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The Park Service never retracted its estimate.<ref name=McKenna/>
The Park Service never retracted its estimate.<ref name=McKenna/>


After the Million Man March, the Park Police ceased making official crowd size estimates. [[Roger G. Kennedy]], the Director of the National Park Service, said that his agency planned to study the possibility of no longer counting crowds, noting that most organizations that sponsor large events complain that Park Service estimates are too low.<ref name="nyt"/> When it prepared the 1997 appropriations bill for the [[United States Department of the Interior]], the [[United States House Committee on Appropriations|Committee on Appropriations of the United States House of Representatives]] stated in a June 1996 report that accompanied the bill that the Committee had not provided any funding for crowd counting activities associated with gatherings held on federal property in Washington, D.C. The report further stated that if event organizers wish to have crowd estimates, they should hire a private sector firm to conduct the count.<ref>Leef Smith, Wendy Melillo. [http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=21925324&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=5252&RQT=309&VName=PQD If It's Crowd Size You Want, Park Service Says Count It Out; Congress Told Agency to Stop, Official Says] Washington Post: Oct 13, 1996. pg. A.34</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Regula|first=Ralph, Committee on Appropriations|authorlink=Ralph Regula|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=104_cong_reports&docid=f:hr625.104.pdf|title=House of Representatives Report 104-625: Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997, to accompany H.R. 3662|page=28|quote=The Committee has provided no funding for crowd counting activities associated with gatherings held on federal property in Washington, D.C. If event organizers wish to have an estimate on the number of people participating in their event, then those organizers should hire a private sector firm to conduct the count.|date=1996-06-18|accessdate=2010-11-30}}. Note: The Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997 (H.R. 3662), was incorporated into the {{cite web|url=http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/statutes/pl104_208.pdf|title=Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997 (Public Law 104-208, Sept. 30, 1996)}}, at 110 STAT. 3009-181.</ref>
After the Million Man March, the Park Police ceased making official crowd size estimates. [[Roger G. Kennedy]], the Director of the National Park Service, said that his agency planned to study the possibility of no longer counting crowds, noting that most organizations that sponsor large events complain that Park Service estimates are too low.<ref name="nyt"/> When it prepared the 1997 appropriations bill for the [[United States Department of the Interior]], the [[United States House Committee on Appropriations|Committee on Appropriations of the United States House of Representatives]] stated in a June 1996 report that accompanied the bill that the Committee had not provided any funding for crowd counting activities associated with gatherings held on federal property in Washington, D.C. The report further stated that if event organizers wish to have crowd estimates, they should hire a private sector firm to conduct the count.<ref>Leef Smith, Wendy Melillo. [http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=21925324&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=5252&RQT=309&VName=PQD If It's Crowd Size You Want, Park Service Says Count It Out; Congress Told Agency to Stop, Official Says] Washington Post: Oct 13, 1996. pg. A.34</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Regula |first=Ralph, Committee on Appropriations |authorlink=Ralph Regula |url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=104_cong_reports&docid=f:hr625.104.pdf |title=House of Representatives Report 104-625: Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997, to accompany H.R. 3662 |page=28 |quote=The Committee has provided no funding for crowd counting activities associated with gatherings held on federal property in Washington, D.C. If event organizers wish to have an estimate on the number of people participating in their event, then those organizers should hire a private sector firm to conduct the count. |date=1996-06-18 |accessdate=2010-11-30 }}. Note: The Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997 (H.R. 3662), was incorporated into the {{cite web|url=http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/statutes/pl104_208.pdf |title=Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997 (Public Law 104-208, Sept. 30, 1996) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527214636/http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/legal/statutes/pl104_208.pdf |archivedate=2010-05-27 |df= }}, at 110 STAT. 3009-181.</ref>


==Controversy in the media==
==Controversy in the media==

Revision as of 04:18, 12 June 2017

The Million Man March, Washington, D.C., October 1995
Aerial view of the march
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The Million Man March was a gathering en masse of African-American men in Washington, D.C., on October 16, 1995. Called by Louis Farrakhan, it was held on and around the National Mall. The National African American Leadership Summit, a leading group of civil rights activists and the Nation of Islam working with scores of civil rights organizations, including many local chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (but not the national NAACP) formed the Million Man March Organizing Committee. The founder of the National African American Leadership Summit, Dr. Benjamin Chavis, Jr. served as National Director of the Million Man March.

