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===Bart Sibrel incident===
===Bart Sibrel incident===
On September 9, 2002, Aldrin was lured to a [[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]] hotel on the pretext of being interviewed for a Japanese children's television show on the subject of space. When he arrived, [[Moon landing conspiracy theories|Apollo conspiracy]] proponent [[Bart Sibrel]] accosted him with a film crew and demanded he swear on a [[Bible]] that the Moon landings were not faked, insisting that Aldrin and others had lied about walking on the Moon. After a brief confrontation, in which Sibrel called him "a coward and a liar",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/video?id=8114632|title=ABC U.S. News Videos & Video Clips Online|author=|work=ABC News}}</ref> Aldrin punched Sibrel in the jaw, which was caught on camera by Sibrel's film crew. Aldrin stated that he had struck Sibrel in order to defend himself and his nearby stepdaughter. Witnesses stated that Sibrel had aggressively poked Aldrin with the Bible before being punched. Additional mitigating factors were that Sibrel sustained no visible injury and did not seek medical attention, and that Aldrin had no previous criminal record; the police declined to press charges against Aldrin.<ref name="news">{{cite news|title=Ex-astronaut escapes assault charge|publisher=BBC News|date=September 21, 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2272321.stm|accessdate=January 9, 2018}}</ref> Aldrin dedicated a chapter to this incident in his autobiography ''Magnificent Desolation''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aldrin|first=Buzz|title = Magnificent Desolation|publisher=Harmony Books|year=2009|page=281|chapter= A Blow Heard 'Round the World}}</ref>
On September 9, 2002, Aldrin was lured to a [[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]] hotel on the pretext of being interviewed for a Japanese children's television show on the subject of space. When he arrived, [[Moon landing conspiracy theories|Apollo conspiracy]] proponent [[Bart Sibrel]] accosted him with a film crew and demanded he swear on a [[Bible]] that the Moon landings were not faked, insisting that Aldrin and others had lied about walking on the Moon. After a brief confrontation, during which Sibrel kept following Aldrin despite being told to leave him alone, called him "a coward and a liar" and claimed that "you're the one who said you walked on the moon when you didn't!",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/video?id=8114632|title=ABC U.S. News Videos & Video Clips Online|author=|work=ABC News}}</ref> Aldrin punched Sibrel in the jaw, which was caught on camera by Sibrel's film crew. Aldrin stated that he had struck Sibrel in order to defend himself and his nearby stepdaughter. Witnesses stated that Sibrel had aggressively poked Aldrin with the Bible before being punched. Additional mitigating factors were that Sibrel sustained no visible injury and did not seek medical attention, and that Aldrin had no previous criminal record; the police declined to press charges against Aldrin.<ref name="news">{{cite news|title=Ex-astronaut escapes assault charge|publisher=BBC News|date=September 21, 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2272321.stm|accessdate=January 9, 2018}}</ref> Aldrin dedicated a chapter to this incident in his autobiography ''Magnificent Desolation''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aldrin|first=Buzz|title = Magnificent Desolation|publisher=Harmony Books|year=2009|page=281|chapter= A Blow Heard 'Round the World}}</ref>


==Views==
==Views==

Revision as of 21:30, 26 April 2018

Buzz Aldrin
Aldrin in July 1969
Born
Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.

(1930-01-20) January 20, 1930 (age 94)
Glen Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.
StatusRetired
NationalityAmerican
Other namesDr. Rendezvous[1][2]
Alma materUnited States Military Academy, B.S. 1951
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sc.D. 1963
OccupationFighter pilot
AwardsUnited States Air Force Master Pilot/Astronaut Wings Presidential Medal of Freedom
Space career

NASA Astronaut
Rank Colonel, USAF
Time in space
12 days 1 hour and 52 minutes
Selection1963 NASA Group 3
Total EVAs
4
Total EVA time
7 hours 52 minutes
MissionsGemini 12, Apollo 11
Mission insignia
RetirementJuly 1, 1971
Spouse(s)
Joan Ann Archer
​
​
(m. 1954; div. 1974)​

