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2021 Kabul airlift

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Evacuation from Afghanistan (2021)
Part of the aftermath of the War in Afghanistan and Fall of Kabul (2021)
Evacuees load on to a United Arab Emirates Air Force Boeing C-17 Globemaster III during the evacuation on 20 August 2021
Location
Kabul, Afghanistan
ObjectiveEvacuations of international diplomatic, military and civilian staff, including national civilians
Date15 August 2021 – present
Executed by Afghanistan
 Australia
 Austria[1]
 Azerbaijan (Turkish Airlines)
 Belgium (Operation Red Kite)
 Canada (Operation AEGIS)
 Czech Republic[2]
 Denmark
 Finland
 France (Operation Apagan)[3]
 Germany
 Hungary (Operation Sámán)
 India (Operation Devi Shakti)
 Indonesia
 Ireland[4]
 Italy (Operation Aquila Omnia)[5]
 Japan
 Lithuania[6]
 Luxembourg
 Mexico
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Norway
 Pakistan[7]
 Philippines[8]
 Poland
 Portugal[9]
 Romania
 Russia
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 Singapore[10]
 South Korea
 Spain
 Sweden[1]
 Switzerland
 Turkey (Turkish Airlines)
 Ukraine
 United Kingdom (Operation Pitting)
 United States (private activities[11] and Operation Allies Refuge)
OutcomeOver 150,000 people have been airlifted abroad[12][13]
Casualties195+ killed[14][15][16]

Large-scale evacuations of foreign citizens and some vulnerable Afghan citizens took place amid the withdrawal of US and NATO forces from the War in Afghanistan and the Taliban offensive in Afghanistan in 2021. After the fall of Kabul on 15 August 2021 and the collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai International Airport remained the only non-Taliban controlled route out of the country, being protected by several thousand NATO troops.

Although some countries had previously begun small-scale evacuation efforts in the months leading up to August 2021, such as the American Operation Allies Refuge and the British Operation Pitting, the collapse of the Afghan government occurred sooner than intelligence projections had estimated, and evacuation efforts became significantly more urgent. Several countries launched new evacuation operations, such as the Canadian Operation AEGIS and the Indian Operation Devi Shakti[23].

The evacuation operations were one of the largest airlifts in history.[24][25] Between 14 and 25 August, the US evacuated about 82,300 people from Hamid Karzai International Airport,[26] including US citizens, Special Immigrant Visa applicants, and other vulnerable Afghans.[25] A total of 105,000 people were airlifted abroad by Western powers with 5,500 people headed to neighbouring Pakistan from 14 to 27 August 2021.[16]

US embassy staff arriving in Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar from Afghanistan on 15 August 2021
A C-17 evacuating 823 passengers out of Kabul on 15 August.

Background

Main articles: Afghan refugees, 2021 Taliban offensive, and Fall of Kabul (2021)

Following the Afghan peace process, the United States and Taliban signed the Doha Agreement in February 2020. Accordingly, the US agreed to withdraw all US forces from Afghanistan by 1 May 2021.[27][28] The Taliban failed to honor most of the pledges in the agreement.[28] Nonetheless, the Biden administration decided to continue with the planned withdrawal, although it pushed back the completion date to 31 August 2021.[27][29]

The Taliban and allied militant groups began a widespread offensive on 1 May 2021, concurrent with the withdrawal of most US troops from Afghanistan.[30] In the ensuing months, the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan through a combination of negotiating wholesale surrenders of Afghan National Army units and their military offensive, capturing provincial capitals, and expanding their control from 77 districts on 13 April to 104 districts on 16 June to 223 districts on 3 August.[28] In July 2021, the US Intelligence Community estimated that the government of Afghanistan could collapse between six and 12 months after the departure of American troops.[31] Intelligence agencies later reduced the estimate to one month.[32]

However, the government collapsed within days, much more rapidly than many anticipated.[32] The Afghan National Army, poorly led and impaired by widespread corruption,[33] was left in chaos, having only two units remained operational by mid-August: the 201st Corps and 111th Division, both based in Kabul. Intelligence projections quickly worsened.[34] By 14 August, the Taliban had encircled Kabul. On 15 August, Kabul fell and the Taliban declared victory in the War in Afghanistan.[35]

As the Taliban seized control, the urgency to evacuate populations vulnerable to the Taliban, including those interpreters and assistants who had worked with the Operation Enduring Freedom; the International Security Assistance Force, Operation Freedom's Sentinel and the Resolute Support Mission; Hazara people; and vulnerable women and minorities, given the treatment of women by the Taliban, gained importance.

