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October 28

Napoleon Bonaparte

Someone had tried to kill him during a troops' revist in Boulogne-sur-Mer for England's invasion. When it happened and by who? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.207.192.236 (talk) 15:54, 28 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

We have an artricle, Assassination attempts on Napoleon Bonaparte. This, however, does not seem to contain the attempt at Boulogne-sur-Mer. --Cookatoo.ergo.ZooM (talk) 17:02, 28 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

(edit conflict) Hmmm... Not finding anything to support that. Napoleon's Shield & Guardian: The Unconquerable General (pp. 112-116) gives a fairly detailed account of Napoleon's visits to Boulogne, but no memtion of any assassination attempt. It does mention a plot which was foiled in early 1804, allegedly involving Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, who was abducted from Ettenheim by French gendarmes and cavalry and subsequently shot at the Château de Vincennes; however, there doesn't seem to be any connection with Boulogne. Alansplodge (talk) 17:05, 28 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

(ec)Cadoudal landed 3 August 1803, but can't find anything connecting the conspiracy to the Boulogne camp. fiveby(zero) 18:11, 28 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Does the OP have a reason to think there was an assassination attempt in Boulogne-sur-Mer? DOR (HK) (talk) 21:48, 28 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

October 29

Did the IRA follow the laws and customs of war during the Troubles?

During The Troubles, did the IRA...

have a clear chain of command that included all its combatants?
wear fixed distinctive markings visible from a distance?
bear arms openly?
grant POW status to any of the enemy combatants it captured instead of torturing and summarily murdering them?
refrain from abducting, torturing, and murdering civilians?
conduct all their operations in accordance with all the laws and customs of war?

StellarHalo (talk) 01:13, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

It was estimated that, between 1969 and 1994, the IRA killed about 1,800 people, including approximately 600 civilians. So no, terrorists gonna terrorist. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 02:06, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Do you happen to know why so many people today including many of the Catholic Irish not only do not see the IRA members as terrorists but also even thought that they somehow deserve a POW status after going on a hunger strike in the Maze? StellarHalo (talk) 02:34, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I'm not sure that they wanted fully-formalized Geneva Convention POW status -- just mainly recognition that they were politically-motivated, not ordinary common criminals. AnonMoos (talk) 02:44, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

All sides (IRA factions, Unionist militia groups, the British Army) wantonly killed civilians at times. After three lengthy investigations, no single British soldier has ever been held individually responsible for Bloody Sunday (1972), which did not necessarily encourage the use of precisely legally scrupulous tactics by others... AnonMoos (talk) 02:44, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

David James Cleary may yet receive a prison sentence[1] rather than a Mention-in-Despatches. fiveby(zero) 03:49, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks, but that's happened only within the last month, and hasn't yet resulted in a trial or conviction... AnonMoos (talk) 06:28, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I wonder why some of these centuries old West Eurofeuds bury the hatchet so soon and others stay like Montagues vs Capulets till almost 2000. Is it true when Henry the something and James the First became king of England Welsh and Scottish nationalists stopped wishing they had the military strength to get everything back? Would a Catholic Irishman somehow becoming king of England and presumably doing the best he can about Brits being dicks to Catholics have stopped over a century of fighting? Presumably it's more about this dickery and retaliation tennis than it is about Catholic vs Protestant (probably even the English Catholics and Protestant Spaniards stopped being bothered long ago) but why did some zones get along better despite being annexed later than Belfast (some German states annexed others by war in 1866 then they fought France together in 1870 and fused 1871 no hard feelings. Or many times in European history a non-native would become leader of X with little to no fight cause he didn't want to be a dick or change much, just wanted native leader's taxes) Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 05:30, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Relations between two countries which are separated by hundreds of miles (and water), like England and Spain, are generally not in the type of situation which leads to long-term hatreds. Just a few decades after the Armada, Spain was no longer fanatically committed to overthrowing the government of England, and after France started to replace Spain as the dominant and threatening power in Europe, there was already an English-Spanish quasi-alliance in 1667. Historically-contested land borders (which armies have marched back and forth across many times) and civil wars are much more likely to lead to long-term hatreds. The separation between the UK and Ireland was incredibly violent across Ireland (not in offshore naval battles), and it took place just over a century ago (not in 1588), so it's not surprising that it still has lasting after-effects. AnonMoos (talk) 06:28, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The Troubles (1969-1998) were a conflict between two communities rather than between two nations. Civil wars are always worse. Alansplodge (talk) 11:37, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I meant in England they stopped caring if a voter or judge was Catholic almost 200 years ago, the Spanish Inquisition also stopped around that time, the Catholic vs Protestant wars mostly stopped in the 1600s but Northern Ireland seems stuck in a time warp. Though it's probably more about British vs Irish than Protestant vs Catholic nowadays. I wonder why some of these beefs are strong like Basque Autonomous Region vs Castile but the South Tyrolese, Corsicans, Provencians, Bavarians, Welsh, Cornish, Frisians etc. comparatively don't seem to care (compared to Ulster unionists and nationalists). And why Sicily and other South regions became a lot different than Northern Ireland. Some similarities but they'd rather make money than fight Rome for independence. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 08:57, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

