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Teti

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Teti
Statue of King Teti found near his pyramid at Saqqara; held at the Egyptian Museum of Cairo (JE 39103)
Statue of King Teti found near his pyramid at Saqqara; held at the Egyptian Museum of Cairo (JE 39103)
Pharaoh
Reign2323–2291 BC
PredecessorUnas
SuccessorUserkare
Royal titulary
Horus name
Hr Sehetep Tawy
Horus, who satisfies (pacifies?) the two lands
G5
sHtp
t p		 tA
tA
Nebty name
Sehetep Nebty
Who satisfies the two ladies
G16
sHtp
t p
Golden Horus
Hr nebu sema
The golden Horus who unites
G8
F36
Nomen
Teti
G39N5
t
t		 i
ConsortIput I, Khuit, Khentkaus IV, Naert
ChildrenPepi I
Tetiankhkem
Sesheshet Watetkhethor
Sesheshet Idut
Sesheshet Nubkhetnebty
Sathor
Seshit
Seshti
Seshseshet Merout
Seshseshet, wife of Remni
Seshseshet, wife of Pepyankh
"Queen of the West Pyramid"
Inti (disputed)
MotherSesheshet
BurialPyramid of Teti
Dynasty6th Dynasty

Teti, less commonly known as Othoes, sometimes also Tata, Atat, or Athath in outdated sources, was the first king of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. He was buried at Saqqara. The exact length of his reign has been destroyed on the Turin King List but is believed to have been about 12 years.

Biography

Teti had several wives:

Teti is known to have had several children. He was the father of at least three sons and probably ten daughters.[3] Of the sons, two are well attested, a third one is likely:

  • Pepi I
  • Tetiankhkem[4]
  • Nebkauhor, with the name of Idu, "king's eldest son of his body", buried in the mastaba of Vizier Akhethetep/Hemi, buried in a fallen Vizier's tomb, within the funerary complex of his maternal grandfather[5]
Piriform mace head inscribed with the cartouche of Teti, Imhotep Museum.

According to N. Kanawati, Teti had at least nine daughters, by a number of wives, and the fact that they were named after his mother, Sesheshet, allows researchers to trace his family. At least three princesses bearing the name Seshseshet are designated as "king's eldest daughter", meaning that there were at least three different queens. It seems that there was a tenth one, born of a fourth queen as she is also designated as "king's eldest daughter":

  • Seshseshet, whose name was Waatetkhéthor, married to Vizier Mereruka, in whose mastaba she has a chapel. She is designated as "king's eldest daughter of his body". She may have been the eldest daughter of Iput.[6]
  • Seshseshet with the name of Idut, "king's daughter of his body", who died very young at the beginning of her father's reign and was buried in the mastaba of Vizier Ihy.[6]
  • Seshseshet Nubkhetnebty, "king's daughter of his body", wife of Vizier Kagemni, represented in her husband's mastaba. She was maybe also born of Iput.[7]
  • Seshseshet, also called Sathor, married to Isi, resident governor at Edfu and also titled vizier. She also would have been born of Iput I.[8]
Lantern Slide Collection: Views, Objects: Egypt. Chapel, Tomb of Nefer-Seshem-Ptah. Sakkara. 6th Dynasty., n.d. Brooklyn Museum Archives
  • Seshseshet, with the name of Sheshit, king's eldest daughter of his body and wife of the overseer of the great court Neferseshemptah and is depicted in her husband's mastaba. As she is an eldest daughter of the king, she cannot be born of the same mother as Waatkhetethor and therefore may have been a daughter of Queen Khuit.[9]
  • Seshseshet also called Sheshti, "king's daughter of his body", married to the keeper of the head ornaments Shepsipuptah, and depicted in her husband's mastaba.[10]
  • Seshseshet with the beautiful name of Merout, entitled "king's eldest daughter" but without the addition "of his body" and therefore born of a third, maybe a minor queen, and married to Ptahemhat.[11]
  • Seshseshet, wife of Remni, "sole companion" and overseer of the department of the palace guards[12]
  • Seshseshet, married to Pepyankh Senior of Meir[13]
  • The so-called "Queen of the West Pyramid" in King Pepy I cemetery. She is called "king's eldest daughter of his body" and king's wife of Meryre (the name of Pepy I). Therefore, she is a wife of Pepi and most certainly his half-sister.[14] As she is also an eldest daughter of the king, her mother must be a fourth queen of Teti.

Another possible daughter is princess Inti.[15]

Reign and possible assassination

Sistrum inscribed with the name of Teti.

