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This article is about the town in England. For the suburb of Brisbane, see Runcorn, Queensland
Runcorn
PopulationExpression error: "61,252[1]" must be numeric
OS grid referenceSJ525815
• LondonTemplate:Mi to km SE
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townRUNCORN
Postcode districtWA7
Dialling code01928
PoliceCheshire
FireCheshire
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Cheshire

Runcorn is an industrial town and cargo port within the borough of Halton in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. In mid-2004 its population was estimated to be 61,252.[1] The town is on the southern bank of the River Mersey where the estuary narrows to form Runcorn Gap. Directly to the north across the Mersey is the town of Widnes. Upstream and Template:Mi to km to the northeast is the town of Warrington, and downstream Template:Mi to km to the west is the city of Liverpool.

Runcorn railway station is on the West Coast Main Line. It provides frequent services to London (Euston), Liverpool, and Birmingham. The A533 road passes through the town from the south, crossing the Runcorn Gap over the Silver Jubilee Bridge, the lowest bridge crossing of the River Mersey. The Manchester Ship Canal runs between the town and the River Mersey, and the Bridgewater Canal passes through and ends in the town at its junction with the Manchester Ship Canal.

Runcorn was a small, isolated village until the coming of the Industrial Revolution. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries it was a health resort. Towards the end of the 18th century, a port began to develop on the south bank of the River Mersey. During the 19th century industries developed, in particular the manufacture of soap and alkali, quarrying, shipbuilding, engineering, and tanning. In the early 20th century, the prime industries were chemicals and tanning. The original village has grown to include what were outlying villages. Except for chemicals, all the old industries have disappeared, and there has been diversification, in particular because of the close links to the motorway system, and the development of warehousing and distribution centres. A new town was built to the east of the existing town in the 1960s and 1970s, and farther to the east, areas of private housing have been established; this has resulted in a doubling of the population from around 30,000 to its present level.

History

The earliest written reference to the town is in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, where it is spelled Rumcofan, literally “a wide cove or bay”. This word is derived from the Old English words rúm (“wide” or “broad”) and cofa (“cave” or “cove”). Other historical spellings of Runcorn include Rumcoven, Ronchestorn, Runckhorne, and Runcorne.[2]

Little is known about the early history of the settlement but isolated findings of objects from the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages have been made and there is evidence of a Roman presence in the area.[3] The earliest recorded event in its history is the building by Ethelfleda of a fortification at Runcorn to protect the northern frontier of her kingdom of Mercia against the Vikings in 915. The fort was built on Castle Rock overlooking the River Mersey at Runcorn Gap.[4]

Halton Castle in the 18th century

Following the Norman conquest, Runcorn was not mentioned in the 1086 Domesday survey, although surrounding settlements were. William the Conqueror granted the earldom of Chester to Hugh d'Avranches who granted the barony of Halton to Nigel. It is likely that Nigel erected a motte and bailey castle on Halton Hill in the 1070s.[5] In 1115, Nigel's son, William Fitznigel, founded an Augustinian Priory at Runcorn. In 1134 the priory was moved to Norton, about 3.5 miles (6 km) away. In 1391 the priory was raised to the higher status of abbey.[6] In 1536 the monastery was dissolved, and around nine years later the buildings and some of the monastic lands were sold to Sir Richard Brooke who converted the habitable part of the abbey into a house.[7]

During the Civil War Halton Castle was held for the Royalists by John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers, the Steward of Halton. It fell twice to Parliamentarian Roundheads. The first siege was led by Sir William Brereton in 1643; the second was during the following year. Following this, a "Council of War" was held in Warrington in 1646 at which it was decided that the castle should be slighted.[8] In 1656, Runcorn was described as being "nothing but a fair parish church, a parsonage and a few scattered tenements".[9] And so it remained for over a century, an isolated and poor hamlet. The only through traffic used the ferry which crossed from Runcorn to the north bank of the River Mersey. Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early years of the 19th century the town was a health resort.[10]

