Cañadón Asfalto Formation

Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Stratigraphic range: ; Middle-Late Toarcian ; ~179.17–178.07 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Dubious assigantion of the Puesto Almada Member of likely Callovian-Oxfordian age, that can be part of the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation or the Sierra de la Manea Formation instead
	Cañadón Asfalto Formation near Cerro Cóndor, Chubut, Argentina
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Sierra de Olte Group
Sub-units	Las Chacritas Member; Puesto Almada Member?;
Underlies	Sierra de la Manea Formation?; Cañadón Calcáreo Formation;
Overlies	Lonco Trapial Formation
Thickness	600 m (2,000 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Limestone, shale, conglomerate, tuffite
Location
Coordinates	43°24′S 69°12′W / 43.4°S 69.2°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	40°30′S 29°18′W / 40.5°S 29.3°W
Region	Chubut Province,; Patagonia
Country	Argentina
Extent	Cañadón Asfalto Basin
Type section
Named for	The Cañadón Asfalto in Chubut River region
Named by	Stipanicic, P.N., Rodrigo, F.O.L., & Martínez, C.G
Year defined	1968
	; Formation map and location, shaded horizontally

The Cañadón Asfalto Formation is a geological formation from the Lower to Middle Jurassic. The Cañadón Asfalto Formation is located in the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, a rift basin in the Chubut Province of northwestern Patagonia, southern Argentina.^[2] The basin started forming in the earliest Jurassic.^[3]

The formation is composed of fluvial-lacustrine deposits, typically sandstones and shales with a saline paleolake carbonate evaporitic sequence of limestone in its lowest Las Chacritas Member.^[4] Interbedded with these are volcanic tuffites. It is divided into two members, the Las Chacritas Member, and the overlying Puesto Almada member, but the latter has also been assigned to the overlying Cañadón Calcáreo Formation by other authors.^[5]

The exact age of the formation has been controversial, with uranium-lead dating of the volcanic tuff beds having given various different ages.^[6] Recent work has suggested that the base of the formation was formed around 171 Ma, during the upper Aalenian, with the main age for the Lower Las Chacritas Member being around 168 Ma, during the Bajocian, Bathonian and Callovian, while the overlying Puesto Almada Member seems to be around 158 Ma, or Oxfordian in age.^[7] But that changed thanks to the discovery of zircons near the location of the discovery of Bagualia, allowing a precise dating of the Las Charcitas Member as Middle-Late Toarcian, 178-179 million years.^[8] And a more advanced dating constrained the age of the formation as Middle Toarcian-Lower Bajocian, contemporaneous to the Chon Aike volcanic activity, making it a local equivalent to Antarctica's Mawson Formation (Ferrar Volcanic Province) and the South African Drakensberg Group (Karoo Volcanic Province).^[9] The Volcanic-Lacustrine Sweeney Formation and the Anderson Formation (Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group, Latady Basin) of the Antarctic Peninsula are not only coeval with, but also continuations of the biozone seen in the Chacritas member.^[10]

History

The study of the Jurassic deposits of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin started with Alejandro Matveievich Piatnitzky in 1936, who studied the zone from the Genoa River to the Chubut River, dividing it into several stratigraphic units. In doing this he described the first layers that can be included within the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, the so-called "Capas de Estheria", recovered in places like the Cañón de Bagual. This layer is associated with plant remains such as Arthrotaxites, which allowed them to be assigned to the Jurassic interval.^[11] His works were followed by several authors, including M.A. Flores, who studied the layers in between Chubut River, Sierra Cuadrada and Valle del Sapo in 1948–1957.^[12]

Flores defined these layers, the Estheria unit, as bituminous Shales. He found remains of sauropod dinosaurs and floral remains, which led to the suggestion of a referral of this section to the upper middle Jurassic, constraining its known age.^[12] In 1949, the unit was referred to the Sierra de Olte Group by J. Frenguelli, who also described some floral remains.^[13] It was the team led by Stipanicic that named the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, referred to back then as a Callovian-Oxfordian unit.^[1] Following this definition, Tasch & Volkheimer published the main initial faunal review of the strata in 1970, with a clear focus on the spinicaudatan fauna, though it also included the first regional correlations.^[14] This work was followed by that of others, such as C. Nakayama in 1972, F. Nullo & C. Proserpio in 1975 and J.M.C. Turner in 1983, all focused on the geological aspects of the unit.^[12]

In 1979, Bonaparte published the first description of dinosaurian remains from the location, including the sauropods Patagosaurus and Volkheimeria and the theropod Piatnitzkysaurus.^[15] Towards the 90s, the Cañadón Asfalto Formation was subdivided into lower and upper sections, with the lower being equivalent to the Puesto Gilbert Formation and the upper coeval with the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.^[16] E.G. Figari established the two actual members in 2005, following his 1990's works, and formally called them the lower and upper member.^[17] In 2012, these two were respectively named the Las Chacritas Member and the Puesto Almada Member.^[3] Recent works such as Cúneo et al. in 2013 have proven that the formation is older than previously thought, and that some of the sections that form the Puesto Almada member belong to the Cañadón Calcáreo Fm.^[6] Beyond the U-Pb and Lu-Hf zircon datings, the main focus of ongoing work has been on the discovery of new fossil sites like the "Canela" and "A12" sites, and revision of both floral and faunal discoveries of previously discovered ones, especially on the "Queso rallado" site.^[9]^[3]