To be fair to the Nationalist community in Northern Ireland, they were the subject of some blatant discrimination, and all the NI government institutions were dominated by the Loyalists who were determined not to cede any power. Looking at it another way, how would the people of a US state react if told that might be ceded to another country with whom they had no affinity? The whole thing was a mess of historical tangles and still is to an extant. Alansplodge (talk) 11:23, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Why were they still doing this almost 1970 isn't that a little late? Not insanely late like 1990 apartheid in South Africa but shouldn't Parliament have been able to foresee the area was turning into a powder keg maybe stop letting Ulsterians police Irish parts, let the Irish have motorways too and so on? Also if they let/forced Ireland to take as many farms and plots as they could without any unionist ones going or making the border too crazy they could reduce the IRA's recruiting pool and the amount of barbaric kneecapping. Maybe they really couldn't afford to imprison some of the non-political prisoners long enough/"long enough" or at least not without getting into torture territory (excessive beating(s) or whatever to release quicker) but if they think someone shouldn't be released without being shot or crippled or drilled or sawn or crucified or beaten to the point of torture then they should just shoot them in the brainstem. It seems like maybe they wanted to show informing (and maybe a few others like child rape?) was special and reduce the amount of "screw this, I'm already dead if caught might as well murder my witnesses" but in that case they should just give a long drop hanging or powerful shotgun to brainstem for non-aggravated executions and say we'll treat you proportionately for worse capital offenses. Maybe a worse offender could get blindfolded, earplugged, earmuffed and handcuffed, beaten somewhat then left like that in solitary for a week bumping into walls and soiling their pants then killed instantly without warning or something like that. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 00:07, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

In his book "Unsung Hero" Kevin Fulton describes this clearly. Yes, there was a chain of command. The IRA had a sort of military structure and was organised into brigades or units with a chief of staff and Officer Commanding in each area. Most of the work was done by volunteers who were addressed as volunteers. There was "staff" who were paid pittance from the IRA's illegal business activities like drug dealing and fuel smuggling. They didn't wear a uniform or anything or openly carry arms, they were a secret organisation who engaged in asymmetric warfare strategies. They didn't really take a lot of people prisoner anyway, their main weapon was simply to murder people in the british security forces. Sometimes a civilian was killed because of bad planning or whatever for their bombs. They also carried out punishment attacks on people who live in areas they controlled and their own members, like the famous "kneecapping". So yes, there was torture. Sometimes it was in the context of an internal investigation to identify a mole leaking information to the RUC. However, they had an odd rule never to execute someone without a confession, which could be tortured out of them. 85.210.185.87 (talk) 14:22, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Um... they sometimes claimed the victim had "confessed", at least under torture. Given some of the stories that have come to light, I'm not sure how much stake one should give to that claim.

See Robert Nairac. The IRA at the time claimed that he had "confessed" to being a British spy before they shot him. One of the murderers later admitted that he did indeed "confess" - his confession consisting of "bless me father, for I have sinned", and nothing more revealing than that. I doubt that this was an isolated occurrence. Eliyohub (talk) 06:37, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

To answer those

have a clear chain of command that included all its combatants? Yes.

* wear fixed distinctive markings visible from a distance?

* bear arms openly?

No group in a guerilla campaign does that, so no.

grant POW status to any of the enemy combatants it captured instead of torturing and summarily murdering them?

Given the nature of operations, which tended to be hit and run, there were very few incidents when soldiers were captured. I believe, but could be wrong, there were isolated incidents of off-duty soldiers who'd strayed into the wrong area who were released.

* refrain from abducting, torturing, and murdering civilians?