Population
Year Total
1801 1,397
1811 2,060
1821 3,103
1831 5.035
1841 6.950
1851 8,688
1861 10,141
1871 12,444
1881 15,133
1891 20,050
1901 16,491
Soap and alkali works on the Bridgewater canal during the 19th century

During the 18th century water transport had been improved in the area by the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, the Bridgewater Canal and the Trent and Mersey Canal. This gave Runcorn waterway connections with most of the interior of England through the canal system and with the sea along the River Mersey, thus forming the basis for the development of the Port of Runcorn.[11] Later came the Runcorn to Latchford canal, and the Weston canal which gave better access to the Weaver Navigation system.[12] Industries began to develop within and around the town, in particular quarrying for Runcorn sandstone, shipbuilding, engineering, the manufacture of soap and chemicals and tanning. Runcorn was becoming an industrialised and highly polluted town. During the later 19th century the town became increasingly dominated by the chemical and tanning industries.

In 1868 the Runcorn Railway Bridge was opened across the Mersey, giving Runcorn direct rail links with Liverpool and the rest of the country.[13] In the 1880s a pipeline was opened between Northwich and Weston Point, supplying brine to the salt and chemical works.[14] In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was opened throughout its length.[15] This allowed ocean-going ships to travel inland as far as Salford, some of them calling at the port of Runcorn. The rise in population between 1881 and 1891 and the drop by 1901 is explained by the number of people involved in constructing the ship canal. In 1905 the Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge opened, giving a direct link for vehicular traffic for the first time between the two towns.[16]

During the first half of the 20th century the industry of the town continued to be dominated by chemicals and tanning. In 1926 four chemical companies merged to form Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). As the century progressed there was diversification of industry. In 1961 the Transporter Bridge was replaced by Runcorn Road Bridge (since named the Silver Jubilee Bridge) which allowed a more efficient means of road traffic across Runcorn Gap. The designation of Runcorn as a new town in 1964 brought major changes and more than doubled the population. Much of the architecture of the new town was innovative, especially the Southgate development designed by Sir James Stirling and built between 1970 and 1977. Stirling's housing development was beset with problems and it was demolished in the early 1990s.[17] During the second half of the 20th century the tanneries closed and the chemical industry declined. At the same time, light industry developed together with warehouses and distribution centres.[18]

Governance

Civic history

Runcorn Town Hall, formerly Halton Grange

At the time of the Domesday survey, Runcorn was in the hundred of Tunendune,[19] but later, and until the early 19th century, Runcorn was part of the Bucklow hundred.[20] Under the Runcorn Improvement Act 1852, a board of Improvement Commissioners was established to administer the civil government of the town.[21] By the Local Government Act 1894, the administration of the town and the surrounding areas was divided into Runcorn Urban District and Runcorn Rural District. Initially the urban district consisted of only the built-up area of Runcorn itself. By 1937, this area had been extended to include the communities of Weston and Weston Point to the south. By 1971 it had been further extended to the east to incorporate the village of Halton.[22]

In 1964, Runcorn was designated as a new town. In 1974, as part of the Local Government Act 1972, Runcorn Urban District was abolished and its territory amalgamated with Widnes to form the borough of Halton. In 1998, this borough became a unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Cheshire.[23]

Political representation

Before the Reform Act 1832, Runcorn was in the parliamentary constituency of Cheshire whch was represented by two Members of Parliament.[24] Following the Reform Act, the town was placed in the North Cheshire constituency and from 1868 in the Mid Cheshire constituency. From 1885 to 1950 the town was in the constituency of Northwich.[25] By an act of Parliament in 1948, the constituency of Runcorn was created, and in 1950 Runcorn's first Member of Parliament, Dennis Vosper, was elected.[26] He continued to represent the constituency until 1964, when he was succeeded by Mark Carlisle.[27]

Runcorn is part of two parliamentary constituencies. The western part of the town, which includes the old town area and part of the new town, is in the constituency of Halton and the eastern part, containing the rest of the new town and private housing to the east of this, is in the Weaver Vale constituency. Since the 1997 general election the Member of Parliament for the Halton constituency has been Derek Twigg[28] and for the Weaver Vale constituency Mike Hall[29]. Both are members of the Labour party.