The committee invited many prominent speakers to address the audience, and African American men from across the United States converged in Washington to “convey to the world a vastly different picture of the Black male”[1] and to unite in self-help and self-defense against economic and social ills plaguing the African American community.

The march took place in the context of a larger grassroots movement that set out to win politicians’ attention for urban and minority issues through widespread voter registration campaigns.[2] On the same day, there was a parallel event called the Day of Absence, organized by female leaders in conjunction with the March leadership, which was intended to engage the large population of black Americans who would not be able to attend the demonstration in Washington. On this date, all blacks were encouraged to stay home from their usual school, work, and social engagements, in favor of attending teach-ins, and worship services, focusing on the struggle for a healthy and self-sufficient black community. Further, organizers of the Day of Absence hoped to use the occasion to make great headway on their voter registration drive.[3]

Although the march won support and participation from a number of prominent African American leaders, its legacy is marred by controversy over several issues. The leader of the march, Louis Farrakhan, is a controversial figure whose commentary on race in America has led some to wonder whether the message of the march can be disentangled from that of its organizer.[4] Two years after the march, the Million Woman March was held in response to fears that the Million Man March had focused on black men to the exclusion of black women.[5] Finally, within 24 hours after the March, there arose a conflict about crowd size estimates between March organizers and Park Service officials. The National Park Service issued an estimate of about 400,000 attendees,[6] a number significantly lower than March organizers had hoped for.[7] After a heated exchange between leaders of the march and Park Service, ABC-TV-funded researchers at Boston University estimated the crowd size to be about 837,000 members, with a 20% margin of error.[6]

Economic and social factors

One of the primary motivating factors for the march was to place black issues back on the nation’s political agenda. In the aftermath of the Republican Party’s victory in the 1994 Congressional election and the continued success of the party’s campaign platform, the Contract with America, some African American leaders felt the social and economic issues facing the black community fell by the wayside of policy debates.[7] March organizers believed that politicians were failing the black community by “papering over the most vital dimensions of the crisis in international capitalism”[7] and blaming urban blacks for “domestic economic woes that threatened to produce record deficits, massive unemployment, and uncontrolled inflation.”[8]

At the time of the march, African Americans faced unemployment rates nearly twice that of white Americans, a poverty rate of more than 40%, and a median family income that was about 58% of the median for white households. More than 11% of all black males were unemployed and for those aged 16 to 19, the number of unemployed had climbed to over 50%[8] Further, according to Reverend Jesse Jackson’s speech at the March, the United States House of Representatives had reduced funding to some of the programs that played an integral role in urban Americans’ lives. “The House of Representatives cut $1.1 billion from the nation’s poorest public schools,” and “cut $137 million from Head Start” effectively subtracting $5,000 from each classroom’s budget and cutting 45,000 preschoolers from a crucial early education program.[9]

Environmental hazards were also seen as making the lives of urban blacks unstable. Black men were murdered at a rate of 72 per 100,000, a rate significantly higher than the 9.3 per 100,000 attributed to the white male population.[8] Some black activists blamed aggressive law enforcement and prison construction for leaving “two hundred thousand more blacks in the jail complex than in college”[10] and devastating leadership gaps within black communities and families.[8] Event organizers were further infuriated by a perceived gap in prenatal care for black women and children caused, in part, by the closing of inner-city hospitals.[10] Event organizers were of the view that urban Blacks were born with “three strikes against them”:[10] insufficient prenatal care, inferior educational opportunities, and jobless parents.[10] Instead of providing young children with the means to succeed, they believed the government instead intervened in the lives of its black citizens through law enforcement and welfare programs that did little to improve the community’s circumstances.[11]

Media portrayal

In addition to their goal of fostering a spirit of support and self-sufficiency within the black community, organizers of the Million Man March also sought to use the event as a publicity campaign aimed at combating what they perceived as the negative racial stereotypes in the American media and in popular culture. March organizers were dismayed by the sweeping stereotypes they thought white America seemed to draw from the coverage of such figures as Willie Horton, O. J. Simpson, and Mike Tyson.[12] Believing that “black men have been designated by the culture as the sacrificial lambs for male evil”,[13] event organizers asked black male attendees to make a public display of their commitment to responsible and constructive behavior[14] that would give the mass media positive imagery to broadcast.