Geology

The Cañadón Asfalto Basin (whose full name is Somuncurá-Cañadón Asfalto rift basin) represents among the most extensive exposure of Jurassic rocks in South America. It limits to the northwest with the Subcordilleran Patagonian Batholith+Ñirihuau Basin and to the south with the Alto de Cotricó, a structural element that separates it from the San Jorge Gulf Basin.^[3] It was developed over a Paleozoic basement, whose composition is dominated by plutonic and metamorphic rocks, that, along the Tria-Jurassic layers are part of a local succession of three megasequences, being the Jurassic ones linked with a mixed mosaic of volcanic (was likely linked to the Chon Aike Silicic Large Igneous Province) and sedimentary rocks (fluvial and lacustrine).^[18] The Jurassic section can be correlated with an extensive tectonic regime for the central units in the basin, with also the presence of "pull-apart" models. This "pull-apart" model evolved based on the combined presence of diverse structural and depositional features that include lake-derived layer associated with vaporite horizons and various types of synsedimentary deformation, all with the presence of intercalations of basaltic strata. In this basin, towards the southern sector three microbasins are defined: Cerro Cóndor, Cañadón Calcáreo and Fossati.^[3]^[19] The rotation of the Chubut Jurassic blocks is documented, yet the lateral components seem to have been linked to oblique extension.^[19] The Chubut Province was in the Jurassic part of a local Rift that was a result of the fragmentation of Gondwana, associated in extension with the opening of the Weddell Sea and to the migration towards the south of the Antarctic Peninsula, developed in a similar way to the rift seen in the coeval deposits of the Transantarctic Mountains (Specially the Mawson Formation in the Queen Alexandra Rangue). This basin was later affected by a regional contractional phase during the Early Cretaceous (seen in the deposition of the Chubut Group).^[19]

Local vulcanism was linked with the Chon Aike Igneous Province, or Chon Aike-Antarctic Province. The Vulcanism was product of initial rifting, what also led to the Karoo-Ferrar (South Africa And Antarctica), where the Early Jurassic facies in Patagonia and Larsen Basin deposited influenced by the pushing the Wedell Sea basin did over the surrounding plates, as can be seen in the similarities between the Sweeney Formation and the Lonco Tapial Formation.^[10] In the Cañadón Asfalto Fm is found on thin layers of tuffs produced by distal ash falls within the lacustrine layers of the lower Chacritas Member, with the presence of sectors with scarce pyroclastic flows and basaltic flows. The interdigitation between carbonate and volcaniclastic deposits is clearly evident in the surroundings of Estancia Fossatti and in the Navidad Sector.^[3]^[18] Other Volcanic sectors nearby that may have influenced this formation include the Subcordilleran & Cordilleran Patagonian Batholiths in the west.^[20]

Age

The Age of the sediments of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation has been debated for decades. It was initially Piatnitzky in 1939 who noted the over lain position of this sediments over the basement, and suggested possible Jurassic to Earliest Cretaceous age based on regional correlations. In the description of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation in 1968, Stipanicic et al. defined that both Cañadón Asfalto and Los Adobes where of "Dogger" (=middle Jurassic) age.^[1] In 1984, there was a work that correlated the unit with the Ferrarotti successions, finding differences with the Cañadón Asfalto and upper layers lumped initially on it, suggesting there can be an Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous distinctive unit.^[21] Based on the Microfossils and flora, Toarcian to Callovian was assigned to Las Chacritas member, while Callovian-Tithonian was assigned to the Puesto Almada member.^[19] However, this wasn't followed by the appearance of numerous radiometric datings obtained from outcrops from different depocenters: starting in 2007, where a K/Ar age of 170 ±4.4 Ma was obtain for the Las Chacritas Member, followed in 2010 of a younger 147.1 ± 3.3 Ma for the Puesto Almada Member, that was later reassigned to 161 ± 3 Ma by U/Pb dating on zircons in the locality Estancia La Sin Rumbo.^[19] Then, in 2013 Cúneo et al. provided the considered most controversial datations to date: Toarcian, 176,15 ± 0,12 and 178,766 ± 0,092 Ma at Cerro Bayo and Cerro Cóndor respectively, yet this was initially contested (with 168.2 ± 2.2 Ma for Chacritas member) and Puesto Almada constrained latter in 2017 to 160.3 ± 1.7-158.3 ± 1.3 Ma (Callovian-Oxfordian).^[7] Yet, it was a more recent dating, the one that fully constrained Las Chacritas Member to Middle-Late Toarcian age (179,4 ± 0,059 Ma, 179,4 ± 0,13 Ma & 177,2 ± 0,4 Ma), age that was supported with the discovery of zircons of the same range in the Bagualia layers (Cañadón Bagual) and in other outcrops, incluing detailed age constraint in the uppermost level of the member proving a definitive age constraint of all the biota recovered in this layers to 179.17 ± 0.12 Ma-178.07 ± 0.21 Ma.^[9]^[22] The Puesto Almada member is in a more complex situation, as seems some or all of its layers can belong on reality to the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.^[19] A separate unit in between the two has been even suggested, the Sierra de la Manea Formation, and this last one can include a great part of the Puesto Almada layers.^[23]

Paleoenvironment

The Cañadón Asfalto formation represents a continuous inland sector on lacustrine and terrestrial habitats far from the nearest coast. The closest marine settings where recovered at the west in the Chubut Basin, where, for example the Toarcian Mulanguiñeu Formation recovers a diverse record of marine fauna, including index ammonites (Dactylioceras and Canavaria), brachiopods (groups Spiriferinida and Terebratulida), bivalves (families Nuculidae, Nuculanidae, Polidevciidae and Malletiidae), gastropods (families Eucyclidae, Trochoidea, Pseudomelanoidea, Cirridae, Procerithiidae, etc. ), calcareous tube annelids (Serpulidae), gregarious corals (Montlivaltia), decapods (Mecochirus robbianoi), crinoids (Pentacrinites), spines of Echinoidea, leaf remains (Elatocladus hallei; Conifers) and traces of bioturbation (ichnogenera Rhizocorallium and Lapispira), indicating that at this time the Paleopacific Ocean flooded the basin hosting benthic macroinvertebrate associations in a carbonate-elastic ramp, however, none of the measured transgressions flooded the Cañadón Asfalto Basin (although it is estimated that in the upper Toarcian the coast was very close to Paso de Indios), although it was influenced by the volcanic events of the latter, as shown by the traces of volcanic tuffs in the Toarcian part of the Paso de Indios formation.^[24] Beyond this sector, the Ordovic-Devonian North Patagonian Massif and the Deseado Massif gave a montane influence to the deposition of the formation. This can be seen in the so-called "Navidad district section" recovers similar Pb isotopic compositions to the ores found on this massifs.^[25] The Cañadón Asfalto Formation along with the Lonco Trapial Formation, Bajo Pobre Formation and Cañadón Huemules Formations in Argentina, and Mount Poster Formation & Sweeney Formation in Latady Basin, are part of the main mafic sectors of the Chon Aike-Antarctic Peninsula, being one of the largest rhyolitic provinces in the world, what is seen on the abundance of volcanic intrusions in the otherwise lacustine/terrestrial facies of the formation, what can be seen in the hyaloclastite and peperite facies of the Navidad sector, indicators of interaction of lacustrine waters and magmatic sources, that seem to come mostly from local basement rifts.^[25]^[26]