The local authority is the borough of Halton. The town is divided into ten electoral wards.[30] There are 56 local councillors: 33 represent the Labour party, 15 the Liberal Democrat party, and 8 the Conservative party.[31] Runcorn is in the European parliamentary constituency of North West England.[32]

Geography

Sketch map of Runcorn and surrounding area

Runcorn is situated on a spur projecting into the River Mersey, which flows to the north and then to the west of the town. On the north bank of the river is another spur forming the West Bank area of Widnes; together these form Runcorn Gap, a narrowing of the River Mersey. Runcorn Gap is crossed by the Runcorn Railway Bridge, which carries the Liverpool branch of the West Coast Main Line, and the Silver Jubilee Bridge, which carries the A533 road. To the south of the town is the River Weaver and the Weston Canal. Both open into the ship canal. To the southeast of the town run the M56 motorway, the Chester–Manchester railway line, and the main branch of the West Coast Main Line. The town has a system of expressways, roads designed to divert traffic away from the residential areas.[33] The Central Expressway runs through the centre of the town in a north-south direction. To the west of it lie most of the former settlements which formed the older part of the town, namely Runcorn, Higher Runcorn, Weston, Weston Point and Clifton (formerly Rocksavage), and the new town areas of Halton Brook and Halton Lodge. To the east are the village of Halton, the old settlements of Norton and Stockham, and the new town areas of Castlefields, Palacefields, Windmill Hill, Murdishaw, Brookvale, and Hallwood Park.[34]

The density of housing is generally high, but there are open green areas, in particular heathland on Runcorn Hill and the extensive Town Park created as part of the new town. The older industries, particularly the remaining chemical factories, are concentrated mainly to the southwest of the town bordering the Mersey, while newer industries, including warehousing, are to the northeast and southeast.[18]

Runcorn Hill, showing cutting through sandstone

Geology

The Runcorn area drains into the River Mersey to the north and the River Weaver to the south. The bedrock of the western and northeastern parts of the town is made up of rock from the Sherwood sandstone group; in the other areas the bedrock is from the Mercia mudstone group. In places there are prominent outcrops of sandstone, particularly at Runcorn Hill and Halton Hill. Elsewhere the bedrock is covered by drift. At the northwestern periphery of the town the drift consists of recently blown sand. Farther to the east and bordering the River Mersey is recent alluvium. Elsewhere the drift consists of till.[35]

Climate

Being close to the west coast and the Irish Sea, the climate is generally temperate with few extremes of temperature or weather. The mean average temperature in the years 1971 to 2000 was 9.4 to 9.7°C, which was slightly above the average for the United Kingdom[36] as was the average amount of annual sunshine at 1391 to 1470 hours.[37] The average annual rainfall was 741 to 870 mm, which was slightly below the average for the UK.[38] The average number of days in the year when snow is on the ground is 0 to 6, which is low for the United Kingdom.[39] The average number of days of air frost is 2 to 39, which is also low.[40]

Demography

Housing in Castlefields, Runcorn New Town

Since the borough of Halton became a unitary authority in 1998, demographic statistics have been collated for the authority as a whole, rather than separately for the towns of Runcorn and Widnes. While the two towns have different histories and come from different historic counties, their demographic features are similar.

The population of Halton in 2004 was 118,915. It is the most densely populated district in Cheshire at 14.9 persons per hectare.[41] The change in population during the 20th century is shown in the following table.

Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population 57,755 57,062 61,039 65,309 71,835 79,026 87,168 96,150 121,861 124,915 118,215
Source: [42]

In 2003 Halton had the largest proportion of the population in Cheshire in the age groups under 5, 5 to 15, and 16 to pension age and, at 16.1% the lowest proportion of people at pension age or older. At 1.2% the proportion of non-white ethnic groups in 2001 equalled the lowest in all local authorities in Cheshire. At 11.5 per 1,000 population, the live birth rate in Halton and Warrington is the highest in the county. At 121 the standardised mortality ratio is the highest in Cheshire, as is the percentage of persons with limiting long-term illness (21.5%).[43]

There has been an increase in the number of households from 47,214 in 1991 to 52,501 in 2006. The average household size has fallen from 2.70 in 1991 to 2.44 in 2001. In 1991, 75.8% of houses were centrally heated, compared with 89.8% in 2001. The type of housing has also changed, with an increase from 15.5% to 19.2% in detached houses from 1991 to 2001, an increase over the same years in semi-detached houses from 30.0% to 33.0%, and a corresponding decrease in terraced houses from 44.0% to 37.5%.[44] The percentage of dwellings in council tax bands A–B is, at 69%, the highest in any Cheshire local authority. The percentages in bands E–F (8%) and G–H (1%) are the lowest.[45]

Economy

Chemical works at Weston Point, Runcorn

Of Runcorn's former industries, all but the chemical industry have disappeared. The industry was dominated for many years by ICI; it has since been taken over by Ineos. In Runcorn, Ineos manufactures chemicals including chlorine, chlorine-containing compounds including vinyl chloride, heavy chemicals including alkalis, and fluorine-containing compounds. A separate business within the same company manufactures salt from brine transported by pipeline from the saltfields of central Cheshire.[46] The former ICI offices and laboratories now comprise the Heath Business and Technical Park, which provides office, laboratory, conference, and leisure facilities.[47] To the east of the town, diverse industries have been developed including, because of the proximity to the motorway system, warehouses and distribution centres.[18] The town continues to act as a port on the Manchester Ship Canal. There are two adjacent ports, Runcorn Port, which is owned by the Manchester Ship Canal,[48] and The Port of Weston.[49]


There has been a shift in employment from manufacturing to service industries. In 1991 34% worked in the manufacturing sector and 61% were in the service sector. By 2004 17% were in manufacturing jobs and 78% were in service jobs.[44] This trend in the local region is demonstrated in this chart which shows the regional "gross value added" of Halton and Warrington at current basic prices, with figures in millions of British pounds.[50]

Year Regional Gross Value Added[4] Agriculture[5] Industry[6] Services[7]
1995 3,636 14 1,361 2,261
2000 4,768 10 1,433 3,324
2003 5,774 18 1,399 4,356

^ includes hunting and forestry

^ includes energy and construction

^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

Runcorn has two shopping centres. The original shopping area was in the older part of the town on High Street, Regent Street, and Church Street.[51] This centre continues to exist, but with the coming of the new town, has declined. There is a small supermarket and some specialist shops, but with a higher-than-average proportion of charity shops and take-away food outlets. A small market has been rebuilt adjacent to the old town bus station.[52] In the centre of the new town area Halton Lea (formerly Shopping City) is an enclosed shopping mall with an attached bus station.[53] Adjacent to it is Trident Park containing shopping outlets and a cinema and further away is an ASDA supermarket.

Landmarks and places of interest

Halton Castle

The major landmark in the town is Halton Castle on the top of Halton Hill near the geographical centre of the town. Only ruins of the castle exist, but there are widespread views from the top of the hill. The interior of the castle grounds is open at advertised times.[54] Incorporated in the castle walls is the Castle Hotel, which used to include a courthouse on the first floor. Another landmark is Norton water tower, built of Runcorn sandstone, Template:Ft to m high, which holds 672,000 imperial gallons (3 million litres) of water and supplies water to Liverpool.[55]