Timeline

From 12 August

Since the Taliban had seized all border crossings, Kabul Airport remained the only secure route out of Afghanistan.[36] After the fall of Herat on 12 August, the US and UK announced the deployment of 3,000 and 600 of their troops, respectively, to Kabul Airport in order to secure the airlifting of their nationals, embassy staff, and Afghan citizens who worked with coalition forces, out of the country.[36] American officials said that all of their forces were still expected to leave Afghanistan by the end of August.[37] A memorandum was sent to all staff of the Embassy of the United States, Kabul, on 13 August to reduce "items with embassy or agency logos, American flags or items which could be misused in propaganda efforts".[38] Small plumes of smoke could be seen near the embassy roof as diplomats were reported to be rapidly destroying classified documents and other sensitive materials.[36] Among the documents destroyed were the passports of Afghan civilians who had applied for visas.[39]

15 and 16 August

As the Taliban surrounded and began entering Kabul, US Army CH-47 Chinook, UH-60 Black Hawk and State Department Air Wing CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters began landing at the US embassy to carry out evacuations. A convoy of armored sport utility vehicles (SUVs) departed the embassy grounds, and an attack helicopter was reportedly seen deploying flares in the area to defend against potential shoot-downs.[36] Along with the embassy personnel, 5,000 US troops and some NATO troops remained in the city.[40][41] The US government later authorized the deployment of 1,000 additional troops from the 82nd Airborne Division to the airport, bolstering troop presence in Kabul to 6,000 to facilitate the evacuations.[42]

External videos
video icon A widely-shared video shows Afghans running alongside an airplane taking off at Kabul airport.

Panic spread among the civilian population as the Taliban began seizing the capital, with many citizens rushing to their homes or to the airport, which remained under NATO control after the Afghan government dissolved.[36][43][44] A chaotic situation developed as thousands of fleeing Afghan civilians rushed to Kabul Airport, with hundreds crowding the tarmac in an attempt to catch flights out of the city; some had climbed over boundary walls to enter the airstrip.[45][46] US soldiers hovered helicopters low overhead as crowd control, deployed smoke grenades, and occasionally fired warning shots into the air to disperse people attempting to forcefully board aircraft.[47][48][49] Video footage emerged showing hundreds of people running alongside a moving C-17A transport plane of the US Air Force taxiing on the runway; some people could be seen clinging onto the aircraft, just below the wing. Others were running alongside "waving and shouting".[50] At least two people, in an apparent attempt to stowaway, were reportedly shown to "fall from the undercarriage immediately after takeoff". Another body was later found in the landing gear of the C-17.[51] One of the victims is identified as Zaki Anwari, who had played for Afghanistan's national youth football team.[52] Three bodies, including that of a woman, were also found on the ground outside near the passenger terminal building, but their cause of death was unclear, though some observers speculated they may have died during a stampede.[47][53] Seven people were eventually confirmed to have died during the airport evacuation—including two armed men shot after firing at US Soldiers, according to the DOD. The Soldiers were not injured, and the men were not identified.[47][54]