Chacritas Member

The Chacritas Member hosted and hypersaline and alkaline lake similar to modern Lake Magadi in Kenya, while nearby environments where developed in a similar way to modern Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley of New Zealand, with nearby volcanic influence of the Chon Aike Province that likely developed in a similar way to modern California volcanic fields

This member is mostly made of two major depositional settings: lacustrine and fluvial deposits, that have intervals of tuffaceous materials, suggesting this environments coevolved with volcanic activity.^[4] The lacustrine section has been called the "Chacritas Paleolake", and seems to have been a rather saline or even hypersaline hydrologically closed pan lake, shallow in deep, with marginal zones and palustrine subenvironments made of low-energy ramp-like margins.^[27]^[26] This can be seen on several sections such as the Cañadón Carrizal, where layers that how aerial exposures, and so a regression tendency in a low-energy lake, what changued the biota locally (ex. microbial activity on surfaces).^[27] The lacustrine facies can be seen in other locations, as in Quebrada de las Chacritas, where at least 5 types of different facies, with both lacustrine and Stromatolite bioherm origin were described, showing this last ones a microbial belt.^[28] The increased amount of algal matter and microbial bioherms suggest highstand levels of the lake, while on layers where mudcracks and pedogenesis occurs shows likely a lowstand of the water level that killed the microbial matter.^[28] It has been determined that the main lacustrine body existed in the so-called "Cerro Cóndor Biohermal Belt", while Cañadón Las Chacritas facies show progradations towards the south until it face basaltic materials in southern area of Cerro Cóndor, reflected in the flooding of the belt and increased algal fossils.^[28] This lake was clearly influenced by the volcanic activity, as well was likely a product of the rifting that the Cañadón Asfalto basin suffered back in the Toarcian. This can be seen on the abundance of chert like the one recovered in modern Lake Magadi in Kenyan section of the African Rift.^[27] This chert is indicator of high alkaline settings in shallow lacustrine units, thus temporal increasing of Magadi-like mineralization in the lake may have been possible.^[27] An identical type of lake, known as "Carapace Lake", also developed in a rift system was located in the coeval Mawson Formation of Antarctica, what suggest that both, Carapace and Chacritas were likely alkaline lakes that had notorious influence of hydrothermal fluids.^[29] This type of lacustrine facies is seen also in the Antarctic Peninsula Sweeney Formation, that represents a continuation of the same Biozone both Lonco Tapial and Cañadón Asfalto are included.^[10]

The abundance of organic matter in the lacustrine facies, great presence of microinvertebrate fauna together with the rare presence of mudcracks, low breccia presence and pedogeniclayers suggest that the immediate setting along the lake had between arid and sub-humid conditions. Nearby emerged settings have abundant Classopollis spp., key genera for thermophilic settings, what can suggest the nearby emerged lands had warm and dry conditions.^[4] Other species suggest a warm to warm-temperate climate, with markedly seasonal (monsoonal) characteristics that coincide with the presence of the Seasonally Dry Subtropical Biome.^[30] Overall this flora, as recovered in the Cañadón Lahuincó and Cañadón Caracoles sections suggest the presence of fluvial (riparian) and coastal lacustrine floras, along with inland dry settings dominated by Conifers, overall in a similar distribution that the one seen in coaeval layers in Australia, as well the Mawson Formation in Antarctica.^[30] Data from local cuticles of Araucariaceous and Cheirolepidicaceous conifers have been put under microscope, what can lead to future deeper interpretations of local climate fluctuation.^[31] Initial revisions of Brachyphyllum spp. cuticles has led to know the presence of common environmental stress on local conifers during the deposition of the Chacritas member.^[32]

Puesto Almada Member

This member was originally described as being mostly a fluvial transition where the local lacustrine settings disappeared, yet, locations such as Cerro Bandera show that it hosted lacustrine, palustrine, and pedogenic deposits.^[33] Alluvial facies are the main indicators of the sediment supply, while the lacustrine facies suggest a second water filling locally, where a smaller body of water known as "Almada Paleolake" was developed, creating also several coeval wetlands that are more notorious towards the uppermost section.^[34] Tuff intrusions are more scarce than in the underlaying section and seem to be derived from ash directly falling into water.^[33] Despite its name, the "Almada Fish Fauna", including genera such as Condorlepis groeberi, has been proven to belong to the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation, as well the crocodrilian genus Almadasuchus, all of this is due to the uncertain difference and limit between both units.^[35] Overall climate conditions where similar to the underliying section, yet with a more marked seasonality and a more humid touch.^[33]

Invertebrate fauna

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Demospongiae

Palaeospongillidae reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Palaeospongilla^[4]	Palaeospongilla chubutensis	Estancia Fossati locality	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Specimens	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Palaeospongillidae (Spongillida Sponges). Represents the main lacustrine bottom inhabitant of the Chacritas Paleolake	Example of the living genus Spongilla. The genus Palaeospongilla was likely similar