Generally, yes, an effort was made to avoid civilian deaths. The idea was to attack military targets. In practice, planting bombs in populated areas did result in civilian deaths.

And to answer another poster above, the IRA weren't involved in drug dealing and some of the kneecapping, shutdown of the IPLO and establishment of Direct Action Against Drugs were a response to that. In contrast, the loyalist groups from the late 1980s on saw it as a profitable route to fund operations. Leading loyalist Johnny Adair even okayed a punishment shooting of his own son after the latter jeopardised drug dealing in the Lower Shankill estate by attacking catholic youths who were entering the estate to buy their drugs. (A "safe conduct" policy was in existence.) Valenciano (talk) 09:25, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The most famous case of captured British soldiers not released was the Corporals killings of two soldiers who didn't deserve to die, but were incredibly sub-moronically idiotic about being in exactly the wrong place at exactly the wrong time... AnonMoos (talk) 23:19, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Readers may wish to look at Disappeared (Northern Ireland). DuncanHill (talk) 23:43, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

At earth what is the position of the circle with biggest area where no island (no matter how small it is) is inside the circle?

At earth what is the position of the circle with biggest area, where no island (no matter how small it is) is inside the circle? 179.134.99.224 (talk) 02:02, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Point Nemo Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 02:13, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

So the OP has found Nemo? Clarityfiend (talk) 06:53, 29 October 2022 (UTC) [reply]

Thanks I forgot that with no point other than a pole of inaccessibility related circle you will have a circle with bigger area without land inside it. Also, the circle: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EnCdebeW8AEsjtR?format=jpg&name=large 179.134.99.224 (talk) 19:07, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Curious. My first thought was central Eurasia. DOR (HK) (talk) 09:59, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

nah… in central Eurasia there are lots of rivers/streams that briefly split to form islands. Blueboar (talk) 11:55, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Anecdotes from yesterday

The Streltsy sentenced to death after their revolt generally behaved with great courage. Arriving at the place of the beheading, one of them, a certain Ivan called Eagle, pushed the head of the companion who had preceded him away from the block with a slap, exclaiming: "Now let's put mine on!" Peter, struck by such strength of spirit, immediately graced him.
The crowd's enthusiasm for Louis XIV, King of France, known as the Sun King, sometimes bordered on delirium. When the Duke of Burgundy, eldest son of the Dauphin, was born, the crowd invaded the courtyard and antechambers of Versailles. The King gave everyone his hand to kiss. A commoner, in kissing it, bit it, and explained his act as follows: "If I hadn't bitten you, sire, Your Majesty would never have noticed me!..."

I've read these anecdotes many years ago in some comics. Is it real or just fantasy? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.244.89.142 (talk) 07:45, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The first is a story is the supposed founder of the Orlov family.^[1]^[2]

The second is reported by François Guizot in L'Histoire de France ^[3]

Thank you very much. For Ivan Orel and Spinola, is there some site with a full biography?

ru:Орловы has a bit more, citing Voldemar Balyazin^[4]. Google has a preview. fiveby(zero) 15:40, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

For Spinola, what was his full name? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.207.193.99 (talk) 17:32, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Google has some volumes of François-Timoléon de Choisy's Memoires pour servir a l'historie de Louis XIV, but either my searches are failing or they don't have the correct volume. Maybe Paolo Spinola, 3rd Marquis of Los Balbases? fiveby(zero) 18:31, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

References

^ Beeton, Samual Orchart, ed. (1870). "Orloff". {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Bidwell, Walter Hilliard (1863). "Count Orloff". Imperial courts of France, England, Russia, Prussia, Sardinia, and Austria.
^ Guizot, M. France. Vol. 4. Translated by Robert Black.
^ Балязин, В. Н. (2017). Неофициальная история России [Unofficial History of Russia].

The Rose of Versailles

In this chapter, setting in 1762, appears the unnamed village where André Grandier was born eight years before. Can you discovered it from the church tower or other scenes? It could also be Arras, where the Jarjayes family had some lands. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.244.89.142 (talk) 09:41, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Note that Arras was a major city in the 18th century, a centre of the wool trade, not a village. Have you considered that the artist may have made it up? A fictional village for a fictional character? Alansplodge (talk) 11:21, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

In a page of that chapter is also called "town", then... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.244.89.142 (talk) 11:24, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Okay, but it doesn't look like any ancient church in Arras that I could see. I don't raelly know how you would research this, other than going through each community in the Pas-de-Calais to find a visual match, a process you are welcome to try yourself; Category:Communes of Pas-de-Calais might be a good starting point. Alansplodge (talk) 11:57, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