Beverly Van Zile
​
​
(m. 1975; div. 1978)​

Lois Driggs Cannon
​
​
(m. 1988; div. 2012)​
Children3
Websitewww.buzzaldrin.com

Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and Command Pilot in the United States Air Force. As Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Aldrin set foot on the Moon at 03:15:16 on July 21, 1969 (UTC), 9 minutes after Armstrong first touched the surface. One of his first missions was on Gemini 12 where he successfully proved that extravehicular activity (EVA) could be performed by astronauts, spending over 5 hours outside the craft, thus achieving the goals of the Gemini program and paving the way for the Apollo program.

Biography

Early life

Aldrin was born January 20, 1930, in Mountainside Hospital, in Glen Ridge, New Jersey.[3][4] His parents were Edwin Eugene Aldrin Sr. (1896–1974), a career military man, and Marion Aldrin (née Moon, 1903–1968), who lived in neighboring Montclair.[5][6] He is of Scottish,[7] Swedish, and German ancestry. His first name, which he legally changed in 1988, originated from a nickname, "Buzz", arising as a result of the younger of his two elder sisters mispronouncing "brother" as "buzzer", which was shortened to Buzz.[8] During his childhood years, Aldrin was a Boy Scout and earned the rank of Tenderfoot Scout.[9]

After graduating from Montclair High School in 1947,[3][10] Aldrin went to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.[11]

Military career

Aldrin graduated third in his class at West Point in 1951 with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions in F-86 Sabres and shot down two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 aircraft. The June 8, 1953, issue of Life magazine featured gun camera photos taken by Aldrin of one of the Soviet pilots ejecting from his damaged aircraft.[12]

After the war, Aldrin was assigned as an aerial gunnery instructor at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada, and later served as an aide to the dean of faculty at the United States Air Force Academy, which had begun operations in 1955.[13] That same year, he graduated from the Squadron Officer School at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama.[4]: 353  He flew F-100 Super Sabres as a flight commander in the 22d Fighter Squadron, while stationed at Bitburg Air Base, West Germany.[13]

In January 1963, Aldrin earned a Sc.D. degree in astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he had been assigned as a graduate student (under the auspices of the Air Force Institute of Technology) since 1959.[13][14] His doctoral thesis was Line-of-Sight Guidance Techniques for Manned Orbital Rendezvous, the dedication of which read, "In the hopes that this work may in some way contribute to their exploration of space, this is dedicated to the crew members of this country’s present and future manned space programs. If only I could join them in their exciting endeavors!"[14]

On the completion of his doctorate, he was assigned to the Gemini Target Office of the Air Force Space Systems Division in Los Angeles before his selection as an astronaut. His initial application to join the astronaut corps was rejected on the basis of his never having been a test pilot; that prerequisite was lifted when he re-applied and was accepted into the third astronaut class.[15]

NASA career

Gemini program

Main article: Gemini 12

With the removal of test pilot experience as a prerequisite for astronaut selection, Aldrin became eligible and in October 1963, he became a member of NASA's Astronaut Group 3.[16] After the deaths of the original Gemini 9 prime crew, Elliot See and Charles Bassett, Aldrin and Jim Lovell were promoted to backup crew for the mission.[17] He was confirmed as pilot on Gemini 12, the final Gemini mission and the last chance to validate methods for extravehicular activity (EVA). Aldrin performed two EVAs; first a standup EVA, and in the second EVA he left the spacecraft. The standup EVA lasted for two hours and 20 minutes He set a record for EVA and demonstrated that astronauts could work outside spacecraft.[18]: 141–142 

Aldrin during Gemini 12 with the Earth reflecting off his visor
Aldrin and Jim Lovell after the Gemini 12 mission
Another view of Aldrin in space, with the spacecraft and Earth

Apollo program

Main article: Apollo 11

Magnificent desolation.