Crustacea

Crustacea reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Carapacestheria^[36]^[14]^[37]	Carapacestheria taschi	Cañadón Asfalto Cañadón Lahuincó Cerro Bayo	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Eosestheriidae (Spinicaudatan). Originally identified as Cyzicus (Euestheria) taschi. This genus is found in identical alkaline lacustrine settings in the also Toarcian Mawson Formation of Antarctica
Congestheriella^[37]^[38]	Congestheriella rauhuti	Sierra de la Manea Estancia El Torito Cañadón Los Chivos	Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Afrograptidae (Spinicaudatan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.
Darwinula^[39]	Darwinula magna Darwinula spp.	Cañadón Asfalto Cañadón Lahuincó Cerro Bayo Cañadón Asfalto Quebrada Subsidiaria Estancia el Torito	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Darwinulidae (Ostracod).
Euestheria^[33]^[14]^[37]	Euestheria volkheimeri	Cerro Cóndor Cerro Bayo Alice Creek Quebrada Subsidiaria	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Euestheriidae (Spinicaudatan).
Lioestheria^[33]^[14]^[37]	Cyzicus (Lioestheria) sp. B Cyzicus (Lioestheria) sp. C	Cañadón Las Chacritas Colan Conhué Alice Creek	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Fushunograptidae (Spinicaudatan).	Extant example of the Genus
Mandelstamia^[33]^[39]	Mandelstamia? spp.	Estancia El Torito	Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Limnocytheridae (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation
Metacypris^[33]^[39]	Metacypris sp.	Estancia El Torito	Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Loxoconchidae (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.
Penthesilenula^[33]^[39]^[40]	Penthesilenula sarytirmenensis	Estancia El Torito	Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Darwinulidae (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.
Pseudestherites^[33]	Pseudestherites sp.	Estancia El Torito Cañadón Los Chivos	Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Antronestheriidae (Spinicaudatan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.
Theryosinoecum^[33]^[39]	Theryosinoecum barrancalensis minor	Estancia El Torito	Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Cytheroidea (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.
Timiriasevia^[33]^[39]	Timiriasevia sp.	Estancia El Torito	Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Limnocytheridae (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.
Wolfestheria^[37]	Wolfestheria patagoniensis Wolfestheria smekali	Cañadón Asfalto Cañadón Lahuincó Estancia La Sin Rumbo	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Valves	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Fushunograptidae (Spinicaudatan).

Mollusca

Mollusca reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Corbicula^[41]	Corbicula spp.	Cerro Cóndor Cerro Bayo Estancia El Torito	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Shells	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Corbiculidae (Bivalve).	Extant example of the Genus
Cyanocyclas^[41]	Cyanocyclas spp.	Cerro Cóndor Cerro Bayo Estancia El Torito	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Conchas Aisladas	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Corbiculidae (Bivalvo).
Diplodon^[33]^[41]^[42]	Diplodon spix Diplodon cf.matildensis Diplodon cf.spix Diplodon spp.	Cañadón Asfalto Cañadón Lahuincó Cañadón Miyanao Cerro Cóndor Cerro Bayo Alice Creek Quebrada Subsidiaria Estancia El Torito	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Shells	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Unionidae (Bivalve). The most abundant Bivalve genus on the Formation. Represents also some of the smallest-sized specimens recorded in the Mesozoic	Extant example of the Genus
Nayadidae^[13]	Indeterminate	Cañadón Asfalto Cañadón Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Shells	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Unionidae (Bivalve).
Potamolithus^[13]	Potamolithus? spp.	Cañadón Asfalto Cañadón Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Shells	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Tateidae (Snail).	Extant example of the Genus
Sphaeridae^[26]	Indeterminate	Cañadón Asfalto	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Shells	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Sphaeriida (Bivalve).
Viviparus^[41]	Viviparus spp.	Cañadón Asfalto Cañadón Lahuincó Cañadón Asfalto Quebrada Subsidiaria Estancia El Torito	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Isolated Shells	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Viviparidae (Snail).	Extant example of the Genus

Insecta

Insect eggs of unknown affinity were reported from several layers of the Estancia Fossati locality.^[4]

Insects reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Chironomidae^[43]	Indeterminate	Gan Gan	Puesto Almada Member	Head capsules	Indeterminate Bittacidae (Migdes) remains, associated with lacustrine facies. Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation	Extant member of the Family
Coleoptera^[44]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Estancia Fossati Estancia El Torito Estancia La Sin Rumbo	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Elytra and body remains	Indeterminate Beetle remains, associated with lacustrine facies	Extant example of the Group
Conchindusia^[33]^[44]^[45]	Conchindusia isp.	Cerro Cóndor Estancia Fossati Estancia El Torito Estancia La Sin Rumbo	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases	Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies
Heteroptera^[44]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Estancia Fossati Estancia El Torito Estancia La Sin Rumbo	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Fragmentary wings	Indeterminate Heteroptera remains, associated with lacustrine facies	Extant example of the Group
Neorthophlebidae^[43]	Indeterminate	Gan Gan	Puesto Almada member	Wings and parts of body	Indeterminate Bittacidae (Scorpionfly) remains, associated with lacustrine facies. Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation
Ostracindusia^[33]^[44]^[45]	Ostracindusia isp.	Cerro Cóndor Estancia Fossati Estancia El Torito Estancia La Sin Rumbo	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases	Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies
Terrindusia^[33]^[44]^[45]	Terrindusia isp.	Cerro Cóndor Estancia Fossati Estancia El Torito Estancia La Sin Rumbo	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases	Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies
Trichoptera^[33]^[44]^[45]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Estancia Fossati Estancia El Torito Estancia La Sin Rumbo	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Wings and larval cases	Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) remains, associated with lacustrine facies	Extant example of the Group

Vertebrate fauna

Fish

Actinopteri reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Archaeomaenidae^[46]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Cañadón Asfalto Cañadón Miyanao Estancia Fossati Localidad de Canela^[47] Cañadón Asfalto Quebrada Subsidiaria	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated large median fin & Isolated Scales	A Freshwater (Lacustrine) member of Archaeomaenidae (Teleostei). Maybe related with the genus Oreochima, coming from layers coeval, coregional and of identical deposition of the Mawson Formation of Antarctica	Example of member of the family Archaeomaenidae, Archaeomaene

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Notobatrachus^[48]^[49]	Notobatrachus degiustoi^[50] Notobatrachus reigi Cf.Notobatrachus sp.^[47]	Cañadon Bagual Zitarrosa Cerro Cóndor Canela Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Many articulated, mostly complete skeletons Most of a partially articulated skeleton and skull	An early frog of the family Notobatrachidae. Notobatrachus degiustoi can be distinguished from N. reigsi by features of the skull. The presence of this anuran inseveral locations suggest local proliferation linked with lacustrine bodies