An important historical site and the major visitor centre in the town is Norton Priory, a museum. The site contains the remains of an ancient priory with adjacent gardens, formerly of a country house. Nearby are a walled garden, including a national collection of tree tree quinces, and an ice house.[56][57]

Much of the architecture of the town is undistinguished, but there are listed buildings of some importance. The listed churches are All Saints Parish Church and Holy Trinity Church in the centre of the older part of the town, St Mary's in Halton village, St John's in Weston, and Christ Church in Weston Point. The oldest existing houses are the Seneschal's house in Halton village (1598), Weston Old Hall (1607), Brookfield Farmhouse (1691), and Halton Old Hall (1693). Other outstanding houses include Runcorn Town Hall (formerly Halton Grange), Camden House and Cottage in High Street, and Bridgewater House near the Ship Canal.[58]

A war memorial to those who lost their lives in World War I, World War II and in later conflicts is at the bottom of Moughland Lane.[59] There is a memorial in Castle Road, Halton village, commemorating residents of the village who served in the Boer War.

Culture

Theatre and cinema

The Brindley is a theatre and arts centre which opened in 2004. It is situated in the old town centre and named after James Brindley, engineer of the adjacent Bridgewater Canal. It contains a proscenium theatre seating 420 and a multi-purpose theatre seating 108, The Studio, which doubles as a cinema. There is an exhibition space for art installations, a small café, and multi-purpose rooms. The theatre is owned and administered by Halton Borough Council which runs community events in the building.[60] A multiplex cinema run by Cineworld is in Trident Park.[61]

Waterloo Hotel, aka The Archer

Filmography

Runcorn has been used for the shooting of so many films and television programmes that it has been described as Woollywood,[62] combining the obvious reference to Hollywood with the dialect term woollyback sometimes used by people from Liverpool to describe those not from that city. Some of the sequences in the first two series of the BBC police drama Merseybeat were filmed in and around the town.[63] The BBC situation comedy Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps is set in Runcorn. External shots of the Waterloo Hotel in the area of High Street known as Top Locks (which is known in the show as The Archer) appear as well. The opening credits show the Silver Jubilee Bridge and Halton Castle.[64] Drop Dead Gorgeous, a four-part comedy drama on BBC Three, was set in Runcorn.[65] The interior of the Undercroft at Norton Priory has been used for locations in films.[57]

The Runcorn Ferry

Before the building of Runcorn Railway Bridge and its attached footbridge, the only way to cross the Mersey at or near Runcorn Gap, other than by the dangerous method of fording, was by the ferry. The ferry has a history going back to the 12th century.[66] The ferry was celebrated in the monologue entitled The Runcorn Ferry, written by Marriott Edgar and popularised by Stanley Holloway. It includes the lines:

Per tuppence per person per trip… Per trip or per part of per trip.[67]

Community facilities

The main library is at Halton Lea with a branch library in Egerton Street in the old town centre (which includes the archives of the Runcorn & District Historical Society).[68] Runcorn has two locations offering One-Stop-Shop facilities; Halton Lea Direct Link is in Halton Lea and Runcorn Direct Link is in Church Street in the old town area.[69] Runcorn Direct Link also includes a Tourist Information Centre.[70]

Runcorn Hill

Runcorn Hill Local Nature Reserve has been developed on the site of a quarry and consists of heathland. Adjacent to it is a park which includes a bandstand, a model boating lake, and sports facilities.[71] Wigg Island is a nature reserve on a former industrial site. The reserve is on an island between the Manchester Ship Canal and the River Mersey and consists of open spaces and woodland with bird hides and pathways. Murdishaw Valley is an area of ancient woodland to the east of the town between the Murdishaw housing development and the M56.[72] Rock Park is on the site of a quarry in the old town area and includes sports facilities.[73] Town Park is in the centre of the new town development and has a link to the north with Norton Priory.[74] Open areas in Runcorn form part of Mersey Forest, one of Britain's community forests.[75]

