pieces, including "State and terrorist conspiracies" (2006),[207] "Conspiracy as governance" (2006),[208] "The hidden curse of Thomas Paine" (2008),[209] "What’s new about WikiLeaks?" (2011),[210] and the foreword to Cypherpunks (2012).[50] He also contributed research to Suelette Dreyfus's Underground (1997),[27] and received a co-writer credit for the Calle 13 song "Multi_Viral" (2013).
Cypherpunks is primarily a transcript of the The World Tomorrow episode eight two-part interview between Assange, Jacob Appelbaum, Andy Müller-Maguhn, and Jérémie Zimmermann.
Assange's book, When Google Met WikiLeaks, was published by OR Books on 18 September 2014.[211] The book recounts when Google CEO Eric Schmidt requested a meeting with Assange, while he was under house arrest in rural Norfolk, UK. Schmidt was accompanied by Jared Cohen, director of Google Ideas; Lisa Shields, vice-president of the Council on Foreign Relations; and Scott Malcomson, the communications director for the International Crisis Group. Excerpts were published on the Newsweek website, while Assange participated in a Q&A event that was facilitated by the Reddit website and agreed to an interview with Vogue magazine.[212][213][214]
Personal life
While in his teens, Assange married a woman named Teresa, and in 1989 they had a son, Daniel Assange, now a software designer.[14][26][215] The couple separated and initially disputed custody of the child.[15] Assange was Daniel's primary carer for much of his childhood.[216] In an open letter to French President François Hollande, Assange stated his youngest child lives in France with his/her mother. He also claimed that his family had faced death threats and harassment due to his work, forcing them to change identities and reduce contact with him.[217]
Work
Bibliography
- Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997)
- Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet (2012) OR Books
- When Google Met WikiLeaks (2014) OR Books [218]
- The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to The US Empire (2015) Verso Books [219]
Filmography
- Producer
- Collateral Murder (2010)
- The World Tomorrow (2012) (host)
- Mediastan (2013)
- The Engineer (2013) [220]
- As himself
- The War You Don't See (2010)
- The Simpsons (2012) (cameo - episode "At Long Last Leave")
- Citizenfour (2014)
- The Yes Men Are Revolting (2014)
- Terminal F/Chasing Edward Snowden (2015) [221]
- Asylum (2016) [222]
Honours and awards
- 2008, Economist New Media Award[223]
- 2009, Amnesty International UK Media Awards[224]
- 2010, TIME Person of the Year, Reader's Choice[225]
- 2010, Sam Adams Award[226]
- 2011, Free Dacia Award[227]
- 2011, Sydney Peace Foundation Gold Medal[228]
- 2011, Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism[229]
- 2011, Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism[230]
- 2011, Voltaire Award for Free Speech[231]
- 2012, Big Brother Awards Hero of Privacy[232]
- 2013, Global Exchange Human Rights Award, People’s Choice[233]
- 2013, Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts[234]
- 2013, New York Festivals World's Best TV & Films Silver World Medal[235]
- 2014, Union of Journalists in Kazakhstan Top Prize[236]
Works about Assange
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)
Books
- Nick Cohen, You Can't Read this Book: Censorship in an Age of Freedom (2012).
- Suelette Dreyfus, Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997), with research by Julian Assange.
- Andrew Fowler, The Most Dangerous Man in the World: The Explosive True Story of Julian Assange and the Lies, Cover-ups and Conspiracies He Exposed (2011).
- David Leigh and Luke Harding, WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy (2011).
- Andrew O'Hagan, Julian Assange: The Unauthorised Autobiography (2011).
Essays
- Raffi Khatchadourian, "No secrets: Julian Assange's mission for total transparency," The New Yorker, 7 June 2010.
- Robert Manne, "The cypherpunk revolutionary: Julian Assange," The Monthly, March 2011. Reprinted in Robert Manne, Making Trouble: Essays Against the New Australian Complacency (Melbourne: Black Inc. Publishing, 2011).
- Andrew O'Hagan, "Ghosting: Julian Assange," London Review of Books, vol. 36, no. 5 (6 March 2014).
Films
- Underground: The Julian Assange Story (2012), Australian TV drama that premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival.