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Condorchelys^[48]^[51]^[52]	Condorchelys antiqua Condorchelys cf.antiqua Condorchelys spp.	Queso Rallado Cañadon Bagual Chucrut Canela facies	Las Chacritas Member	Holotype: Most of a skull, carapace, and plastron. MPEF-PV 3163, left humerus MPEF-PV 3164, costal plate	A stem turtle (Mesochelydian) outside both extant groups, closely related with Kayentachelys aprix of North America and Indochelys spatulata of India. Likely occupied aquatic or semiaquatic niches.^[51]
Testudinata^[52]	Indeterminate	Canela facies	Las Chacritas Member	plastrons	Indeterminate Turtle remains

Lepidosaurs

Lepidosaurs reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Sphenocondor^[53]	Sphenocondor gracilis	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Dentary	A Sphenodontian Rhynchocephalian, closely related with Godavarisaurus from the almost coeval Jurassic Kota Formation of India, maybe part of an endemic Gondwanan clade.^[53]

Crocodylomorpha

Crocodyliformes reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Crocodylomorpha^[54]	Indterminate	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Several isolated remains	Indeterminate crocodylomorph remains that represent among the most complete vertebrates linked with lacustrine facies.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Allkaruen^[55]	Allkaruen koi	Canadón Carrizal	Las Chacritas Member	A braincase, as well as a mandible and cervical vertebrae.	A Pterosaur either related with Breviquartossa or maybe even a sister group of monofenestratan (Wukongopteridae + Pterodactyloidea) pterosaurs
Scaphognathinae?^[56]^[57]	Indeterminate	Las Chacritas	Las Chacritas Member	Uncatalogued specimens, several mandibles, braincase, shoulder girdle, two humeri, several wing-finger phalanges	Indeterminate remains of a pterosaur, possibly a Rhamphorhynchoidea. It seems to represent a rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur with a wingspan of about 1.5–2 meters. The morphology is very similar to that of the lower jaw of the Scaphognathinae.^[57]

Theropods

During a campaign conducted in early 2021, remains of a large theropod dinosaur were found near the town of Las Chacritas. In 2020 a new fossil locality was found, named Cañadón de las Huellas due to the large number of sauropod, and probably theropod, footprints on one of the canyon walls. In the same locality in 2021, articulated remains where recovered and represent at least one sauropod and one large theropod.^[58] At least 4 Theropod morphotypes, including one with Ceratosaur and other with Piatnitzkysauridae affinities, are known from the Cañadón Bagual.^[59]

Theropoda reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Asfaltovenator^[60]	Asfaltovenator vialidadi	Cerro Condor	Las Chacritas Member	Nearly compete skull and largely complete front half of the skeleton forward of the hips, distal pubis and fermur and proximal fibula and tibia, partial foot	A probable early member of Allosauroidea
Averostra^[61]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Puesto el Quemado Cerro Bayo	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated teeth: MPEF BA 182/08, BA 40/08, BA 09/80, BA 88/08, BA 252G+165/08 A, BA 252G+165/08 B, BA 252G+165/08 C	Theropod dinosaur teeth that wear resemblance with those assigned to the families Ceratosauridae, Megalosauridae and Abelisauridae
Ceratosauridae^[62]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor	Las Chacritas Member	A dentary with teeth in situ, MPEF-PV 6775	It resembles the dentary of Ceratosaurus
Condorraptor^[56]^[63]	Condorraptor currumili	Las Chacritas	Las Chacritas Member	Partial articulated skeleton	A relative of Piatnitzkysaurus from the same formation, and a possible junior synonym of it as well.
Dromaeosauridae^[61]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Puesto el Quemado Cerro Bayo	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth: MEPF BA 61/08, BA 103/08, BA 32/08 A, BA 32/08 B, BA 104/08, BA 226B/08, PV 3498, BA 29/08, BA51/08, BA 270/08 a, BA 270/08 b, BA 270/08 c	Theropod dinosaur teeth that wear resemblance with those assigned to the family Dromaeosauridae. Alternatively, they could belong to basal members of Coelurosauria
Eoabelisaurus^[64]	Eoabelisaurus mefi	Jugo Luco	Las Chacritas Member	A nearly complete articulated skeleton	A Neoceratosaur, that was suggested to be a basal member of Abelisauria, but also a member of Ceratosauridae
Megalosauridae^[61]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Puesto el Quemado Cerro Bayo	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth: MPEF PV 1175, BA 66/08, PV 1356, PV 1357	Theropod dinosaur teeth that wear resemblance with those assigned to the family Megalosauridae.
Neotheropoda^[61]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Puesto el Quemado Cerro Bayo	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth: MPEF BA 68/08, BA 92/08, PV 3499, BA 68/08, BA 183/08	Theropod dinosaur teeth that wear resemblance with those assigned to basal neotheropods, such as members of Coelophysoidea.
Piatnitzkysauridae^[65]^[61]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Puesto el Quemado Cerro Bayo	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth & Cranial remains: MPEF 1717 CC 205, PV 3440A A, PV 3440A B, PV 3440A C, PV 3440A D, PV 3440A E, PV 3440A F, PV 3440A G	Theropod dinosaur teeth that have resemblance with those assigned to members of Piatnitzkysauridae.
Piatnitzkysaurus^[63]^[66]	Piatnitzkysaurus floresi	Cerro Cóndor South	Las Chacritas Member	Two "fragmentary skulls with associated postcranium."^[67]	Possible senior synonym of Condorraptor from the same formation.
Spinosauridae^[61]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth : MEPF PV 1350	Theropod dinosaur teeth resembling those assigned to members of Spinosauridae. Alternatively, they could belong to members of Ceratosauria
Tetanurae^[61]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor Puesto el Quemado Cerro Bayo	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth : MEPF BA 84/08, BA 49/08 A, BA 49/08 B, BA 64/08, BA 65/08, BA 266/07	Theropod dinosaur teeth that wear resemblance with those assigned to members of Megalosauridae and Dromaeosauridae
Theropoda^[61]	Indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth : MPEF PV 1640	"Outlier" tooth that doesn't fit in any previously know morphotype, maybe due to preservation
Theropodipedia^[68]	Theropodipedia ichnog. indeterminate	Cerro Cóndor	Las Chacritas Member	Footprints	Possible theropod footprints, unassigned to any concrete ichnogenus