Runcorn's hospital is Halton Hospital, which is administered by the North Cheshire Hospitals NHS Trust. This hospital is undergoing change. Originally planned as a District General Hospital, it was never large enough to provide a full range of services. Acute medical services have been transferred to Warrington Hospital. The plan is to provide non-emergency surgery and rehabilitation at Halton Hospital.[76] Halton Haven Hospice is in the Murdishaw area of the town.[77] Primary care services are provided by the Halton and St Helens Primary Care Trust. In Runcorn general practitioner services are provided in five health centres and in one separate medical practice in Heath Road. There are dental practices providing National Health Service and private dental care.[78]

Transport

Runcorn railway bridge is on the left and Silver Jubilee (road) bridge on the right

There are two railway stations. Runcorn (mainline) station is on the Liverpool branch of the West Coast Main Line. From this station, Virgin Trains run 15 trains daily on weekdays between Liverpool and London, and Central Trains run services between Liverpool and Birmingham. Runcorn East station is on the Chester to Manchester line. Arriva Trains Wales and Northern Rail run an hourly service to Chester, Warrington, and Manchester.[79]

Busways are also available. These are for use by buses only.[33] There are two bus stations, one in the old town centre and the other at Halton Lea. Two companies provide local public transport services, Halton Transport[80] and Arriva.[81] Express coach services calling at Runcorn are provided between Hoylake via Liverpool and London and between Southport and Cambridge by National Express.[82] Coach services are provided by Selwyns[83] and Anthony's Travel.[84] Both companies have depots in the town.

Runcorn has a system of expressways diverting through traffic from the local roads.[33] This system links to the north by the A533 over the Silver Jubilee Bridge to Widnes and south Lancashire, to the northeast to Warrington by the A56, to the east to Northwich and north Cheshire by the A533, and to the southeast by the A557 to the M56 and to Frodsham. The M56 links to the M6 and, to the north of Widnes, the A557 links to the M62.[85] The Silver Jubilee Bridge becomes congested at peak travel times. In the event of a breakdown or accident on the bridge, traffic in the area comes to a standstill. To resolve this problem, a second crossing of the Mersey is planned, to be known as the Mersey Gateway.[86] There is a network of dedicated cycleways in the town.[87] Runcorn is Template:Mi to km from Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Template:Mi to km from Manchester Airport.

Education

There are 29 primary schools in the town and one nursery school at The Grange. The four secondary schools are Halton High, St. Chad's Catholic High, The Grange, and The Heath. Two institutions, Halton College and Runcorn Sixth Form College, merged in 2006 to form the Riverside College Halton. There is one special school in the town, Cavendish School. There are opportunities for adult education in information technology at the Acorn Lifelong Learning Centre and at the Grange City Learning Centre. Other courses for adults are held at different venues in the town.[88]

St Chads Catholic High School

The achievement and attainment tables for 2006 show that the primary schools in the Halton Local Authority perform in English, mathematics, and science in Key Stage 2 at levels close to the average for England.[89] The attainments of the secondary schools in the local authority are more variable. For 2006, using the measure of 5 or more grades A*–C in the GCSE (or equivalent), the average for England was 59.2% while the Halton average was 52.6%. The figures for the individual secondary schools in Runcorn were Halton High 52%, The Grange 36%, The Heath 72% and St. Chad's Catholic High 50%.[90] For 2007 the results are St. Chad's Catholic High 56%,[91] The Heath School 83%.[92]

Religion

All Saints Parish Church

The 2001 census showed, that of the people living in the borough of Halton, 83.8% declared themselves to be Christian, 8.7% stated that they had "no religion," and 7.0% made no religious claims at all. Those stating their religions as Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Islam or Sikh amounted to 0.5%.[93]

The Anglican churches are part of the Diocese of Chester and the deanery of Frodsham.[94][95] In Runcorn the parish church is All Saints in the old town centre. Ten other Anglican churches are in the town.[95] Five Roman Catholic churches can be found in Runcorn. They are administered by the Diocese of Shrewsbury.[96] There are three Methodist chapels and one Welsh Presbyterian chapel. Wicksten Drive Christian Centre is shared between the Church of England and the Methodists. There is an Independent Baptist chapel, three independent Christian churches, and a Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Jehovah's Witnesses have two Kingdom Halls, and there is a Spiritualist church.[95] There are no places of worship in Runcorn for any other major world religions.