OK, but can you help me with that research because I don't have time now? Thank you very much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.2.233.154 (talk) 12:38, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Well my guess is that the artist just drew a generic church spire. Alansplodge (talk) 17:43, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Maybe you're right, but this is an historical manga, then... Can you do that research only to be sure? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.207.193.99 (talk) 18:04, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Sorry but: The reference desk is not a service that will do homework for others. It should be made clear to questioners that we will give assistance in interpreting questions, help with ideas and concepts, and attempt to point them to resources that might help them to complete their tasks, but that in the end they should do the actual work themselves. (Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Guidelines)

Alansplodge (talk) 11:35, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Arakhan

Please, can you search if exist a painting of the Mongol general Arakhan and upload it on commons? Thank you very much. --87.14.198.238 (talk) 21:14, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Before this sudden trickle of requests becomes a flood – isn't there a place for requesting images? --Tamfang (talk) 01:17, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan/Minamoto no Yoshitsune: is it only a legend or? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.14.198.238 (talk) 21:09, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

According to our article on Minamoto no Yoshitsune, the idea that he later became Genghis Khan is a discredited legend. Does this answer your question? Blueboar (talk) 21:25, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Apparently the story was invented by Suematsu Kenchō (1855-1920) while he was studying at Cambridge University, according to The Japanese Origin of the Chinggis Khan Legends, which calls the premise "absurd". Alansplodge (talk) 12:58, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Article now amended accordingly. Alansplodge (talk) 14:58, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The Great Wall of China - Documentary 2007

Geng Zhou was a real-life person? There are historical information about the Mongol leader and his brother captured by Qi Jiguang? --87.14.198.238 (talk) 21:40, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Insofar as the information is in a video by National Geographic, it should be presumed to be reliable. --Jayron 32 13:21, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Can you search information about them? There must be somewhere. Thank you very much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.207.218.135 (talk) 14:11, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

20 July plot

Can you search if there is a biography (birth, military service, and death) about Kolbe, the officer of Führer-Begleit-Division at Wolf's Lair in July 20, 1944? Thank you very much. --87.14.198.238 (talk) 21:45, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I take it that you have seen our article, Fritz Kolbe, and the references therein? Alansplodge (talk) 11:32, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

They aren't the same person. Please, search about July 20, 1944. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.13.175.219 (talk) 12:24, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Apologies. The Kolbe in question was only a sergeant who let Stauffenberg leave after the bombing. [2] Alansplodge (talk) 13:11, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

You should be aware before asking that there might be plenty of inaccuracies in the sources you've been taking data first: review. For example, Rudolf Kolbeck was at Grenadier-Regiment 316, and meanwhile, the FBD was out on the front, in 1944. --Askedonty (talk) 12:32, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Kolbe was the officer in charge at the external checkpoint of Wolf's Lair that day. Can you find his full name, birth date, military career, and death date? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.13.175.219 (talk) 12:51, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I don't know. It might be possible using the military archives of the German Republic, but are their conditions adequate, "I will use special categories of personal data (...) for research purposes only", what I can make out by now is only that the unit Kolbe was attached to was the Führer-Begleit-Bataillon [3][4][5], but not a Division. --Askedonty (talk) 18:54, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

According to this, the FBB was under the direct control of the Bloke-with-the-funny-moustache, and (I assume) therefore not part of a division. Alansplodge (talk) 22:53, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I would have assumed that the sergeant in post would have been a grenadier sergeant or a panser-grenadier sergeant, but looking at your link it's more complicated. ~~It is also making it clear that administrative data posterior to 1942 are lost.~~ Not all, but here only about them Askedonty (talk) 19:07, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

October 30

Are Turkish crypto-Jews eligible for Israeli citizenship?