Sauropodomorphs

Sauropodiformes reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bagualia^[8]	Bagualia alba	Cañadon Bagual	Las Chacritas Member	The partial skeletons of three individuals	An early member of Eusauropoda, related with the African genus Spinophorosaurus
Diplodocidae^[69]^[70]	Indeterminate	Cerro Condor Sur	Las Chacritas Member	MACN-CH 934: axial neural arches and spines, an ilium, a pubis, ?two or ?three ischia, and two maxillae	This specimen shows strong Diplodocidae affinities, yet it has been considered either a derived non-neosauropodan eusauropod (having resemblance with Lapparentosaurus in some characters) or even a basal neosauropod ( also resembling with Haplocanthosaurus)
Eusauropoda^[70]	Indeterminate	Cerro Condor Sur	Las Chacritas Member	MACN-CH 230: three dorsal vertebrae	Likely a eusauropod, possibly a cetiosaurid. Smaller than other sauropod taxa found in the formation.
Patagosaurus^[71]^[72]	Patagosaurus fariasi	Cerro Condor	Las Chacritas Member	Many specimens, including a partial skull.	A non-neosauropodan eusauropodan member of Cetiosauridae. This genus represents the most abundant sauropod in the formation
Sauropodiformes^[73]	Indeterminate	Cañadon Bagual	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 10860	An indeterminate Sauropodiform or a very basal sauropod or even dental material of Volkheimeria.^[74]
Sauropoda^[70]	Indeterminate	Cerro Condor Sur	Las Chacritas Member	MACN-CH 219, 223(+221), 231	Too fragmentary to be ascribed to any taxon, for now classified as Sauropoda indet.
Titanosauriformes^[75]	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado, near Cerro Cóndor	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 10606	An indeterminate Titanosauriform. It can be alternatively a basal Eusauropod. Possible relationships with Atlasaurus
Volkheimeria^[70]	Volkheimeria chubutensis	Cerro Cóndor South	Las Chacritas Member	"Partial skeleton consisting of presacral and sacral vertebrae, pelvis, [and] hindlimb."	Either a gravisaur or a sister taxon of the Indian genus Barapasaurus

Ornithischians

Ornithischians reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Cerapoda^[76]	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated ungual phalanx and Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 3818, MPEF-PV 3824, MEPF-PV 3820, MEPF-PV 3825, MEPF-PV 10861, MPEF-PV 10823, MPEF-PV 3821 & MPEF-PV 10864	An indeterminate Cerapodan with resemblances with Hypsilophodon. Some of the referred remains have been reclassified as Manidens material
Heterodontosauridae^[76]	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Metapodials, caudal vertebrae and isolated phalanges: MPEF-PV 3826	heterodontosaurid that cannot be compared with Manidens due to the lack of overlapping fossils.
Manidens^[77]^[76]	Manidens condorensis	Queso Rallado Sitio Frenguelli Sitio Canela	Las Chacritas Member	Partial articulated specimen, skull & associated elements as well referred isolated teeth: MPEF-PV 3809, MPEF-PV 3211, MPEF-PV 3808, MPEF-PV 10867, MPEF-PV 1719, MPEF-PV 1786, MPEF-PV 1718, MPEF-PV 3810, MPEF-PV 3811, MPEF-PV 3812, MPEF-PV 3813, MPEF-PV 3814, MPEF-PV 3815, MPEF-PV 3816, MPEF-PV 10866	A primitive and small heterodontosaurid.
Ornithischia^[76]	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated teeth: MPEF-PV 3817, MPEFPV 3819, MPEF-PV 3822.	Not referable to any taxa beyond Ornithischia Indet.

Mammals

Mammals reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Allotheria^[78]	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth	An Allotherian whose affinities hasn't been tested
Argentoconodon^[79]	Argentoconodon fariasorum	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	MPEF-PV2362, fragmentary left maxilla, MPEF-PV2363 partial skeleton, MPEFPV2364 isolated complete right upper last molariform	A volaticotherian (Alticonodontinae), closely related with the Asian genus Volaticotherium, having similar postcraneal appearance, indicating possible gliding capabilities, yet better material is needed to prove it.^[79]
Asfaltomylos^[48]^[80]	Asfaltomylos patagonicus	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	MPEF PV 1671, complete lower maxilla	An Australosphenidan, related to Henosferus in Henosferidae.
Condorodon^[78]	Condorodon spanios	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	MPEF-PV 2365, isolated complete lower left molariform	An "amphilestid" triconodont, related with the late jurassic African Tendagurodon.^[78]
Henosferus^[48]^[81]	Henosferus molus Henosferus sp.	Queso Rallado Canela^[47]	Las Chacritas Member	MPEF 2353 right lower jaw, MPEF 2354 Left lower jaw, MPEF 2357 Left lower jaw, referred MPEF 2355 isolated upper premolar	An Australosphenidan, related to Asfaltomylos in Henosferidae, being twice as large as this last one.^[81]

Fungi

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes
Annella^[82]	Annella capitata	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Hypae and Miospores	Unknown: either Aquatic (Freshwater) or Parasitic	Unknown, suggested highly seasonality	A Fungus of uncertain relationships. This species is recovered in both coal seams and proximal prodelta sediments, making the assignation of a biome complex.^[82]

Plant remains

According to a palynological study the dominant pollen was produced by the conifer families Cheirolepidiaceae (Classopollis) and Araucariaceae (mainly Araucariacites and Callialasporites), suggesting that warm-temperate and relatively humid conditions under highly seasonal climate prevailed during the depositional times of the unit. The abundance of Botryococcus supports the presence of a shallow lake with probably saline conditions.^[83] Locally, the Cañadón Asfalto represents a more poor record of the floras seen in the undeliying Lonco Tapial Formation, with its closest floras found on the Antarctic Peninsula Sweeney Formation at Potter Peak, sharing Brachyphyllum spp. and Elatocladus confertus.^[10]

Phytoplankton

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes	Images
Botryococcus^[83]^[84]^[33]	Botryococcus sp. cf. B. braunii Botryococcus spp	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles Cerro Bandera	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Algae	Aquatic (Freshwater); Alkaline indicator	Highly seasonal climate	A Freshwater algae of the family Botryococcaceae. This genus is the main indicator, due to its abundance, of the presence of a shallow lake with probably saline conditions, reaching in some samples about 96 to 70%.^[83]	Extant specimen
Leiosphaeridia^[83]^[84]	Leiosphaeridia sp.	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Zygospores	Aquatic (Freshwater)	Temperate to warm; seasonal climate	Algae or Algae Acritarch of the family Prasinophyceae.
Ovoidites^[83]^[84]	Ovoidites spp.	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Zygospores	Aquatic (Freshwater)	Temperate to warm; seasonal climate	Algae of the family Zygnemataceae	Extant Spirogyra; Ovoidites may be derived from a similar genus