Sports

Runcorn's main football club is Runcorn Linnets FC. This club has had a complicated history. At one time, Runcorn F. C. played on a ground in Canal Street, Runcorn. When this land was sold for housing in 2000, the team played at grounds outside the town and it was renamed Runcorn F.C. Halton. In 2006 there was a change of management, and the team's name was changed again. At the end of the 2006–07 season, the club gained promotion from Division 2 to Division 1 of the North West Counties League.[97] It is hoped that they will be able to play their home games in Runcorn starting in the 2007–08 season.[98] There are a number of smaller football clubs in the town for adults and children.

Runcorn Cricket Club and Runcorn Hockey Club are based at the Runcorn Sports Club in Moughland Lane. Runcorn Rugby Union FC is based at Halton Sports Club in Murdishaw. There is an 18 hole golf course at Runcorn Golf Club in Clifton Road[99] and a golf driving range at Sutton Fields.[100] Runcorn Sports Club is a privately run sports club in Moughland Lane and provides facilities and coaching for cricket and hockey. Halton Sports Club is in Murdishaw Avenue. Privately run swimming pools are at Beechwood local centre and Stockham Lodge Raquet and Health Club. Adjacent to the latter are two artificial ski slopes administered by Runcorn Ski Centre.[101] The Runcorn Rowing Club rows on the River Weaver Navigation near Clifton Village.[102] The local authority runs several sports centres, including: Runcorn Swimming Pool; Brookvale Recreation Centre, offering indoor sporting facilities; and Phoenix Park, with outdoor sporting facilities. Other sports are also catered for.[103] Runcorn has a professional wrestling academy, the Runcorn Wrestling Academy (RWA).

Notable people

Thomas Hazlehurst,
chapel builder

Individuals from Runcorn who have gained entry into the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography include Sir John Chesshyre (1662–1738), a prominent lawyer,[104] Nathan Alcock (1707–79), a noted physician,[105] and his brother Rev. Thomas Alcock (1709–98), Vicar of Runcorn, and writer and cider maker.[106] Thomas Hazlehurst (1779–1842) founded one of the two major soap and alkali manufacturing businesses in the town, Hazlehurst & Sons. His son Thomas Hazlehurst (1816–76) was involved with the business. He was a Methodist who paid for the construction of 12 chapels and three schools in the area.[107]