Program

Although various organizations, charities, and vendors had booths and displays at the rally, the focal point of the day was the stage set up on the west front grounds of the United States Capitol building. The day's events were broken down into several sessions: Early Morning Glory (6 am-7:30am), Sankofa: Lessons from the Past Linkages to the Future (8 am–10:30 am), Affirmation/Responsibility (11 am–2 pm), and Atonement and Reconciliation (2:30 pm–4 pm).[15]

I. Early Morning Glory

  • Rev. H. Beecher Hicks of Washington, D.C. and Minister Rasul Muhammad – Masters of Ceremonies
  • Sheik Ahmed Tijani Ben-Omar of Accra, Ghana and Rev. Frederick Haynes, III from the Friendship West Baptist Church, Dallas, Texas - adhan and invocation[15]

II. Sankofa: Lessons from the past

  • Rev. Wayne Gadie of the Emanuel Baptist Church, Malden, Massachusetts – Opening prayer
  • Dancers and drummers from the village of Kankoura, Burkina Faso
  • Greetings from the African Diaspora from the continent of Africa and the Caribbean
  • Greetings from Black American leaders such as George Augustus Stallings, Oscar Easton (Blacks in Government), Henry Nichols (Hospital Workers Union), Dr. Niam Akbar (Florida State University), Zachery McDaniels (National African American Leadership Summit)

III. Affirmation/Responsibility

Affirmation of Our Brothers

Mothers of the Struggle - Behold Thy Sons

IV. Atonement and Reconciliation

Structure of speeches

The organizers of the event took steps to lift the march from a purely political level to a spiritual one, hoping to inspire attendees and honored guests to move beyond “articulation of black grievances”[17] to a state of spiritual healing. Speakers at the event structured their talks around three themes: atonement, reconciliation, and responsibility.[18] The Day of Atonement became a second name for the event and for some came to represent the motivation of the Million Man movement. In the words of one man who was in attendance, Marchers aimed at “being at one with ourselves, the Most High, and our people”.[19] Beyond the most basic call for atonement leaders of the March also called for reconciliation or a state of harmony between members of the black community and their God.[14] Speakers called participants to “settle disputes, overcome conflicts, put aside grudges and hatreds” and unite in an effort to create a productive and supportive black community that fosters in each person the ability to “seek the good, find it, embrace it, and build on it.”[14] Finally, the leaders of the March challenged participants and their families at home to “expand [our] commitment to responsibility in personal conduct…and in obligations to the community”.[20]

Notable speakers

Day of Absence

While male leaders took primary responsibility for planning and participating in the events in Washington, female leaders organized a parallel activity called the National Day of Absence.[22] In the spirit of unity and atonement, these leaders issued a call for all black people not in attendance at the March to recognize October 16, 1995, as a sacred day meant for self-reflection and spiritual reconciliation. All black Americans were encouraged to stay home from their work, school, athletic, entertainment activities and various other daily responsibilities on the Day of Absence. Instead of partaking in their usual routines, participants were instructed to gather at places of worship and to hold teach-ins at their homes in order to meditate on the role and responsibility of blacks in America.[23] Further, the day was intended to serve as an occasion for mass voter registration and contribution to the establishment of a Black Economic Development Fund.

Crowd size

Because of the name of the event, the number of attendees was a primary measure of its success and estimating the crowd size, always a contentious issue reached new heights in bitterness.[24] March organizers estimated the crowd size at between 1.5 to 2 million people but were incensed when the United States Park Police officially estimated the crowd size at 400,000. Farrakhan threatened to sue the National Park Service because of the low estimate from the Park Police.

Three days after the march, Dr. Farouk El-Baz, director of the Center for Remote Sensing at Boston University released a controversial estimate of 870,000 people with a margin of error of 25 percent, meaning that the crowd could have been as small as 655,000 or as large as 1.1 million.[25] They later revised that figure to 837,000 ±20% (669,600 to 1,004,400).[24]

The Park Service never retracted its estimate.[24]

After the Million Man March, the Park Police ceased making official crowd size estimates. Roger G. Kennedy, the Director of the National Park Service, said that his agency planned to study the possibility of no longer counting crowds, noting that most organizations that sponsor large events complain that Park Service estimates are too low.[25] When it prepared the 1997 appropriations bill for the United States Department of the Interior, the Committee on Appropriations of the United States House of Representatives stated in a June 1996 report that accompanied the bill that the Committee had not provided any funding for crowd counting activities associated with gatherings held on federal property in Washington, D.C. The report further stated that if event organizers wish to have crowd estimates, they should hire a private sector firm to conduct the count.[26][27]