— Aldrin's first impression of the Moon, standing on its surface.[19]
Aldrin walks on the surface of the Moon during Apollo 11
Aldrin's lunar footprint in a photo taken by him on July 21, 1969

On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 mission commander Neil Armstrong and Aldrin made the first lunar landing becoming the first and second people, respectively, to walk on the Moon. This mission allowed Aldrin to maintain his record EVA duration until it was surpassed in the Apollo 14 mission. Aldrin's first words on the Moon were "Beautiful view", to which Armstrong asked "Isn't it magnificent?". Aldrin answered, "Magnificent desolation."[20] He was also the first person to urinate while on the Moon.[21][22][23]

There has been speculation about the extent of Aldrin's desire at the time to be the first astronaut to walk on the Moon and its impact on his pre-flight, in-mission and post-flight actions.[24] According to various NASA accounts, early versions of the EVA checklist had the Lunar Module Pilot as the first to step onto the lunar surface. However, when Aldrin learned that this might be amended, he lobbied within NASA for the original procedure to be followed. A number of factors seem to have contributed to the final decision, including the physical positioning of the astronauts within the compact lunar lander, which made it easier for Armstrong to be the first to exit the spacecraft. Furthermore, there was little support for Aldrin's views among other senior astronauts who would command later Apollo missions, and who may have been the first to make a lunar landing had Apollo 11 failed.[25] Apollo 11 Command Module Pilot Michael Collins has commented that he thought Aldrin "resents not being first on the moon more than he appreciates being second."[26]

Aldrin, a Presbyterian, was the first person to hold a religious ceremony on the Moon. After landing on the Moon, he radioed Earth: "I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours, and to give thanks in his or her own way." He took communion on the surface of the Moon, but he kept it secret because of a lawsuit brought by atheist activist Madalyn Murray O'Hair over the reading of Genesis on Apollo 8.[27] Aldrin, then a church elder, used a home communion kit given to him, and recited words used by his pastor at Webster Presbyterian Church, the Rev. Dean Woodruff.[28][29] The communion elements were the first food and liquid consumed on the Moon: in Guideposts, Aldrin stated: "It was interesting to think that the very first liquid ever poured on the Moon, and the first food eaten there, were communion elements."[30]

Video from the Apollo 11 mission

Later Aldrin commented on the event: "Perhaps, if I had it to do over again, I would not choose to celebrate communion. Although it was a deeply meaningful experience for me, it was a Christian sacrament, and we had come to the Moon in the name of all mankind – be they Christians, Jews, Muslims, animists, agnostics, or atheists. But at the time I could think of no better way to acknowledge the enormity of the Apollo 11 experience than by giving thanks to God."[30][31] Mindful of the controversy caused by the Bible readings made by the Apollo 8 crew, the NASA management had warned the Apollo 11 crew against making any explicit religious comments during the flight. However, in the final Apollo 11 TV broadcast during the return journey to Earth, Aldrin quoted from Psalm 8 (verses 3 and 4)[32] "I've been reflecting the events of the past several days and a verse from the Psalms comes to mind to me. 'When I consider the heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars which thou hast ordained, what is man that thou art mindful of him?'".[33][34]

Retirement

Aldrin as Commandant of the Air Force Test Pilot School

After leaving NASA in July 1971, Aldrin was assigned as Commandant of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. In March 1972, Aldrin retired from active duty, after 21 years of service, and returned to the Air Force in a managerial role but his career was blighted by personal problems. His autobiographies Return to Earth, published in 1973, and Magnificent Desolation, published in June 2009, both recount his struggles with clinical depression and alcoholism in the years after his NASA career.[35]

After retiring from NASA, Aldrin continued to advocate for space exploration. In 1985 he joined the University of North Dakota (UND)'s College of Aerospace Sciences (now the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences) at the invitation of John D. Odegard, the dean of the college at time. Aldrin helped to develop UND's Space Studies program and brought Dr. David Webb from NASA to serve as the department's first chair.[36] Later, he produced a computer strategy game called Buzz Aldrin's Race Into Space (1993). To further promote space exploration, and to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the first lunar landing, Aldrin teamed up with Snoop Dogg, Quincy Jones, Talib Kweli, and Soulja Boy to create the rap single and video, "Rocket Experience", with proceeds from video and song sales to benefit Aldrin's non-profit foundation, ShareSpace.[37]