Bryophyta

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes	Images
Antulsporites^[83]	Antulsporites saevus	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland and Riverside	Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida. "Peat moss" spores, related to genera such as Sphagnum that can store large amounts of water.	Extant Sphagnum specimens; Stereisporites, Sculptisporis and Rogalskaisporites probably come from similar genera
Neoraistrickia^[83]	Neoraistrickia cf. suratensis	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland and Lowland	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the family Selaginellaceae and Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopsida.
Nevesisporites^[83]^[84]	Nevesisporites vallatus Nevesisporites cf. undatus Nevesisporites cf. radiatus	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland and Riverside	Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with Bryophyta.
Retitriletes^[83]	Retitriletes austroclavatidites Retitriletes semimuris Retitriletes sp. 1	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland and Lowland	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with Bryophyta.
Stereisporites^[83]	Stereisporites sp. cf. S. psilatus	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland and Riverside	Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.

Equisetales

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes	Images
Equisetites^[84]^[13]^[85]^[86]	Equisetites approximatus Equisetites spp.	Cañadon Asfalto Cañadon Lahuincó Paso de Indios	Las Chacritas Member	Stems	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the group Equisetales. Usually linked with riversides	Equisetites specimen

Pteridophyta

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes	Images
Baculatisporites^[84]	Baculatisporites comaumensis	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.	Extant Osmunda specimens; Baculatisporites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus
Biretisporites^[83]	Biretisporites sp. A	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the Marattiaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.	Extant Marattia specimens; Marattisporites probably comes from similar genera
Cadargasporites^[83]	Cadargasporites sp. cf. C. reticulatus	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Uncertain affinity Fern Spores Filicopsida incertae sedis
Cladophlebis^[84]^[85]^[86]	Cladophlebis grahami Cladophlebis oblonga	Cañadon Asfalto Cañadon Lahuincó Paso de Indios	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Pinnae	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the family Osmundaceae.
Clavatisporites^[83]	Clavatisporites spp.	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Filicopsida incertae sedis
Deltoidospora^[83]	Deltoidospora australis Deltoidospora minor	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the families Cyatheaceae/Dicksoniaceae Dipteridaceae/Matoniaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Dictyophyllidites^[83]^[84]	Dictyophyllidites harrisii	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet
Gleichenites^[86]	Gleichenites cf.taquetrensis	Paso de Indios	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Pinnae	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the family Gleicheniales.
Ischyosporites^[83]	Ischyosporites marburgensis	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland, Lowland Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the family Lygodiaceae and Schizaeaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Climbing or herbaceous fern spores.	Extant Lygodium; Lygodioisporites probably comes from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus
Klukisporites^[83]	Klukisporites lacunus Klukisporites variegatus Klukisporites sp. cf. K. scaberis	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland, Lowland Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet
Obtusisporis^[83]	Obtusisporis modestus	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Filicopsida incertae sedis
Rugulatisporites^[84]	Rugulatisporites sp.	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Sphenopteris^[84]^[85]	Sphenopteris patagonica Sphenopteris hallei	Cañadon Asfalto Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Pinnae	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the group Sphenopteridae, whose affinity for mesozoic specimens is uncertain, yet has been suggested to be fronds of Dicksoniaceae affinity
Todisporites^[84]	Todisporites minor	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland	Warm to temperate, relatively wet. Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Trilobosporites^[83]	Trilobosporites sp.	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the families Cyatheaceae/Dicksoniaceae Dipteridaceae/Matoniaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Verrucosisporites^[84]	Verrucosisporites varians	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Spores	Upland	Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.

Peltaspermales

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes
Alisporites^[83]^[84]^[33]	Alisporites similis Alisporites lowoodensis Alisporites spp.	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles Cerro Bandera	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Pollen	Riverside	Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae in the Peltaspermales. Pollen of uncertain provenance that can be derived from any of the members of the Peltaspermales.
Antevsia^[87]	Antevsia sp.	Pomelo locality	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen-bearing organs	Lowland and Riverside	Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Plants of the group Peltaspermaceae.
Archangelskya^[84]^[85]^[86]	Archangelskya furcata	Cañadon Asfalto Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Pinnae	Lowland and Riverside	Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Plants of the group Pteridospermata
Lepidopteris^[88]^[89]	Lepidopteris scassoi	Pomelo locality A12 locality	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Pinnae	Lowland and Riverside	Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Plants of the group Peltaspermaceae. This species represents the youngest record of the genus, by more than 20 Myr.
Peltaspermum^[86]^[88]	Peltaspermum sp.	Pomelo locality A12 locality	Las Chacritas Member	Ovuliferous Cones	Lowland and Riverside	Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Plants of the group Peltaspermaceae.
Vitreisporites^[83]	Vitreisporites pallidus	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Riverside	Warm, relatively wet	From the family Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales. Caytoniaceae are a complex group of Mesozoic fossil floras that may be related to both Peltaspermales and Ginkgoaceae.

Cycadeoidopsida

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes	Images
Zamites^[86]^[88]	Zamites sp.	Pomelo locality A12 locality	Las Chacritas Member	Leaflets	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with Bennettitales inside Cycadeoidopsida.