Teti's Horus name Sehoteptaoui, "He who pacifies the Two Lands", probably indicates that he must have led military pacification operations near the start of his reign. During Teti's reign, high officials were beginning to build funerary monuments that rivaled that of the pharaoh. His vizier, Mereruka, built a mastaba tomb at Saqqara which consisted of 33 richly carved rooms, the biggest known tomb for an Egyptian nobleman.[16] This is considered to be a sign that Egypt's wealth was being transferred from the central court to the officials, a slow process that culminated in the end to the Old Kingdom.[citation needed]

The Egyptian priest and chronicler Manetho states that Teti was murdered by his palace bodyguards in a harem plot, and he appears to have been briefly succeeded by a short-lived usurper, Userkare. Teti was buried in the royal necropolis at Saqqara. His pyramid complex is associated with the mastabas of officials from his reign. Teti's highest date is his Year after the 6th Count 3rd Month of Summer day lost (Year 12 if the count was biannual) from Hatnub Graffito No.1.[17] This information is confirmed by the South Saqqara Stone Annal document from Pepi II's reign which gives him a reign of around 12 years.

Third "subsidiary" pyramid to Teti's tomb

Teti's mother was the Queen Sesheshet, who was instrumental in her son's accession to the throne and a reconciling of two warring factions of the royal family.[18] Sesheshet lived between 2323 BC to 2291 BC. Egypt's chief archaeologist Zahi Hawass, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, announced, on 11 November 2008, that she was entombed in a 4,300-year-old 5-metre (16-foot) tall pyramid at Saqqara. This is the 118th pyramid discovered thus far in Egypt; the largest portion of its 2-metre-wide casing was built with a superstructure 5 metres high. It originally reached 14 metres, with sides 22 metres long.[19][20]

Once 5 stories tall, it lay beneath 7 meters (23 feet) of sand, a small shrine and mud-brick walls from later periods. The third known "subsidiary" pyramid to Teti's tomb was originally 46 feet (14 meters) tall and 72 feet (22 meters) square at its base, due to its walls having stood at a 51-degree angle. Buried next to the Saqqara Step Pyramid, its base lies 65 feet underground and is believed to have been 50 feet tall when it was built.[19]

  • Limestone wall block fragment showing the cartouche of king Teti and funerary pyramid texts. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
    Limestone wall block fragment showing the cartouche of king Teti and funerary pyramid texts. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
  • The ruins of Teti's pyramid (Saqqara)
    The ruins of Teti's pyramid (Saqqara)
  • Pyramid texts from Teti I's pyramid at Saqqara
    Pyramid texts from Teti I's pyramid at Saqqara

Funerary temple of Queen Neith

In January 2021, the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of more than 50 wooden sarcophagi in 52 burial shafts dating back to the New Kingdom period, as well as a 13 ft-long papyrus containing texts from the Book of the Dead.

Archaeologists led by Zahi Hawass at Saqqara also found the funerary temple of queen Neith and warehouses made of bricks.[21][22][23] Previously unknown to researchers, she was a wife of Teti.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Miroslav Verner, The Pyramids,1994
  2. ^ a b Davis-Marks, Isis, Archaeologists Unearth Egyptian Queen's Tomb, 13-Foot 'Book of the Dead' Scroll, Smithsonian, 21 January 2021
  3. ^ N. Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti. The Power behind the Throne, 2007.
  4. ^ N. Kanawati, Conspiracies in the Egyptian Palace. Unis to Pepy I. 2003, p. 139
  5. ^ N. Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti. The Power behind the Throne, 2007, p. 14 et 50
  6. ^ a b N. Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti. The Power behind the Throne, 2007, p. 14, 20 et 50
  7. ^ N. Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti. The Power behind the Throne, 2007, p. 20, 32 et 50
  8. ^ N. Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti. The Power behind the Throne, 2007, p. 21-22 et 50
  9. ^ N. Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti. The Power behind the Throne, 2007, p. 20, 32 et 35
  10. ^ N. Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti. The Power behind the Throne, 2007, p. 20, 32 et 36
  11. ^ N. Kanawati, Mereruka and King Teti. The Power behind the Throne, 2007, p. 20-21
  12. ^ N. Kanawati, The Teti Cemetery at Saqqara, Volume 9: The Tomb of Remni, 2009
  13. ^ Ali El-Khouli & Naguib Kanawati, Quseir El-Amarna: The Tombs of Pepy-ankh and Khewen-Wekh, 1989
  14. ^ C. Berger, A la quête de nouvelles versions des textes des pyramides, in Hommages à Jean Leclant, 1994, p 73-74
  15. ^ Dodson and Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004
  16. ^ Christine Hobson, Exploring the World of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd., 1997. p.85
  17. ^ Anthony Spalinger, "Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom," SAK 21, (1994), p.303
  18. ^ "Egypt: 4,300-year-old pyramid discovered". CNN. 11 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  19. ^ a b Bossone, Andrew (11 November 2008). "New Pyramid Found in Egypt: 4,300-Year-Old Queen's Tomb". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008.
  20. ^ Rasmussen, Will; Boulton, Ralph (11 November 2008). "Egypt says has found pyramid built for ancient queen". Reuters.
  21. ^ "Queen's temple, 50 coffins, Book of Dead: Ancient Egypt trove 'remakes history' | The Times of Israel". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  22. ^ Sunday, 17 January 2021 07:54 AM MYT (17 January 2021). "Egypt makes 'major discoveries' at Saqqara archaeological site | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 20 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Egypt makes 'major discoveries' at Saqqara archaeological site". www.msn.com. Retrieved 20 January 2021.

Bibliography

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