He referred to the Phobos monolith in a July 22, 2009, interview with C-SPAN: "We should go boldly where man has not gone before. Fly by the comets, visit asteroids, visit the moon of Mars. There's a monolith there. A very unusual structure on this potato shaped object that goes around Mars once in seven hours. When people find out about that they're going to say 'Who put that there? Who put that there?' The universe put it there. If you choose, God put it there…"[38]

Aldrin has voiced parody versions of himself in two of Matt Groening's animated series: The Simpsons episode "Deep Space Homer", in which he accompanies Homer Simpson on a trip into space as part of NASA's plan to improve its public appearance, and the Futurama episode "Cold Warriors". In 2011, Aldrin appeared as himself in the film Transformers: Dark of the Moon, where he explains to Optimus Prime and the Autobots that the Apollo 11 mission also discovered a Cybertronian ship on the Moon whose existence was concealed from the public.

In 2012, he made a cameo appearance in the Japanese drama film Space Brothers.[39] Aldrin appeared as himself in the Big Bang Theory episode, "The Holographic Excitation", which aired on October 25, 2012.[40] Aldrin also lent his voice talents to the 2012 video game Mass Effect 3, playing a stargazer who appears in the game's final scene.[41]

In December 2016, Aldrin was part of a tourist group visiting the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica when he fell ill and was evacuated, first to McMurdo Station and from there to Christchurch, New Zealand.[42] At 86 years of age, Aldrin's visit made him the oldest person to ever reach the South Pole.[43]

Aldrin cycler

In 1985, Aldrin proposed the existence of a special spacecraft trajectory now known as the Aldrin cycler.[44][45] Aldrin's proposed system of cycling spacecraft makes travel to Mars possible using far less propellant than conventional means, with an expected five and a half month journey from the Earth to Mars, and a return trip to Earth of about the same duration on a twin-cycler. Aldrin continues to research this concept with engineers from Purdue University.[46]

Bart Sibrel incident

On September 9, 2002, Aldrin was lured to a Beverly Hills hotel on the pretext of being interviewed for a Japanese children's television show on the subject of space. When he arrived, Apollo conspiracy proponent Bart Sibrel accosted him with a film crew and demanded he swear on a Bible that the Moon landings were not faked, insisting that Aldrin and others had lied about walking on the Moon. After a brief confrontation, during which Sibrel kept following Aldrin despite being told to leave him alone, called him "a coward and a liar" and claimed that "you're the one who said you walked on the moon when you didn't!",[47] Aldrin punched Sibrel in the jaw, which was caught on camera by Sibrel's film crew. Aldrin stated that he had struck Sibrel in order to defend himself and his nearby stepdaughter. Witnesses stated that Sibrel had aggressively poked Aldrin with the Bible before being punched. Additional mitigating factors were that Sibrel sustained no visible injury and did not seek medical attention, and that Aldrin had no previous criminal record; the police declined to press charges against Aldrin.[48] Aldrin dedicated a chapter to this incident in his autobiography Magnificent Desolation.[49]

Views

Aldrin in Mission Control with NASA spokesman Josh Byerly and Flight Director Ron Spencer in 2009

Criticism of NASA's 2003 return-to-Moon objectives

In December 2003, Aldrin published an opinion piece in The New York Times criticizing NASA's objectives.[50] In it, he voiced concern about NASA's development of a spacecraft "limited to transporting four astronauts at a time with little or no cargo carrying capability" and declared the goal of sending astronauts back to the Moon was "more like reaching for past glory than striving for new triumphs".[50]

Support of a manned mission to Mars

In June 2013, Aldrin wrote an opinion piece, published in The New York Times, supporting a manned mission to Mars and which viewed the Moon "not as a destination but more a point of departure, one that places humankind on a trajectory to homestead Mars and become a two-planet species."[51] In August 2015, Aldrin, in association with the Florida Institute of Technology, presented a "master plan" to NASA for consideration where astronauts, with a "tour of duty of ten years", establish a colony on Mars before the year 2040.[52]

Climate change

In 2009, Aldrin commented on climate change by saying: "I think the climate has been changing for billions of years. If it's warming now, it may cool off later. I'm not in favor of just taking short-term isolated situations and depleting our resources to keep our climate just the way it is today. I'm not necessarily of the school that we are causing it all, I think the world is causing it."[53]

Awards and honors

Detached adapter panel sighting

Buzz Aldrin speaking at an event in April 2016.