- Julian (2012), Australian short film about nine-year-old Julian Assange. The film won several awards and prizes.
- The Fifth Estate (2013), thriller.
- Mediastan (2013), documentary produced by Assange; to challenge that of The Fifth Estate.
- We Steal Secrets: The Story of WikiLeaks (2013), American documentary.
- Risk (2016), American documentary.
See also
- WikiLeaks
- United States diplomatic cables leak
- Chelsea Manning
- Courage Foundation
- List of people who took refuge in a diplomatic mission
References
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- ^ "What next for Julian Assange?". 5 February 2016 – via www.bbc.com.
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- ^ David Leigh and Luke Harding, WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy (London: Guardian Books, 2011; rev. edn. Guardian Books / Faber and Faber, 2013), p. 34.
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- ^ a b c d e Robert Manne (March 2011). "The cypherpunk revolutionary: Julian Assange". The Monthly. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
By the time he was addressing audiences worldwide, his 'father'—which Assange informed me is an amalgam of Brett Assange and John Shipton, created to protect their identities
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{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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- ^ a b c Suelette Dreyfus, "Network: This is just between us (and the spies)," The Independent, 15 November 1999.
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- ^ Leigh and Harding, WikiLeaks, p. 45.
- ^ Annabel Symington, "Exposed: Wikileaks' secrets," Wired, 1 September 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
- ^ a b c Julian Assange, Jacob Appelbaum, Andy Müller-Maguhn, and Jérémie Zimmermann, Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet (New York and London: OR Books, 2012).
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- ^ Karhula, Päivikki (5 October 2012). "What is the effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information?". International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
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{{cite news}}
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- ^ Democracy Now: Assange on the Untold Story of the Grounding of Evo Morales’ Plane During Edward Snowden Manhunt, 28 May 2015
- ^ a b "Julian Assange: 'En m'accueillant, la France accomplirait un geste'". Le Monde (in French). Paris. 3 July 2015.
- ^ a b c "Julian Assange denies making asylum request that was refused by France". The Guardian. London. 4 July 2015.
- ^ "France rejects Julian Assange's asylum request". The Guardian. London. 3 July 2015.
- ^ "Britain, Sweden should accept ruling on Julian Assange: UN High Commissioner for Human Rights". Firstpost (India). 6 February 2016.
- ^ The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Deems the deprivation of liberty of Mr. Julian Assange as arbitrary. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). 5 February 2016.
- ^ "UK, Sweden reject UN ruling on Assange". Sky News Australia. 5 February 2016.
- ^ "Svenska åklagarna: FN-gruppens rapport betydelselös" svt.se
- ^ "Philip Hammond rejects 'ridiculous' UN decision on Julian Assange". The Guardian (London). 5 February 2016.
- ^ "Britain: WikiLeaks founder faces arrest regardless of U.N. panel ruling". The Washington Post. 4 February 2016.
- ^ "Julian Assange Q&A: what now for the WikiLeaks founder? e". The Guardian (London). 5 February 2016.
- ^ "Britain, Sweden should accept Assange ruling: UN rights chief". Haveeru.com. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ "Why Julian Assange Doesn’t Want Hillary Clinton to Be President", The Observer, 24 June 2016.
- ^ "Michael Ratner, Lawyer Who Won Rights for Guantánamo Prisoners, Dies at 72". The New York Times. 12 May 2016.
- ^ Carissimo, Justin (4 July 2016). "WikiLeaks publishes more than 1,000 Hillary Clinton war emails". The Independent (UK). Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ^ CNN, Theodore Schleifer and Eugene Scott (24 July 2016). "DNC treatment of Sanders at issue in emails leaked to Wikileaks". CNN. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
{{cite news}}
:|last1=
has generic name (help) - ^ Peters, Maquita (23 July 2016). "Leaked Democratic Party Emails Show Members Tried To Undercut Sanders". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ^ Assange, Avowed Foe of Clinton, Timed Email Release for Democratic Convention," The New York Times, 26 July 2016.
- ^ "Assange Warns More Leaks Coming, Compares Trump and Clinton to 'Cholera and Gonorrhea'". Haaretz. 27 July 2016.
