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'''Asian box turtles''' are [[turtle]]s of the [[genus]] '''''Cuora''''' in the family [[Geoemydidae]]. There are about 12 [[species]].<ref name="spinks">Spinks, P. Q., et al. (2012). [http://thomsonlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/SpinksEtAl2012.pdf Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships in the critically endangered Asian box turtle genus ''Cuora''.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 63(3), 656-67.</ref> The [[keeled box turtle]] (''Pyxidea mouhotii'' syn. ''Cuora mouhotii'') is often included in this genus, or separated in the [[monotypic taxon|monotypic genus]] ''Pyxidea''. Genus ''Cuora'' is distributed from [[China]] to [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="spinks" />
'''Asian box turtles''' are [[turtle]]s of the [[genus]] '''''Cuora''''' in the family [[Geoemydidae]]. There are about 12 [[species]].<ref name="spinks">Spinks, P. Q., et al. (2012). [http://thomsonlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/SpinksEtAl2012.pdf Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships in the critically endangered Asian box turtle genus ''Cuora''.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 63(3), 656-67.</ref> The [[keeled box turtle]] (''Pyxidea mouhotii'' syn. ''Cuora mouhotii'') is often included in this genus, or separated in the [[monotypic taxon|monotypic genus]] ''Pyxidea''. Genus ''Cuora'' is distributed from [[China]] to [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], throughout mainland south-east Asia and into nothern India and even Buthan.<ref name="spinks" />


== Description ==
== Description ==
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*[[Yellow-headed box turtle|Yellow-headed or golden-headed box turtle]], ''[[Cuora aurocapitata]]'' or ''C. (pani) aurocapitata''{{#tag:ref|Placed into subspecies status by Artner<ref>{{cite journal |author=H. Artner |year=2004 |title=Haltung und Nachzucht von Pans Scharnierschildkröte ''Cuora pani pani'' Song, 1984 und der Goldkopf-Scharnierschildkröte ''Cuora pani aurocapitata'' Luo & Zong, 1988 |journal=Emys |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4–21}}</ref> and Blanck & Tang.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=T. Blanck |author2=M. Tang |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005 |title=Ein neuer Fundort von ''Cuora pani'' Song, 1984 mit Diskussion über den taxonomischen Status von ''Cuora pani'' und ''Cuora aurocapitata'' |journal=Sacalia |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=16–37}}</ref>|group=Note}}
*[[Yellow-headed box turtle|Yellow-headed or golden-headed box turtle]], ''[[Cuora aurocapitata]]'' or ''C. (pani) aurocapitata''{{#tag:ref|Placed into subspecies status by Artner<ref>{{cite journal |author=H. Artner |year=2004 |title=Haltung und Nachzucht von Pans Scharnierschildkröte ''Cuora pani pani'' Song, 1984 und der Goldkopf-Scharnierschildkröte ''Cuora pani aurocapitata'' Luo & Zong, 1988 |journal=Emys |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4–21}}</ref> and Blanck & Tang.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=T. Blanck |author2=M. Tang |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005 |title=Ein neuer Fundort von ''Cuora pani'' Song, 1984 mit Diskussion über den taxonomischen Status von ''Cuora pani'' und ''Cuora aurocapitata'' |journal=Sacalia |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=16–37}}</ref>|group=Note}}
*[[Bourret's box turtle]], ''C. bourreti''<!-- ([[F.J. Obst|Obst]] & [[Reimann]], 1994) -->
*[[Bourret's box turtle]], ''C. bourreti''<!-- ([[F.J. Obst|Obst]] & [[Reimann]], 1994) -->
*[[Ryukyu yellow-margined box turtle]], ''C. evelynae''
*Vietnamese three-striped box turtle, ''Cuora cyclornata'' (two subspecies)
*[[Chinese box turtle]], yellow-margined box turtle, or snake-eating turtle, ''C. flavomarginata'' (two subspecies)
*[[Chinese box turtle]], yellow-margined box turtle, or snake-eating turtle, ''C. flavomarginata'' (three subspecies)
*[[Indochinese box turtle]] or Indochinese flowerback box turtle, ''C. galbinifrons''
*[[Indochinese box turtle]] or Indochinese flowerback box turtle, ''C. galbinifrons''
*[[McCord's box turtle]], ''C. mccordi''<!-- ([[C.H. Ernst|Ernst]], 1988) -->
*[[McCord's box turtle]], ''C. mccordi''<!-- ([[C.H. Ernst|Ernst]], 1988) -->
*[[Keeled box turtle]], ''C. mouhotii''
*[[Keeled box turtle]], ''C. mouhotii'' (two subspecies)
*[[Pan's box turtle]], ''C. pani'' = "''C. chriskarannarum''"
*[[Pan's box turtle]], ''C. pani'' = "''C. chriskarannarum''"
*[[Southern Vietnamese box turtle]], ''C. picturata''<!-- ([[E. Lehr|Lehr]], [[U. Fritz|Fritz]] & [[F.J. Obst|Obst]], 1998) -->
*[[Southern Vietnamese box turtle]], ''C. picturata''<!-- ([[E. Lehr|Lehr]], [[U. Fritz|Fritz]] & [[F.J. Obst|Obst]], 1998) -->

Revision as of 00:01, 20 February 2017

Asian box turtle
Amboina box turtle, Cuora amboinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Testudines
Family:
Geoemydidae
Subfamily:
Geoemydinae
Genus:
Cuora

Gray, 1856
Species

about 12

Synonyms
  • Cistoclemmys
  • Pyxiclemmys


Asian box turtles are turtles of the genus Cuora in the family Geoemydidae. There are about 12 species.[1] The keeled box turtle (Pyxidea mouhotii syn. Cuora mouhotii) is often included in this genus, or separated in the monotypic genus Pyxidea. Genus Cuora is distributed from China to Indonesia and the Philippines, throughout mainland south-east Asia and into nothern India and even Buthan.[1]

Description

Cuora species are characterized by a low (e.g. Cuora pani) to high (e.g. Cuora picturata) domed shell, which usually has three keels on the carapace. They are reddish, yellowish, brown, grey, and/or black in color. Some species have bright yellow, black, orange, or white stripes down the length of their keels. Their body color is highly variable, but usually very intense. Most species show stripes of variable color down either side of their heads, which usually meet at the nose.