At approximately 8:30 p.m. local time, reports emerged that the US embassy was taking fire. The embassy issued a declaration instructing US citizens in the area to shelter in place.[55] Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced that the embassy would be relocated to the airport[56] as the Department of Defense (DOD) had taken over security and air traffic control there.[57] Various other nations had announced plans to evacuate their embassies, including Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Denmark.[58][59][60] The German government announced that it was sending A400M Atlas aircraft with a contingent of paratroopers for evacuations, adding it would not seek the required parliamentary approval for the operation until after the mission was complete.[61] The Italian government was reported to have transferred its embassy staff as well as the families of 30 Afghan employees to Kabul airport under Carabinieri guard to prepare for evacuation.[62] India was reported to have had C-17 transport planes prepared to evacuate Indian diplomatic staff, but had anticipated that it would take longer for the Taliban to capture Kabul.[63] One group of Indian diplomats were escorted to the airport by the Taliban, negotiating the escort after having had their passage out of the Indian embassy blocked several times by the Taliban.[64] Albania said it had accepted a US request to serve as a transit hub for evacuees.[65]

A flight by Emirates Airlines to Kabul was diverted and later returned to Dubai,[66] and United Arab Emirates airline Flydubai announced that it would suspend flights to Kabul on 16 August.[67] By 16 August, most other airlines had also announced suspension of flights to Kabul. The Afghanistan Civil Aviation Authority announced that it had released Kabul airspace to the military and warned that "any transit through Kabul airspace will be uncontrolled".[68]

The DOD confirmed on 16 August that General Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr., Commander, United States Central Command, had met Taliban leaders in Qatar to secure an agreement. The Taliban reportedly agreed to allow American evacuation flights at Kabul Airport to proceed without hindrance.[69] International airlifts of evacuees had resumed by 17 August following a temporary halt to clear the runway of civilians[70] as the DOD confirmed the airport was open for all military flights and limited commercial flights. Pentagon officials added that evacuation efforts were expected to speed up and were scheduled to continue until 31 August.[71]

Al Jazeera, relaying tracking of flight data posts on Twitter, said that between August 15 and 16, at least 170 military flights flew from countries including the United States (128); the United Kingdom (12); France (6); Canada (5); Germany (4); Italy (3); Australia (3); India (2); Austria (1); Belgium (1); Denmark (1); Netherlands (1); Sweden (1); Spain (1); and Turkey (1).[1]

A photograph of over 800 refugees packed into an American C-17 taking off from Kabul was widely shared on social media.[72][73] French newspaper Le Monde stated that the photo had become "a symbol of the escape from the Taliban".[74] Another video went viral on 17 August, where a man attempting to escape the country recorded himself and others clinging onto a C-17 military aircraft.[75] A photograph of a US soldier clutching the furled US embassy flag during the evacuations emerged and was circulated by media outlets.[76]

On 16 August, the Philippines Government ordered the mandatory evacuation of Filipino nationals in Afghanistan through the auspices of the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Philippines Embassy in Islamabad (which is accredited to Afghanistan). Of the 173 Filipino nationals there, 78 have agreed to accept the Government's repatriation efforts while some have accepted help from their companies.[8] The Philippines Government also agreed to accept refugees from Afghanistan.[77]

17–22 August

General Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr. (center), commander of United States Central Command, at Kabul Airport on 17 August 2021
Marines assigned to the 24th MEU fly to Afghanistan on 17 August 2021
Soldiers of 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division, US Army, guarding the tarmac at Kabul Airport. Crowds of people can be seen in the background.

On 18 August, it was reported that an Afghan interpreter who had worked for the Australian military had been shot in the leg by the Taliban as he crossed a checkpoint leading to the airport.[78] That same day, it was further reported that the first Australian evacuation flight had departed the airport with only 26 people on board, despite having capacity for over 120.[79] The first German evacuation flight the day prior had also transported a low number of evacuees, taking off with only 7 on board.[80]

On 18 August, the Malaysian High Commission in India (which is accredited to Afghanistan) confirmed it had helped a Malaysian citizen return home earlier in the month. It also confirmed that two other Malaysian nationals working for an international relief organisation had opted to remain in Kabul. The High Commission urged remaining Malaysian citizens to register with them for repatriation.[81]