There are still some crypto-Jews in Turkey (see Sabbateans and Dönmeh; I know a few of them). Are they Jewish according to the Law of Return and can they claim Israeli citizenship? A455bcd9 (talk) 14:15, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I think so. Jews, people with one or more Jewish grandparent, and their spouses the right to relocate to Israel and acquire Israeli citizenship, which [i]n 1970, the right of entry and settlement was extended to people with at least one Jewish grandparent and a person who is married to a Jew. There aren't any exclusions by where you're coming from. I'm not sure if these people would be considered to be practicing, since they're pretending to be another religion, and Jews who have converted to another religion are excluded. However, they could convert officially back to Judaism, which would make them Jews again. Augusthorsesdroppings10 (talk) 16:45, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, if they convert to Judaism, they would be eligible for sure. But they didn't in practice convert to another religion (unless we consider Sabbateans as another religion, which is possible), so would they be considered as converts (not eligible) or not (eligible)? A455bcd9 (talk) 17:54, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

This is an opinion column so I don't know how reliable it is, but it suggests generally crypto-Jews need to have their Jewishness recognised by local Jewish communities where they reside which may require some form of conversion, although it seems to suggest that potentially it could be recognised without conversion. However some communities fearful of persecution have decided against recognising even converts. [6] Nil Einne (talk) 18:37, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks, it's an interesting parallel because according to Sephardic Bnei Anusim, even though Sephardic Bnei Anusim are not recognized as Jews: "there is a path of "return" for individuals, written about in a letter by HaRav Mordechau Eliahu in 1995, and an official "return certificate" he created that has been in use [...] Therefore a person who can *prove* their mother's Jewish lineage will be given by a Beit Din a letter simply stating that they were born Jewish. But for those who have strong evidences of the mother's female Jewish lineage (going back at least 4 generations) - and who have studied to learn the basics of Jewish Law - they can be given a "return certificate" (giyur l'chumra) like what was done for the Ethiopians and others not of the Bnei Anousim."

I assume the same thing would happen for Turkish crypto-Jews.

This source says that for the "Portuguese law of return, the decision to recognize Jewishness or not is also outsourced to local Jewish communities: "But for cases like the thousands of Latin Americans claiming crypto-Jewish heritage, the Donme of Turkey (whose ancestors converted to Islam following the false messiah Shabbetai Tzvi) or opportunists like Abramovich, someone must be nominated as the arbiter. Placing local Jewish communities in this position saves the Portuguese government from the uncomfortable role of determining who is or is not Sephardic enough. It also has the practical benefit of outsourcing the Jewish genealogy work required." I know Turkish dönme who got Portuguese citizenship thanks to this law. A455bcd9 (talk) 19:20, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

This source explores the issue: "Zorlu had always claimed that the Turkish Chief Rabbinate and Israeli religious authorities who insisted on not accepting the Donmes as Jews were mistaken. In his opinion, Donmes were Jews and if a Donme wanted to return to Judaism this should be done automatically without him having to go through the same lengthy conversion procedure as a nonJew. After feeling that he was not being taken seriously, Zorlu decided to obtain a legal decision confirming his status as a Jew and applied to the Istanbul 9t h Court of First Instance in July 2000 for this purpose. He requested that the designation "Islam" as his religious affiliation in his identity card to be changed to "Jew", and quickly won his case. The case of Zorlu's "return to Judaism" was closely followed from the outset by both the Islamist1 and mainstream press2 and given broad media coverage. Soon after he won his case the Beth Din, or Religious Court of Turkey's Chief Rabbinate, decided to accept his conversion to Judaism."

Also, someone posted the question recently on Reddit and it seems that Anusim (such as the Mashhadi Jews) are eligible for the Israeli Law of Return. However, the Dönme are a bit different as they first followed a false (according to Jewish law) messiah and were then forced to convert to Islam... A455bcd9 (talk) 19:30, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Another precedent is the Falash Mura... AnonMoos (talk) 23:18, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks @AnonMoos! A455bcd9 (talk) 07:32, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Arthur d'Echerac

I recently imported the French version of the article Arthur d'Echerac (also known as G. Dargenty), but I'm trying to improve the sourcing. Does anyone have any English language (or otherwise) biographical entries that I can access online for this article? Viriditas (talk) 23:18, 30 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

This^[1] looks relevant, but i'm too lazy to OCR and autotranslate. (Gallica has an OCR'd version)fiveby(zero) 14:27, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Oops, there is a bare URL ref for that in the article, but don't see this.^[2] fiveby(zero) 14:55, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Thank you. I will give it a try and see how it goes. Viriditas (talk) 20:49, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

References

^ Hugon, Henri (1922). "Deux Figures Guérétoises". Mémoires de la société des sciences naturelles et archéologiques de la Creuse. Vol. 22.
^ "ECHERAC (Arthur-Auguste MALLEBAY du CLUZEAU d')". {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