Controversy in the media

Religious controversy

Minister Louis Farrakhan stirred up religious controversy among the Christian and the Jewish communities. The great majority of the controversy lies with Louis Farrakhan and the presence of many Christian speakers and organizers. He had acquired unfavorable attention from African-American Christians and was compared to "Adolf Hitler” by the Jewish community for anti-Jewish rhetoric and views.[28] His supporters say that Farrakhan was “against those Jews who have sacrificed their deep moral-religious heritage for a set of values grounded in capitalist exploitation and oppression.”.[29] There emerged concern about Farrakhan’s hidden political agenda in registering black males to vote as non-affiliate or independent parties.[30]

Farrakhan may have organized the march to “simply prove that he was the man who could make it happen; he would then capitalize on the prominence he hoped it would confer.”[31]

Sexism

Feminists also had an issue with the lack of female participation in the march that was labeled an “all male” event. “The entire purpose of this march is to encourage and stimulate black men to overcome apathy and resentment and start making a difference.”[32] Creating a separation in the movement became a topic of great controversy since it has been argued that, “Organizers excluded women from the march to send a two-part message” that men need to improve their character and women need to recognize their place “in the home.” [33]

In Mark Anthony Neal's New Black Man, Neal emphasizes the "small percentage of black women in attendance that day."[34] Neal offers the perspective of Debra Dickerson, a woman writer who attended the march: "Dickerson noted the aura of politeness and chivalry she experienced walking...there was an element of performance taking place that day for international media, corporate America."[34] The Million Man March that excluded black women was a "call for atonement [that] spoke to the need for those black men engaged in acts of criminality, violence, and blatant misogyny."[34] However, black women faced backlash for exposing the March's flaws, such as "gender apartheid and nostalgia for patriarchy."[34]

20th anniversary

Farrakhan announced the 20th Anniversary of the Million Man March: Justice or Else, which was held on October 10, 2015, in Washington, D.C.[35][36][37]

Reaction

The New York Times published an opinion piece by Charles M. Blow, who found it difficult to "separate the march from the messenger", and criticized Minister Farrakhan's speech, calling it homophobic and patriarchal.[38] In an opinion piece for The Washington Post, Janell Ross called Farrakhan's speech "striking", a "stemwinder", and the "apex" of the event.[39]