In 2005, while being interviewed for a documentary titled First on the Moon: The Untold Story, Aldrin told an interviewer that they saw an unidentified flying object. Aldrin told David Morrison, a NASA Astrobiology Institute senior scientist, the documentary cut the crew's conclusion that they probably saw one of the four detached spacecraft adapter panels. Their S-IVB upper stage was 6,000 miles (9,700 km) away, but the four panels had been jettisoned before the S-IVB made its separation maneuver so they would closely follow the Apollo 11 spacecraft until its first mid-course correction.[73] When Aldrin appeared on The Howard Stern Show on August 15, 2007, Stern asked him about the supposed UFO sighting. Aldrin confirmed that there was no such sighting of anything deemed extraterrestrial and said they were, and are, "99.9 percent" sure that the object was the detached panel.[74][75]

In an interview with the Science Channel, Aldrin mentioned seeing unidentified objects, but according to Aldrin his words had been taken out of context. He made a request to the Science Channel to clarify to viewers that he did not see alien spacecraft but was refused.[76]

Personal life

Aldrin has been married three times. His first marriage was to Joan Archer (1954–1974), mother to his three children (James, Janice and Andrew). His second marriage was to Beverly Van Zile (1975–1978), and his third to Lois Driggs Cannon (1988–2011), from whom he filed for divorce on June 15, 2011, in Los Angeles, citing "irreconcilable differences".[77] The divorce was finalized on December 28, 2012.[78] He has one grandson, Jeffrey Schuss, born to his daughter, Janice, and three great-grandsons.[79]

His mother committed suicide in 1968, the year before the Moon mission. Her father had also committed suicide, and he believes he inherited depression from them.[80]

His battles against depression and alcoholism, upon returning home from the Apollo 11 mission, have been well documented, most recently in Magnificent Desolation.[81][82] Aldrin is an active supporter of the Republican Party, headlining fundraisers for GOP members of Congress.[83]

In 2007, Aldrin confirmed to Time magazine that he had recently had a face-lift;[84] he joked that the G-forces he was exposed to in space "caused a sagging jowl that needed some attention."[84]

Aldrin commented on the death of his Apollo 11 colleague, Neil Armstrong, saying that he was "deeply saddened by the passing. I know I am joined by millions of others in mourning the passing of a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew. I had truly hoped that on July 20th, 2019, Neil, Mike and I would be standing together to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of our moon landing.... Regrettably, this is not to be."[85][86] Fellow Apollo astronaut Edgar Mitchell died on the eve of the 45th anniversary of Mitchell's lunar landing.[87] His death was widely reported, with Aldrin tweeting the following morning, "It's the 45th Anniv of the #Apollo14 landing on the moon & yesterday we lost another Lunar Pioneer Edgar Mitchell."[87]

Aldrin primarily resided in Los Angeles, California and its environs, including Hidden Hills and Laguna Beach, from 1972 to 2014.[88] Following his third divorce, he sold his Westwood condominium (initially purchased in 1998) for $2.87 million in 2014.[89] As of 2016, Aldrin was living in Satellite Beach, Florida.[90]