October 31

Names of late Roman emperors

Seemingly some emperors starting from Jovian and up to Romulus Augustulus didn't have nomen or cognomen. However, Roman naming conventions says that "the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen [...] represent a continuous process of development [...] to the end of the seventh century AD". Is it because of their non-native foreign ancestry or something else? 212.180.235.46 (talk) 11:09, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The term "development" should be what you focus on their, as in the system was constantly changing and evolving. There was not necessarily a consistent system of naming from Ab urbe condita down to the fall of Constantinople in 1453, that's over 2000 years of history and things change a LOT in 2000 years. --Jayron 32 11:20, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

As time went on, emperors were chosen increasingly from outside the city of Rome, and then from outside Italy (see Illyrian emperors, etc), which is probably relevant, yes... AnonMoos (talk) 11:45, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Alberico Biadene (1900-1985)

For the Italian engineer in Vajont disaster, can you find the day, month, and cause of death; and also the names of his wife and children? Maybe on "Ancestry.com". Thank you very much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.207.218.135 (talk) 14:20, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

He died in Venice between 1 January and 28 November 1985. Maybe consult the records of the Italian equivalent of the General Register Office? 79.76.33.181 (talk) 16:23, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Maybe are better sites about genealigy. Can you help me? Thank you very much.

where Merced River, Yosemite Valley painted?

I looking for it in the past months and I cannot find the place. I know of he painted it in Yosemite National Park but I want to know when exactly he painted it because I want to compare the painting to the real place. sorry about bad English it isn't my first language. שטרודל מאן (talk) 18:17, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Hello, שטרודל מאן. I believe that is Sentinel Rock which is on the other side of Yosemite Valley from Yosemite Falls. I wrote most of the biography of Allen Steck and contributed significantly to John Salathé. They are two two rock climbers who first climbed it in 1950. Cullen328 (talk) 18:33, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

This is a view from a slightly different angle, and much closer. Cullen328 (talk) 18:37, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Steck-Salathé Route is the article about the climb. Cullen328 (talk) 18:40, 31 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]

A paradox of viewing steep mountain peaks is that the closer you get to a peak, the less impressive it looks in isolation. Cullen328 (talk) 04:52, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

If you want to find the place where Bierstadt created this painting, it should be very easy to come very close. An excellent highway runs alongside the north side of the Merced River in this area, and there are several parking lots for people wanting to view Yosemite Falls and surrounding areas. Cullen328 (talk) 04:58, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

thanks you very much! שטרודל מאן (talk) 06:59, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

By the way, it was not unknown for 19th-century landscape painters to exaggerate the height of mountain peaks to make their paintings seem more dramatic, a form of artistic licence. This page compares a painting of the English Lake District by J M W Turner with a photograph of the same viewpoint today, with the actual mountains being noticeably lower than their representations in paint. I suppose that the artist believed that most of the people who saw the painting would be unfamiliar with the depicted landscape. Alansplodge (talk) 09:53, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

thanks you very much too. שטרודל מאן (talk) 15:49, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Here is a good discussion of the liberties Bierstadt took. --jpgordon^{𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇}

November 1

Arabs in Israel: recent map?

Do we have a map (or data) showing the % of Arab by locality in Israel (including Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel)? File:Arab population israel 2000 en.png is from 2000 and not granular. File:Map of Arabic speaking localities in Israel.png seems more recent but doesn't show unrecognized villages and it's unclear how they defined "Arabic speaking localities" (poke @Bolter21). I assume plain = 50%+ Arabs, and the description says stripped = 2%+, that's a large gap! I don't speak Hebrew and Google Translate doesn't seem to work with this website but I assume there may be up-to-date date on govmap.gov.il. The 2022 census is ongoing. The latest one is from 2008. (asking the question for Wikipedia:Graphics_Lab/Map_workshop#Map_of_Arabic_vernaculars.) A455bcd9 (talk) 09:33, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Found this by Arnon Soffer. Not sure it's a high quality source though. A455bcd9 (talk) 11:38, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Found the latest official map from 2018 thanks to @Bolter21: 3.14. I wonder whether we can upload that map to Commons. A455bcd9 (talk) 15:11, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I can't connect to the site, but if the map was created by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the copyright rests with the State of Israel unless the State waived its copyright, or the work is at least 50 years old, in which case the copyright has expired. --Lambiam 17:55, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks @Lambiam. There seems to be an exception for Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS): https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/Pages/Enduser-license.aspx

"This license grants you a worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual and non-exclusive license to the Information subject to the conditions below."
"You may copy the Information, distribute it, make it available to the public, broadcast it and use it to create derivative works and adaptations - in any medium or format."
"You may make commercial and non-commercial use of the Information."