- ^ "Assange on Peston on Sunday: 'More Clinton leaks to come'". ITV News. 12 June 2016.
- ^ Julian Assange: Choosing Between Trump or Clinton is Like Picking Between Cholera or Gonorrhea, July 25, 2016 (Democracy Now! website)
- ^ "Assange: 2016 election is like choosing between 'cholera or gonorrhea'". Politico. 27 July 2016.
- ^ a b How Julian Assange turned WikiLeaks into Trump's best friend, Max Chafkin & Vernon Silver, October 10, 2016 (Bloomberg website)
- ^ Britain’s top human rights lawyer who represented Julian Assange and worked alongside George Clooney’s wife Amal dies in apparent suicide, Neil Syson, April 21, 2016 (The Sun)
- ^ Concerns raised over hospital's treatment of 'brilliant' barrister who was hit by train, William McLennan, August 19, 2016 (Camden New Journal)
- ^ Inquest rules that death of Julian Assange's lawyer, John Jones QC, was not 'suicide', opening door to law suits WikiLeaks tweet, August 21, 2016 (Twitter.com)
- ^ How Russia often benefits when Julian Assange reveals the west’s secrets. "American officials say Mr. Assange and WikiLeaks probably have no direct ties to Russian intelligence services. But the agendas of WikiLeaks and the Kremlin have often dovetailed". Jo Becker et al. August 31, 2016
- ^ Man jumps wall at embassy holding Assange, Press Association, August 22, 2016 ([news.com.au Australian News website])
- ^ WikiLeaks Clinton Russia Agents August 26, 2016
- ^ Andy Greenberg, "An interview with WikiLeaks' Julian Assange," Forbes, 29 November 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
- ^ "State and Terrorist Conspiracies," 10 November 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2014. This file contains both 2006 papers; they are also available elsewhere online.
- ^ "Conspiracy as Governance," 3 December 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2014. This file contains both 2006 papers; they are also available elsewhere online.
- ^ "The Hidden Curse of Thomas Paine," 29 April 2008. This version is at Guernica Magazine. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ "What’s new about WikiLeaks?" New Statesman, 14 April 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ "When Google Met WikiLeaks". OR Books. OR Books. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ DW Gibson (24 October 2014). "Julian Assange Talks to Vogue.com About His New Book, When Google Met WikiLeaks". Vogue.com. Conde Naste Digital. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ Taylor Wofford (16 September 2014). "WikiLeaks Founder Julian Assange Answers Questions About His New Book on Reddit". Newsweek. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ Julian Assange (23 October 2014). "Assange: Google Is Not What It Seems". Newsweek. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ Nick Johns-Wickberg, "Daniel Assange: I never thought WikiLeaks would succeed," Crikey, 17 September 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ "Assange fears for his children's safety," News Online, 30 September 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ "Julian Assange: "En m'accueillant, la France accomplirait un geste humanitaire"". Le Monde. 3 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ Assange, Julian. "When Google Met WikiLeaks". OR Books. OR Books. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ Assange, Julian. "The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire". Verso Books. Verso Books. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ "The Engineer". IMDb. IMDb. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ "Terminal F/Chasing Edward Snowden". IMDb. IMDb. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ Benjamin Lee (25 August 2015). "Citizenfour director to preview Assange documentary at New York film festival". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ "Index on Censorship Award winners 2008". Index on Censorship. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
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- ^ "Julian Assange: Readers' Choice for TIME's Person of the Year 2010". TIME. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
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- ^ "Julian Assange Given Press Freedom Award". CBS News. 1 January 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ "Sydney Peace Medal: Julian Assange". Sydney Peace Foundation. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "Previous Winners". The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "Walkley Winners Archive". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
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- ^ "Big Brother Award 2012". Big Brother Award. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ "Past Honorees". Global Exchange Human Rights Awards. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ "Yoko Ono Lennon Presents 2013 Courage Award to Julian Assange". Imagine Peace. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "Piece #1 - The Julian Assange Show with Hassan Nasrallah". New York Festivals. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ "Kazakh Journalists' Union Honors WikiLeaks Founder". Radio Free Europe. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
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