Behavior

Asian box turtles are terrestrial, semiaquatic or mainly aquatic, most spending much of their time on the edge of shallow swamps, streams or pond that are dense with vegetation. Most are omnivorous, but carnivores do occur.

Head portrait of the different Cuora species, subspecies and varieties (from left to right/top to bottom):
Cuora amboinensis amboinensis (Sulawesi), Cuora amboinensis kamaroma (Thailand), Cuora amboinensis ssp. (unknown), Cuora amboinensis ssp. (Philippines); Cuora trifasciata (Guangdong, China), Cuora aurocapitata (Anhui, China), Cuora pani pani (Shaanxi, China), Cuora yunnanensis (Yunnan, China); Cuora cyclornata cyclornata (Annam, central Vietnam), Cuora cyclornata meieri (north Vietnam), Cuora mccordi (Guangxi, China), Cuora zhoui (unknown); Cuora flavomarginata sinensis (Sichuan, China), Cuora flavomarginata evelynae (Ryukyu Islands, Japan), Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata (Taiwan), Cuora picturata (southern Annam, south Vietnam); Cuora galbinifrons galbinifrons (north Vietnam), Cuora galbinifrons galbinifrons (Hainan, China); Cuora bourreti (Annam, central Vietnam), Cuora bourreti (Laos); Cuora cyclornata cyclornata × Cuora amboinensis kamaroma hybrid, Cuora cyclornata × Pyxidea mouhotii, Cuora trifasciata × Pyxidea mouhotii, Cuora galbinifrons × Pyxidea mouhotii = "Cuora serrata"

Taxonomy and systematics

Listed alphabetically by binomial name.[2] Cuora]. The Reptile Database

Cuora serrata, originally described as C. galbinifrons serrata by Iverson & Mccord[5] and later considered a distinct species[6] are hybrids of the keeled box turtle and taxa of the Indochinese box turtle complex as shown by the genetic studies of Parham et al.[7] and Stuart & Parham (2004). A single specimen of C. serrata has been found in the wild,[8] lending credence to the possibility that other specimens arose through natural hybridization or even from wild populations. No Chinese turtle farm is known to produce C. serrata-like specimens.[9] The occurrence of wild hybrids is often regarded as "evolution in progress", a terminology and point of view that is not always accepted. It has yet to be confirmed, whether all C. serrata from the wild have originated by direct hybridization of C. mouhotii and C. galbinifrons, or also by "hybridisation" of C. serrata × C. serrata.

Unnamed hybrids of several other Cuora taxa are also known,[Note 2] as are intergeneric hybrids such as Mauremys iversoni,[10] a hybrid between Cuora trifasciata and Mauremys mutica which are intentionally produced in Chinese turtle farms.[7]

In captivity

Wild-caught C. amboinensis specimens were frequently available in the exotic animal trade, but are getting rarer now; other species are rare to commercially extinct.

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuora.
  1. ^ Placed into subspecies status by Artner[3] and Blanck & Tang.[4]
  2. ^ See Vetter & Van Dijk (2006).[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b Spinks, P. Q., et al. (2012). Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships in the critically endangered Asian box turtle genus Cuora. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63(3), 656-67.
  2. ^ [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?genus=Cuora&exact%5B0%5D=genus&submit=Search
  3. ^ H. Artner (2004). "Haltung und Nachzucht von Pans Scharnierschildkröte Cuora pani pani Song, 1984 und der Goldkopf-Scharnierschildkröte Cuora pani aurocapitata Luo & Zong, 1988". Emys. 11 (1): 4–21.
  4. ^ T. Blanck; M. Tang (2005). "Ein neuer Fundort von Cuora pani Song, 1984 mit Diskussion über den taxonomischen Status von Cuora pani und Cuora aurocapitata". Sacalia. 7 (3): 16–37. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ J. B. Iverson; W. P. McCord (1992). "A new subspecies of Cuora galbinifrons (Testudines: Batagurinae) from Hainan Island, China". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 105: 433–439. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ F. J. Obst; U. Fritz (1997). "Zum taxonomischen Status von Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson & McCord, 1992 und Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray, 1862)". Zoologische Abhandlungen. 49 (2). Museum für Tierkunde Dresden: 261–279. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b James Ford Parham; W. Brian Simison; Kenneth H. Kozak; Chris R. Feldman; Haitao Shi (2001). "New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens". Animal Conservation. 4 (4): 357–367. doi:10.1017/S1367943001001421. "Erratum". Animal Conservation. 5 (1): 86. doi:10.1017/S1367943002001117.
  8. ^ H. Shi; J. F. Parham; W. B. Simison; J. Wang; S. Gong; B. Fu (2005). "A report on the hybridization between two species of threatened Asian box turtles (Testudines: Cuora) in the wild on Hainan Island (China) with comments on the origin of C. serrata-like turtles". Amphibia-Reptilia. 26 (3): 377–381. doi:10.1163/156853805774408487.
  9. ^ Zhou et al. (2008)[citation needed]
  10. ^ Peter C. H. Pritchard; William P. McCord (1991). "A new emydid turtle from China". Herpetologica. 47 (2): 138–147. JSTOR 3892730. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

Further reading

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