I'll ask in the map workshop to create an SVG version of this map. A455bcd9 (talk) 18:00, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I'm sorry, but I am afraid the CBS licence does not make their material free content. It does not allow one to reuse the work for any purpose – there is a restriction that the information be not presented in a misleading manner. Our Commons licences have no such restrictions and would allow one to reuse the material hosted there with the aim of making the public believe the State of Israel is run by shape-shifting lizards. --Lambiam 19:00, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I'm afraid you're right... A455bcd9 (talk) 19:07, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Actually no @Lambiam, this is a "non-copyright restrictions": "Commons considers non-copyright restrictions to be matters for photographers/uploaders or reusers and are not grounds for deletion of works from Commons" A455bcd9 (talk) 19:08, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

What are natural regions of Israel?

In my question above, this map shows the "Natural Region[s]" of Israel. Districts of Israel says nothing about natural regions: how many are there? what is the list of natural regions? A455bcd9 (talk) 15:40, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The are shown Here in this map on Commons, but the only article that uses that map appears to be This article at Catalan Wikipedia. --Jayron 32 17:24, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

According to the Catalan Wikipedia, the districts are subdivided into fifteen subdistricts, which are subdivided into 50 natural regions, being non-administrative units used by the government for census and statistical purposes. --Lambiam 17:41, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Here appears to be an official map, issued by the Isreali Government. It's from a .gov.il address and it is written in Hebrew. There is, however no key naming the regions. --Jayron 32 17:52, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I think all these maps are outdated as in the 2018 edition the 431 natural region from this map has been divided into two new natural regions. A455bcd9 (talk) 17:54, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Here's the list and the map. To add to Districts of Israel? A455bcd9 (talk) 17:58, 1 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

November 2

RAF officers in Pakistan 1954-1961

I’m looking for sources of information on RAF officers who were seconded to the Pakistan Air Force between between 1954 and 1961 - particularly to East Pakistan. Any information would be most welcome. Farawayman (talk) 01:47, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

It is a little outside of the time period you're asking, but just post-partition, many of the members of No. 303 Squadron RAF joined the Pakistani military; they were Poles who joined the British forces after escaping the invasion of Poland, and didn't want to return to their country after the establishment of the Iron Curtain. This article describes some of them. --Jayron 32 14:20, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Farawayman, I didn't find much using Google; you might have more luck posting your question at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history, where you are more likely to find someone with access to specialised records. D'oh! you've already done that! Alansplodge (talk) 19:04, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

fractional reserve banking

This is sort of an econ 101 question based on something I saw in a blog comment somewhere. If I borrow $1000 from the bank, as I understand it, the bank basically performs a database update where they add $1000 to my bank account balance. They create a record somewhere saying I'm supposed to pay it back (it is a receivable for them), but otherwise there is no offsetting debit from some other account. The total amount of deposits in the bank, and in the economy as a whole, has just increased by $1000. The $1000 has been created basically out of nowhere. That is the story of money creation, so far so good.

Now what happens if I pay back the $1000? I write a check to the bank, the $1000 is debited from my account, but where does it go? Is it credited into some account owned by the bank, so it stays in existence? Or does it simply retire a receivable so it is destroyed in the opposite process of its creation? That is what the blog comment said. It makes sense, but I had not thought of it that way before.

The blog comment further says that the recent Fed rate hikes are causing a bunch of loans to be repaid instead of being allowed to revolve. So this is removing money from the economy, not in the sense of transferring it to the banks, but in the literal sense of destroying it, as if loans and repayments cancelled like matter and antimatter.

1) is the above correct, that the rate hikes literally shrink the economy (one of the M-something money supply numbers gets smaller), 2) is that deflationary in principle? 3) If yes, is the deflationary effect in the current situation large enough to be noticeable in practice?