On 19 August, UK Defence Secretary Ben Wallace stated that the evacuation flights could not take unaccompanied children after a number of videos posted to social media showed desperate families attempting to convince NATO soldiers to take their children to safety.[82] The Guardian reported that the British government had informed the 125 Afghan guards who had been guarding the British embassy in Kabul that they would not be offered asylum in the UK because they were hired by the private security firm GardaWorld. Guards of the US embassy had already been evacuated.[83] That evening, the Finnish government announced it was preparing to send troops to the airport to assist in the evacuations, with around 60 Finnish citizens still stuck in Kabul.[84] French newspaper Libération obtained a confidential United Nations report that found the Taliban had priority lists of individuals to arrest and were also targeting the families of people who had worked with the government and NATO.[85]

US Marine provides fresh water to a child during an evacuation at Kabul Airport
US XVIII Airborne Corps soldiers monitor evacuees boarding an aircraft, 21 August

On 21 August, Reuters reported that the World Bank's Kabul-based staff and their immediate families were safely evacuated among 350 people aboard a special Pakistan International Airline's flight to Islamabad, Pakistan.[86] The Indian Express reported that the Taliban had blocked 72 Afghan Sikhs and Hindus from boarding an Indian Air Force evacuation flight.[87] Kim Sengupta of the The Independent reported that at least four women were crushed to death in a rush on a narrow road leading to the airport.[88] By the afternoon, the US government was advising American citizens not to travel to the airport because of potential risks.[89][90] On the same day, Indonesia evacuated 26 of its nationals, along with five Filipinos and two Afghan nationals using the Indonesian Air Force Boeing 737-400 with a number of soldiers of the Koopsus TNI.[91][92]

On 20 August, it's reported that the National Directorate of Security's 01 Unit was working alongside NATO forces in the airlift as its members refuse to give up to the Taliban.[93] They're scheduled to be airlifted once American troops leave HKIA.[93]

On 22 August, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation revealed that the Australian government had denied visas to over 100 Afghans who had worked as security guards for the Australian embassy.[94] That evening, Lloyd Austin, United States Secretary of Defense, ordered the activation of the American Civil Reserve Air Fleet to aid in the evacuations, only the third time in history that the fleet had been activated.[95] By the end of the day, at least 28,000 people had been officially evacuated from Kabul and 13 countries had agreed to temporarily host American refugees, but tens of thousands more foreign nationals and at-risk Afghans remained stuck in Kabul.[96]

Over a few days in August, the Royal Australian Air Force completed five evacuation flights,[97] with the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) completing another before 23 August.[98]

23–26 August

On 23 August, the British government stated that it would not continue evacuations after American forces withdrew from the airport; however, the government would be asking the Americans not to withdraw at the end of the month in an emergency G7 meeting.[99][100] The Taliban indicated that they would be unwilling to extend the 31 August deadline for American withdrawal.[101] Around 7 a.m. local time, one Afghan guard was killed and three wounded in a firefight between Afghan, American, and German troops and unidentified attackers.[102] Ireland approved the deployment of a small special forces team from the Army Ranger Wing and Irish diplomats to Kabul Airport in order to evacuate Irish citizens.[4] The Canadian government officially confirmed that Canadian special forces had launched operations outside of the airport to help evacuate people.[103][104] President Biden said that so far the Taliban had kept their promises and had not taken any action against US forces controlling Kabul Airport.[105]

On 23 August, Gulf News reported that since 14 August, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) evacuated 1,400 people from Kabul which included diplomats, foreign media and Afghan journalists and staff of international organizations.[7] European Union (EU) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) also requested Pakistani authorities to help evacuate their employees and their families in Afghanistan. EU officials sought urgent evacuation of at least 420 people while ADB requested evacuation of 290 people.[7][106] PIA is also the only commercial airline that is still operating flights to and from Kabul.[107]