Czekanowskiales

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes	Images
Phoenicopsis^[13]^[86]	Phoenicopsis sp.	Cañadon Asfalto	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen Organs	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Plants of the group Leptostrobales (Czekanowskiales). Gingko-like taxa

Gnetopsida

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes	Images
Ephedripites^[84]^[33]	Ephedripites spp.	Cañadon Lahuincó Cerro Bandera	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Pollen	Lowland and Riverside	Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	A Pollen Grain, affinities with Ephedraceae inside Gnetopsida.	Extant Ephedra, typical example of Ephedraceae. Equisetosporites probably come from a similar or a related Plant

Coniferophyta

Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Ecogroup	Palaeoclimate requirements	Notes	Images
Araucariacites^[83]^[84]^[33]	Araucariacites australis Araucariacites fissus Araucariacites pergranulatus Araucariacites sp. cf. A. pergranulatus Araucariacites sp. A	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles Cerro Bandera	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Pollen	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.
Araucaritites^[84]^[85]^[86]	Araucaritites chuchensis Araucaritites spp.	Cañadon Asfalto Pomelo locality A12 locality Cañadon Lahuincó Estancia La Vistosa Paso de Indios	Las Chacritas Member	Ovuliferous scales	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the family Araucariaceae.
Athrotaxites^[84]^[85]^[86]	Athrotaxites ungeri	Cañadon Asfalto Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Branched shoots	Upland	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the family Taxodiaceae
Austrohamia^[86]^[90]	Austrohamia asfaltensis	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Branched shoots & Ovuliferous cones	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the family Cunninghamioideae. Along with the also Argentinian species A. minuta, this specimens represent the oldest fossil taxa that can be confidently assigned to Cupressaceae sensu lato
Brachyoxylon^[86]^[91]	Brachyoxylon currumilii	Pomelo locality	Las Chacritas Member	Fossil Wood	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae
Brachyphyllum^[84]^[85]^[86]^[88]	Brachyphyllum cf. lotenaense Brachyphyllum spp.	Cañadon Asfalto Pomelo locality A12 locality Cañadon Lahuincó Paso de Indios Canela locality	Las Chacritas Member	Branched shoots & Ovuliferous cones	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae
Callialasporites^[83]^[84]^[33]	Callialasporites dampieri Callialasporites microvelatus Callialasporites turbatus Callialasporites minus Callialasporites sp. 1	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles Cerro Bandera	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Pollen	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.
Cerebropollenites^[83]^[84]^[33]	Cerebropollenites macroverrucosus Cerebropollenites carlylensis Cerebropollenites mesozoicus Cerebropollenites sp. 1	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles Cerro Bandera	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Pollen	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae in the Pinopsida. This pollen's resemblance to extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae may be an extinct lineage of Sciadopityaceae-like plants.^[92]	Extant Sciadopitys. Cerebropollenites likely come from a related plant
Classopollis^[83]^[84]^[33]	Classopollis classoides Classopollis intrareticulatus Classopollis simplex Classopollis itunensis Classopollis torosus	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles Cerro Bandera	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Pollen	Lowland and Coastal lake	Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida. Classopollis is the most abundant component of the assemblage, with ranges from 73 to 81.6% to 89.6%-89.7% in some samples.^[83]
Elatoclaudus^[84]^[85]^[86]	Elatocladus confertus Elatoclaudus jabalpurensis	Cañadon Asfalto Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Branched shoots	Upland and Lowland	Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Plants of the family Cupressaceae
Exesipollenites^[84]	Exesipollenites sp.	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Lowland and Coastal lake	Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida. Classopollis is the most abundant component of the assemblage, with ranges from 73 to 81.6% to 89.6%-89.7% in some samples.^[83]
Indusiisporites^[83]	Indusiisporites parvisaccatus Indusiisporites sp. 1 Indusiisporites sp. 2 Indusiisporites sp. 3	Cañadón Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Upland	Temperate, relatively dry	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Pollen from diverse types of Podocarpaceous conifers, that include morphotypes similar to the low arbustive Microcachrys and the medium arbustive Lepidothamnus, likely linked with Upland settings
Inaperturopollenites^[83]	Inaperturopollenites indicus Inaperturopollenites giganteus Inaperturopollenites microgranulatus Inaperturopollenites cf. reidi Inaperturopollenites sp. 1 Inaperturopollenites sp. 2	Cañadon Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.
Microcachryidites^[84]^[33]	Microcachryidites castellanosii Microcachryidites antarcticus	Cañadón Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles Cerro Bandera	Las Chacritas Member Puesto Almada Member	Pollen	Upland	Temperate, relatively dry	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Pollen from Podocarpaceous conifers similar to the low arbustive Microcachrys	Extant Microcachrys Cone, example of the Podocarpaceae. Microcachryidites is similar to the pollen found on this genus
Pagiophyllum^[84]^[85]^[86]^[88]	Pagiophyllum divaricatum Pagiophyllum fiestmantelli	Cañadon Asfalto Pomelo locality A12 locality Cañadon Lahuincó Paso de Indios Canela locality	Las Chacritas Member	Branched shoots	Lowland and Coastal lake	Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae
Pelourdea^[13]^[86]	Pelourdea sp.	Cañadon Asfalto	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen Organs	Lowland and Coastal lake	Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate	Incertae sedis inside Coniferales, suggested as a member of its own family, the "Pelourdeaceae". A hygrophytic riparian conifer with herbaceous or shrubby habit. Some specimens are difficult to identify.
Perinopollenites^[84]	Perinopollenites elatoides	Cañadón Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Upland and Lowland	Warm to temperate; seasonal climate	Affinities with the family Cupressaceae in the Pinopsida. Pollen that resembles that of extant genera such as the genus Actinostrobus and Austrocedrus, probably derived from Upland environments.	Extant Austrocedrus. Exesipollenites and Perinopollenites maybe come from a related plant
Phrixipollenites^[84]	Phrixipollenites sp.	Cañadón Lahuincó	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Upland	Temperate, relatively dry	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.
Pinuspollenites^[83]	Pinuspollenites globosaccus	Cañadon Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Upland, Lowland and Riverside	?Warm to temperate, relatively wet	Affinities with the family Pinaceae in the Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.
Podocarpidites^[83]^[84]	Podocarpidites verrucosus Podocarpidites astrictus Podocarpidites ellipticus Podocarpidites multesimus Podosporites variabilis Podocarpidites sp. cf. P. radiatus Podocarpidites sp. cf. P. verrucosus Podosporites sp. 1	Cañadón Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Upland	Temperate, relatively dry	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.	Extant Podocarpus Cone, example of the Podocarpaceae. Podocarpidites is similar to the pollen found on this genus
Podosporites^[83]	Podosporites variabilis Podosporites sp. 1	Cañadón Lahuincó Cañadón Caracoles	Las Chacritas Member	Pollen	Upland	Temperate, relatively dry	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.

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