Thanks. 2601:648:8201:5E50:0:0:0:DD22 (talk) 04:57, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

When a loan is paid back, disregarding interest, it is as if there had never be a loan. The money exits the economic scene and returns to the potentially infinite well of uncreated money. By the original definition of "deflation", a shrinking money supply, this is deflationary. Whether the effect on the US economy is large enough to decrease demand, leading to lower price levels, remains to be seen. In spite of the confidence with which many economic pundits pronounce their opinions, it is generally impossible to predict economic trends (and often hard to ascribe observed economic trends to specific causes) with some level of certainty. --Lambiam 07:29, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Under US rules, each lending institution has a certain minimum cash holding, and various safe-and-liquid but non-cash holdings that together comprise the ‘reserve capital;’ it may not be lent out. Above that amount, credit may be extended. Repaid capital goes back into the (surplus) lending pool, and interest received goes to the banks’ profit account. DOR (HK) (talk) 07:55, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

What are the names of the school(s) of economy that believe that printing enough money (and spending) to be 100% sure price inflation always happen, is a bad thing?

What are the names of the school(s) of economy that believe that printing enough money (and spending) to be 100% sure price inflation always happen, is a bad thing?
PS: Those schools must also believe that creating a tax that everyone with the currency X will pay (so people don't lose value by keeping money and money lose value, they lose value by money keeping value and they losing money) is a BAD idea too. 177.63.89.154 (talk) 15:21, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Nothing rings a bell for me, but you might find what you are looking for by exploring the article titled Schools of economic thought. I would explore the various links from that article and see if anything reminds you of the particular school of thought you can't remember the name of. --Jayron 32 15:33, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Sounds like those who are deflation-friendly and creditor friendly (as opposed to those who favor moderate inflation and are debtor-friendly). Not sure there's a formal name for such a tendency, but during most of the 19th century, gold-linked currencies had a long-term overall slight deflationary trend, as gold discoveries failed to keep up with economic and population growth. During the late 19th-century, deflationists supported keeping the U.S. dollar strictly on the gold standard, while those who favored the interests of debtors supported a slight relaxation of the gold standard which would lead to the expansion of the money supply. This led to William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech in the 1896 presidential campaign, which was extremely famous at the time (and for decades afterwards). AnonMoos (talk) 17:00, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Schools of economic thought that historically opposed Keynesianism (specifically its recommendation to use government spending to mitigate economic downturns using fiscal policy) and favoured monetarism (specifically its recommendation not to let the money supply grow faster than economic demand and supply) were the Austrian School, with as its most prominent exponent Friedrich Hayek, and the Chicago school of economics, with Milton Friedman leading the charges. Today, echoes can be found in pronouncements by several neoliberal economists, but I don't think you can call this bunch a school – although, if academics, they tend to belong to the "freshwater school". --Lambiam 18:17, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Opening of 'Jhulto Pul' bridge

Various sources give differing dates for the construction/ completion/ opening of Jhulto Pul, the bridge in the recent 2022 Morbi bridge collapse. Can anyone find a contemporary source that will confirm one? So far, I have drawn a blank. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 15:34, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The consensus appears to be 143 years ago - the circumstances are in [7]. 92.19.172.198 (talk) 16:34, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Thank you, but as I said sources differ, and that one seems no more authoritative than any of the others. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:59, 2 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

You asked for a contemporary source, not for a source that beats conflicting sources as to authoritativity. --Lambiam 08:24, 3 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

His point is that a contemporary (dated) source, i.e. one that reported on the opening of the bridge at the time, would by definition beat conflicting later sources. --Viennese Waltz 09:00, 3 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

November 3

Lower court judge pleading in favor of own judgement?

Are there any legal systems, where in lower court judge 'personally' pleads in favour/ support of their judgement before higher court judges, during judgement review appeals by plaintiff ?
Here conduct of lower court judge is not being examined but just their judgement is under regular review.
@ the place of lower court you can assume regional / state level higher court and in place of higher court you can assume federal Supreme Court.
Is there any jurisprudential discussion in favour of or against lower court judge personally pleading in favour of their judgement in higher level court?

Bookku (talk) 13:22, 3 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]

November 4

[1] Beeton, Samual Orchart, ed. (1870). "Orloff". {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

[2] Bidwell, Walter Hilliard (1863). "Count Orloff". Imperial courts of France, England, Russia, Prussia, Sardinia, and Austria.

[3] Guizot, M. France. Vol. 4. Translated by Robert Black.

[4] Балязин, В. Н. (2017). Неофициальная история России [Unofficial History of Russia].

[5] Hugon, Henri (1922). "Deux Figures Guérétoises". Mémoires de la société des sciences naturelles et archéologiques de la Creuse. Vol. 22.

[6] "ECHERAC (Arthur-Auguste MALLEBAY du CLUZEAU d')". {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

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