On 24 August, Yevgheniy Yenin, the Ukrainian deputy minister for foreign affairs, claimed that an evacuation flight had been hijacked and flown to Iran; however, both the Iranian and Ukrainian governments denied that such an event had occurred.[108] South Korea airlifted 380 Afghans who had "worked at the Korean Embassy or hospitals and job training centers run by Korean engineering and reconstruction forces."[109] The DOD reported that 21,600 people had been evacuated from Afghanistan via the Hamid Karzai International Airport in the preceding 24 hours.[110] This was a significant increase in the speed of evacuations ahead of the 31 August withdrawal deadline.[110] The total number of persons evacuated from Afghanistan via the airport in the preceding ten days was 70,700.[110] The evacuation efforts occurred concurrently with a phased US military withdrawal; several hundred military personnel in support roles who were deemed nonessential had withdrawn in the preceding days, while 5,800 US Army soldiers and US Marines remained to guard the airport.[110] Among the US protecting forces was a 82nd Airborne Division headquarters element, two United States Marine Corps battalions (2-1 and 1–8) and 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division.[111]

By 24 August, six Fijian United Nations workers had been evacuated with the assistance of Australian forces.[112]

On August 26, the first convoy of 225 Turkish soldiers and 120 Azerbaijani soldiers returned to Turkey. And it was announced that 1129 civilian were evacuated in total.[113]

On 26 August, it is reported that United States officials in Kabul gave Taliban list of names of American citizens, green card holders, and Afghan allies to grant entry into the airport for evacuation. Biden stated that the "bulk of the group" has been let through into the airport by the Taliban, but he can't say with "certitude" whether there was a list of names passed to the Taliban.[114][115] On the same day, few hours before the attack on the airport, Canada announced that it is ending its Afghanistan evacuation mission, leaving unknown numbers of Canadian and Afghan allies stranded.[116] Australia,[117] Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Poland also announced the end of their evacuations.[118][119][120][121][122]

On 26 August, a further 12,500 people were evacuated from Afghanistan.[16]

Suicide attack

Main article: 2021 Kabul airport attack

On 26 August, an explosion occurred outside the Abbey Gate of the Hamid Karzai International Airport. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province (ISIL-K) claimed responsibility for the attack.[123][124] ISIL-K is a sworn enemy of both the United States and the Taliban.[125] The attack was perpetrated by one suicide bomber,[16][126] who detonated a 25-pound explosive vest hidden under clothing, close to a group of U.S. military personnel who were rescuing vulnerable Afghans and performing security screenings of Afghans hoping to enter the airport.[127]

According to local health officials, at least 170 people were killed,[127] and about 150 others were wounded in the attack.[124] The bombing was carried out at the airport gate.[124] The majority of those killed were Afghan civilians, but 13 US military personnel (10 Marines, two soldiers, and one Navy corpsman) and 3 British nationals were also among the dead.[128][129] A Taliban official said that 28 Taliban members were killed in the attack, but a Taliban spokesman later denied that any of their fighters had been killed.[16] The wounded included many Afghans and 18 American troops.[128] The wounded Americans were medevacked to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center near Ramstein Air Base, Germany.[127]

The bombing disrupted evacuation efforts,[129] although flights resumed soon afterward.[130] General Frank McKenzie, the head of US Central Command, indicated that US officials were on alert for possible future ISIL-K attacks against the airport, possibly through rockets or car bombs; McKenzie said intelligence was being shared with the Taliban and "some attacks have been thwarted by" the Taliban.[16]

After the airport attack, the U.S. carried out a drone counterterrorism strike on an ISIL-K planner in Jalalabad, eastern Nangarhar province. The target was reported killed, with no civilian casualties.[131]

27 August

On 27 August, Australia, France, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland announced the end of their evacuation flights.[132][133][134][135][136][137] The last Italian Air Force flight completing the evacuation of 5,011 people, 4,890 of whom were Afghan citizens.