See also

References

  1. ^ Million Man March National Organizing Committee (January 1996). "Million Man March Fact Sheet". In Madhubuti, Haki R.; Karenga, Maulana (eds.). Million Man March / Day of Absence; A Commemorative Anthology; Speeches, Commentary, Photography, Poetry, Illustrations, Documents. Chicago: Third World Press. p. 152.
  2. ^ Nelson Jr., William E. (1998). "Black Church Politics and The Million Man March". In Best, Felton O. (ed.). Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. p. 245.
  3. ^ Karenga, Dr. Maulana (January 1996). "The Million Man March / Day of Absence Mission Statement". In Madhubuti, Haki R.; Karenga, Maulana (eds.). Million Man March / Day of Absence; A Commemorative Anthology; Speeches, Commentary, Photography, Poetry, Illustrations, Documents. Chicago: Third World Press. p. 147.
  4. ^ Bierbauer, Charles (17 October 1995). "Its goal more widely accepted than its leader". Cable News Network, Inc. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  5. ^ Quarles, Norma (16 October 1995). "Behind Million Men, black women". Cable News Network, Inc. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  6. ^ a b BU Remote Sensing Million Man March page
  7. ^ a b c Nelson Jr., William E. (1998). p. 243. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ^ a b c d Nelson Jr., William E. (1998). p. 244. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ Jackson, Sr., Reverend Jesse L. (January 1996). "Remarks Before One Million Men, Monday, October 16, 1995". In Madhubuti, Haki R.; Karenga, Maulana (eds.). Million Man March / Day of Absence; A Commemorative Anthology; Speeches, Commentary, Photography, Poetry, Illustrations, Documents. Chicago: Third World Press. p. 33.
  10. ^ a b c d Jackson, Sr., Reverend Jesse L. (January 1996). p. 33. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ Jackson, Sr., Reverend Jesse L. (January 1996). p. 34. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ Nelson Jr., William E. (1998). p. 245. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ Reed, Ishmael (January 1996). "Buck Passing: The Media, Black Men, O.J. and The Million Man March". In Madhubuti, Haki R.; Karenga, Maulana (eds.). Million Man March / Day of Absence; A Commemorative Anthology; Speeches, Commentary, Photography, Poetry, Illustrations, Documents. Chicago: Third World Press. p. 129.
  14. ^ a b c Karenga, Dr. Maulana (January 1996). p. 143. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ^ a b c d "Official Program". Washington, D.C.: Million Man March. 1995-10-16: 8. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ "Noted civil rights leader". Vanderbilt University. 1998-01-06. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  17. ^ Nelson Jr., William E. (1998). p. 249. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ McIntyre, Ph.D, Charshee (January 1996). "Why Focus on the Men?". In Madhubuti, Haki R.; Karenga, Maulana (eds.). Million Man March / Day of Absence; A Commemorative Anthology; Speeches, Commentary, Photography, Poetry, Illustrations, Documents. Chicago: Third World Press. p. 115.
  19. ^ McIntyre, Ph.D, Charshee (January 1996). p. 115. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ^ Karenga, Dr. Maulana (January 1996). p. 144. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ^ Million Man March National Organizing Committee (January 1996). "Million Man March Official Program October 16, 1995". In Madhubuti, Haki R.; Karenga, Maulana (eds.). Million Man March / Day of Absence; A Commemorative Anthology; Speeches, Commentary, Photography, Poetry, Illustrations, Documents. Chicago: Third World Press. pp. 159–166.
  22. ^ Karenga, Dr. Maulana (January 1996). p. 146. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ^ Karenga, Dr. Maulana (January 1996). p. 147. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ^ a b c McKenna, David (2009-01-29). "The 3 to 5 Million Man March: Crowd estimates could lead to post-swearing-in swearing, history shows". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  25. ^ a b Janofsky, Michael (1995-11-21). "Federal Parks Chief Calls 'Million Man' Count Low". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
  26. ^ Leef Smith, Wendy Melillo. If It's Crowd Size You Want, Park Service Says Count It Out; Congress Told Agency to Stop, Official Says Washington Post: Oct 13, 1996. pg. A.34
  27. ^ Regula, Ralph, Committee on Appropriations (1996-06-18). "House of Representatives Report 104-625: Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997, to accompany H.R. 3662" (PDF). p. 28. Retrieved 2010-11-30. The Committee has provided no funding for crowd counting activities associated with gatherings held on federal property in Washington, D.C. If event organizers wish to have an estimate on the number of people participating in their event, then those organizers should hire a private sector firm to conduct the count.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Note: The Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 1997 (H.R. 3662), was incorporated into the "Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997 (Public Law 104-208, Sept. 30, 1996)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help), at 110 STAT. 3009-181.
  28. ^ Amana, Harry. "Million Man March's Success: Media Misses the Real Story, Focuses on Controversy." Black Issues in Higher Education 12.18 (1995): 40-. ProQuest. Web. 26 Apr. 2013.
  29. ^ Yancy, George. "Analyzing the rift between Farrakhan and Jews: Jews should Recognize Farrakhan as a Legitimate Black Leader." Philadelphia Tribune: 6. Nov 28 1995. ProQuest. Web. 26 Apr. 2013
  30. ^ Smith, Vern E., and Steven Waldman. "Farrakhan on the March." Newsweek Oct 09 1995: 42-. ProQuest. Web. 26 Apr. 2013
  31. ^ Lacayo, Richard, and Sam Allis. "I, Too, Sing America. (Cover Story)." Time 146.18 (1995): 32. Academic Search Complete. Web. 26 Apr. 2013.
  32. ^ Wynn, Ron. "Million Man March should Unify rather than Divide African Americans." The Tennessee Tribune: 3. Sep 28 1995. ProQuest. Web. 26 Apr. 2013 .
  33. ^ Smith, Vern and Steven Waldman. “Farrakhan On The March.” Newsweek 126.15 (1995): 42. Web.
  34. ^ a b c d Neal, Mark (2005). New Black Man. New York : Routledge. pp. 16, 17. ISBN 0415971098.
  35. ^ "20th Anniversary of the Million Man March". Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  36. ^ "20th Anniversary of Million Man March Calls for Policing Reform". CBS. October 10, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  37. ^ Ernst, Douglas (June 25, 2015). "Louis Farrakhan calls for American flag to come down". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  38. ^ Blow, Charles (11 October 2015). "Million Man March, 20 Years On". New York Times. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  39. ^ Ross, Janell (11 October 2015). "Louis Farrakhan’s striking two-hour stemwinder at the Million Man March anniversary". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 November 2015.

Further reading

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