Film and television

Filmography

Film and television roles
Year Title Role Notes
1976 The Boy in the Plastic Bubble Himself TV movie[91]
1989 After Dark Himself Extended appearance on British discussion program, with among others Heinz Wolff, Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Whitley Strieber
1994 The Simpsons Himself (voice) Episode: "Deep Space Homer"[92]
1997 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Himself 2 episodes[93]
1999 Disney's Recess Himself (voice) Episode: "Space Cadet"[94]
2003 Da Ali G Show Himself 2 episodes
2006 Numb3rs Himself Episode: "Killer Chat"
2007 In the Shadow of the Moon Himself Documentary
2008 Fly Me to the Moon Himself
2010 30 Rock Himself Episode: "The Moms"[95]
2010 Dancing with the Stars Himself/contestant 2nd eliminated in season 10
2011 Transformers: Dark of the Moon Himself [96]
2011 Futurama Himself (voice) Episode: "Cold Warriors"
2012 Space Brothers Himself
2012 The Big Bang Theory Himself Episode: "The Holographic Excitation"[97]
2012 Mass Effect 3 The Stargazer (voice) Video game[98]
2015 Jorden runt på 6 steg Himself Successfully tested six degrees of separation
2016 The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Himself Was interviewed and took part in a skit
2016 Hell's Kitchen Himself Dining room guest and had his dinner cooked by the blue team due to their team challenge win

Portrayed by others

Aldrin has been portrayed by:

Bibliography

  • Aldrin, Col. Edwin E. Jr. 1970. Footsteps on the Moon. Edison Electric Institute Bulletin. Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 266–272.
  • Aldrin, Buzz and Wayne Warga. 1973. Return to Earth. New York, Random House.
  • Aldrin, Buzz and Malcolm McConnell. 1989. Men from Earth. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Aldrin, Buzz and John Barnes. 1996. Encounter with Tiber. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1996.
  • Aldrin, Buzz and John Barnes. 2000. The Return. New York: Forge.
  • Aldrin, Buzz and Wendell Minor. 2005. Reaching for the Moon. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Aldrin, Buzz and Ken Abraham. 2009. Magnificent Desolation: The Long Journey Home from the Moon. New York: Harmony Books.
  • Aldrin, Buzz and Wendell Minor. 2009. Look to the Stars. Camberwell, Vic.: Puffin Books.
  • Armstrong, Neil; Michael Collins; Edwin E. Aldrin; Gene Farmer; and Dora Jane Hamblin. 1970. First on the Moon: A Voyage with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Aldrin, Buzz. 2013. Mission to Mars. Washington, D.C.: The National Geographic Society.
  • Aldrin, Buzz and Marianne Dyson. 2015. Welcome to Mars: Making a Home on the Red Planet. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Children's Books.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Bostick, Jerry C. (23 February 2000). "Jerry C. Bostick Oral History". NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Carol Butler. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  2. ^ Roger Ressmeyer (15 July 1999). "Buzz Aldrin plans the next giant leap". NBC News. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  3. ^ a b "To the Moon and beyond" Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, The Record (Bergen County), July 20, 2009; retrieved July 20, 2009. The source is indicative of the confusion regarding his birthplace. He is described in the article's first paragraph as having been "born and raised in Montclair, New Jersey", while a more detailed second paragraph on "The Early Years" states that he was "born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. on January 20, 1930, in the Glen Ridge wing of Montclair Hospital".
  4. ^ a b Hansen, James R. (2005). First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong. Simon & Schuster. p. 348. ISBN 0743257510. "His birth certificate lists Glen Ridge as his birthplace."
  5. ^ "About Buzz Aldrin". Archived from the original on 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2008-05-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); retrieved November 8, 2012.
  6. ^ Solomon, Deborah; Oth, Christian (June 21, 2009). "Questions for Buzz Aldrin: The Man on the Moon". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  7. ^ Powell, Sarah."From The Dollar To The Moon. Chapter 7 – That "giant leap for mankind"". Archived from the original on 2010-12-24. Retrieved 2012-11-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) . burkespeerage.com; accessed October 25, 2015.
  8. ^ Chaikin, Andrew (2007). A Man on the Moon. Penguin. p. 585. ISBN 014311235X.
  9. ^ "Scouting and Space Exploration". scouting.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Aldrin Was A Classmate" (PDF). Adirondack Daily Enterprise. July 14, 1969. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Redd, Nola Taylor (June 23, 2012). "Buzz Aldrin & Apollo 11". Space.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  12. ^ "Communist Pilot is Catapulted from Crippled MIG". Life. June 8, 1953. p. 29. ISSN 0024-3019. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d "Astronaut Bio: Buzz Aldrin". nasa.gov.
  14. ^ a b DSpace@MIT : Line-of-sight guidance techniques for manned orbital rendezvous. Dspace.mit.edu; retrieved November 8, 2012.
  15. ^ "Legendary Astronaut, Rocket Scientist and more... | QGITS". QGITS. 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  16. ^ "14 New Astronauts Introduced at Press Conference" (PDF). NASA. October 30, 1963. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  17. ^ Hacker, Barton C.; Grimwood, James M. (September 1974). "Chapter 14 Charting New Space Lanes". On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini. NASA History Series. Vol. SP-4203. NASA. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Reichl, Eugen. Project Gemini. America in Space. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 9780764350702.
  19. ^ a b c d "International Space Hall of Fame: New Mexico Museum of Space History: Inductee Profile". nmspacemuseum.org.
  20. ^ Teague, Kipp, ed. (July 21, 1969). Apollo 11 – Buzz Aldrin Descends Ladder to Lunar Surface (MPEG-1). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved December 22, 2013. Beautiful view. Magnificent desolation. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Diaz, Jesus (July 20, 2011). "Buzz Aldrin Was the First Man to Pee on the Moon – 42 Years Ago Today". Gizmodo. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  22. ^ Minard, Anne (July 16, 2009). "Buzz Aldrin, First Man (to Pee) on the Moon, Sounds Off". National Geographic News. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  23. ^ Graham, Jane (September 3, 2013). "Letter to my younger self – Buzz Aldrin". Big Issue. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
  24. ^ Cortright, Edgar M. (ed.), "8", Apollo Expeditions to the Moon, NASA, p. 7
  25. ^ Chaikin, A. (2007). A Man on the Moon. Penguin Books. ISBN 014311235X
  26. ^ Collins, Michael (2001). Carrying the Fire; an Astronaut’s Journeys. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 081541028X
  27. ^ Chaikin, Andrew, A Man on the Moon, p. 204
  28. ^ Armstrong, Neil; Collins, Michael; Aldrin, Buzz; Farmer, Gene; Hamblin, Dora Jane (1970), First on the Moon – A Voyage with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., London, UK: Michael Joseph, p. 251, ISBN 0-31605160-8
  29. ^ Hillner, Jennifer (January 24, 2007). "Sundance 2007: Buzz Aldrin Speaks". Table of Malcontents – Wired Blogs. Retrieved May 7, 2007.
  30. ^ a b Cresswell, Matthew (September 13, 2012). "How Buzz Aldrin's communion on the moon was hushed up". The Guardian.
  31. ^ Aldrin, Buzz & Ken Abraham (2009). Magnificent Desolation: The Long Journey Home from the Moon. Random House LLC. p. 27; ISBN 9780307463470
  32. ^ Ryan, P. (1969) The Invasion of the Moon 1969: The Story of Apollo 11. Penguin Books. Middlesex, England.
  33. ^ "4th Day Alliance – Creationism, Creation Science, and Creation Astronomy – Apollo Space Program Bible Quotations". 4thdayalliance.com.
  34. ^ "Aldrin note up for auction". usatoday.com.
  35. ^ Aldrin, Buzz (2009). Magnificent Desolation: The Long Journey Home from the Moon. Harmony.
  36. ^ Rice, Daniel R (1992). The Clifford Years: The University of North Dakota, 1971–1992. p. 46.
  37. ^ "Buzz Aldrin and Snoop Dogg reach for the stars with Rocket Experience", The Times, June 25, 2009.
  38. ^ "Buzz Aldrin Reveals Existence of Monolith on Mars Moon". C-SPAN. July 22, 2009.
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Records
Preceded by Oldest Moonwalker
Oldest Living Moonwalker
July 21, 1969 – February 5, 1971 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Oldest Living Moonwalker
July 21, 1998 – present 		Incumbent
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