On 27 August, 120 Azerbaijani soldiers landed in Baku from Turkey.[138]

On 27 August, the second convoy of Turkish soldiers landed in Ankara, and Turkey announces that all Turkish military evacuations had been completed.[139]

28 August

On 28 August, the United Kingdom ended its evacuation of UK civilians.[140] At the peak of UK evacuation efforts, more than 1,000 British troops were in Kabul; by 28 August, some had already left, and all remaining UK military personnel were slated to depart over the next several days.[140]

The same day, it was reported that the Taliban and Turkey had reached a draft agreement allowing Turkey to operate Kabul Airport after the departure of U.S. forces, for a transitional period.[141]

29 August

On August 29, 2021 the Associated Press reported that the Taliban had sealed off the airport as the US and its allies wound up the airlift.[142]

The U.S. and 97 other countries reached a agreement with the Taliban to continue evacuations passed the August 31 withdrawal deadline.[143]

Evacuation destinations

Setup of refugee camp at Ramstein Air Base in Germany.

The largest base handling the initial outflow of Afghan evacuees was Al Udeid Air Base outside Doha, Qatar, where evacuees were vetted against the National Counterterrorism Center's terrorist watch list.[110]

The Ramstein Air Base, in Germany, the largest US Air Force base in Europe, was also a hub for processing Afghan evacuees who had assisted the US and its allies during the Afghan war.[144][145] The base has capacity for up to 12,000 evacuees.[144] Evacuees went through medical screenings and were biometrically scanned, and 30,000 hot meals were served daily; evacuees were housed in aircraft hangers and military tents.[144] By 22 August, about 7,000 people had landed at Ramstein, and about 6,500 remained at the base.[144] Around 700 departed on four flights to the US on 23–24 August,[144] and by 25 August that number increased to around 800.[146]

DOD established temporary housing at military bases in Virginia, Texas, Wisconsin and New Jersey for Afghan refugees.[110] Temporary refugee accommodation was set up at Fort Lee (Virginia), Fort Bliss (Texas), Fort Dix (New Jersey), and Fort McCoy (Wisconsin), with a total capacity for 25,000 people.[147] Fort Lee was the first to receive Operation Allied Refuge evacuees, with 221 arriving at the fort on July 30.[147] Fort Pickett (Virginia) was also a site for temporary Afghan refugee accommodation.[148]

On 17 August 2021, the United Kingdom Government announced a new resettlement programme that aims to resettle 20,000 Afghan refugees over a five-year period in the UK.[149][150]

On 23 August, the first flight of Afghan evacuees had arrived in New Zealand on a RNZAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft.[98] By 26 August, the New Zealand Defence Force had evacuated 370 people from Afghanistan, which included an unspecified number of New Zealand, Australian, and Afghan passport holders. By 28 August, the evacuees were transferred to the United Arab Emirates while awaiting travel to New Zealand.[151][122]

Pakistan's role in evacuations

As of 27 August, Pakistan has helped evacuate more than 7,000 foreigners from neighbouring Afghanistan through air and land routes since the fall of Kabul.[152] By 27 August, more than 113 military and commercial flights have landed in Pakistan.[153] Dawn reported that around 400 special flights carrying Afghan nationals and foreigners from Kabul have departed from and arrived in Islamabad.[154] On 27 August 2021, Pakistan's Interior Minister Sheikh Rasheed announced that the Pakistan government has decided to offer 21 days transit visas to the evacuees.[155]

Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen[156] and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte[157][158] thanked Pakistan for its support and facilitation in evacuation of stranded people from Afghanistan. Germany's Ambassador to Pakistan Bernhard Schlagheck appreciated Pakistani authorities for the cooperation at Islamabad International Airport.[159]

International Monetary Fund's Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva[160] and Asian Development Bank's President Masatsugu Asakawa[161] praised Pakistan's efforts in evacuating the respective financial institution's personnel and their families from Afghanistan. European Council President Charles Michel in a telephonic conversation with Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan also thanked him for evacuating European nationals working for different international organisations in Afghanistan.[162] While, David Beasley, Executive Director of the UN’s World Food Programme (WFP), lauded Pakistan’s support for repairing WFP’s damaged planes returning from Kabul and establishing a “humanitarian airbridge”.[162]

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the fall of Kabul (2021)

The organisation of the evacuation from Kabul Airport was widely criticised as being disorganised and too slow.[163]

On 28 August, a group of Afghans who had worked as security guards at the Finnish embassy in Kabul organised a protest over being left behind in Afghanistan.[164]

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