Edward John Smith (1850–1912), captain of the Titanic, purchased a retirement home in Higher Runcorn but never lived there because of his death aboard the Titanic. Thomas Henry Hall Caine (1853–76), a novelist and playwright, was born in Runcorn.[108] Thomas Alfred Jones (1880–56) was awarded the Victoria Cross and the Distinguished Conduct Medal during World War I.[109] In more recent times the singer and actress Kym Marsh (1976– ) and the actor Jack Ryder (1981– ) often spend their weekends in Runcorn with Marsh's family.[110] The boxer Robin Reid (1971– ) attended secondary school in Runcorn, a place he identifies as his home town.[111] The singer Nicola Roberts (1985– ) from the British girl band, 'Girls Aloud,' also comes from Runcorn.[112]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Halton Population". Halton Borough Council. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
  2. ^ Nickson, p.5. and Starkey, Old Runcorn, p.4.
  3. ^ Starkey, Old Runcorn, pp.1–4.
  4. ^ Nickson, pp.6–13. The foundations of the fort were discovered during the building of the railway bridge but were covered by an abutment of the bridge.
  5. ^ Starkey, Old Runcorn, pp.7–8.
  6. ^ Greene, pp.1–9.
  7. ^ Greene, p.151 and Nickson, p.39.
  8. ^ Starkey, Old Runcorn, pp.57–58.
  9. ^ King, Daniel, The Vale Royal of England, 1656 (quoted in Starkey, Old Runcorn).
  10. ^ Starkey, Old Runcorn, pp.133–137.
  11. ^ Starkey, Schooner Port, pp.19–24 and Old Runcorn, pp.125–130.
  12. ^ Starkey, Old Runcorn, p.173.
  13. ^ Nickson, p.206.
  14. ^ Starkey, Old Runcorn, pp.160–162.
  15. ^ Starkey, Schooner Port, p.184.
  16. ^ Thompson, Bridging the Years, p.17.
  17. ^ "Unhappy customers". BD: The Architects' Website. 2007-03-30. Retrieved 2007-07-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ a b c "Halton Business Directory". Halton Borough Council. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  19. ^ Phillips, p.27.
  20. ^ Phillips, p.9.
  21. ^ Starkey, Old Runcorn, p.193.
  22. ^ Phillips, p.11.
  23. ^ "The Borough of Halton". Halton Borough Council. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  24. ^ Phillips, p.100.
  25. ^ Phillips, pp.102–103.
  26. ^ Starkey, Old Runcorn, 221.
  27. ^ "Lord Carlisle of Bucklow". Telegraph. 2007-07-19. Retrieved 2007-06-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "Derek Twigg". ePolitix.com. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
  29. ^ "Mike Hall M P". ePolitix.com. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
  30. ^ "Local Democracy". Halton Borough Council. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
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Bibliography used for notes

  • Greene, Patrick (1989). Norton Priory: The archaeology of a medieval religious house. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33054-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Nickson, Charles (1887). History of Runcorn. London and Warrington: Mackie & Co. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Phillips, A.D.M. (2002). A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire. Chester: Cheshire County Council. ISBN 0-904532-46-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Starkey, H.F. (1983). Schooner Port: Two Centuries of Upper Mersey Sail. Ormskirk: G.W. & A. Hesketh. ISBN 0-905777-34-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Starkey, H.F. (1990). Old Runcorn. Halton: Halton Borough Council. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Thompson, Dave (2000). Bridging the Years: The Story of Runcorn-Widnes Transporter Bridge. Runcorn: Dave Thompson. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

Further bibliography

  • Cowan, C.A. (1990). Runcorn Ferry and Hale Ford. Crossing the Runcorn Gap. Halton: Halton Borough Council. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Cowan, C.A. (1990). Runcorn Railway Bridge. Crossing the Runcorn Gap. Halton: Halton Borough Council. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Cowan, C.A. (1990). Runcorn Town Hall: A History and Description. Halton: Halton Borough Council. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Cowan, C.A. (1992). Early Bridging Proposals. Crossing the Runcorn Gap. Halton: Halton Borough Council. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Halton Borough Council (1978). The Bridging of Runcorn Gap. Halton: Halton Borough Council. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Howard, Liz. (1993). The Way We Were – Runcorn Remembered: A Social History. Manchester: Aurora. ISBN 1-85926-031-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Howard, Liz. (1995). Runcorn in Old Picture Postcards. Back in Time. Zaltbommel: European Library. ISBN 90-288-6124-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Nicolle, Dorothy (2004). Widnes and Runcorn: Photographic Memories. Salisbury: Frith Book Company. ISBN 1-85937-854-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Starkey, H.F. (1980). Runcorn in Times Past. Chorley: Countryside Publications. ISBN 0-86157-032-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Starkey, H.F. (1994). Runcorn. The Old Photographs Series. Bath: Alan Sutton. ISBN 0-7524-0025-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Starkey, H.F. (1999). Runcorn – The Second Selection. Images of England. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1826-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Starkey, H.F. (2005). Runcorn: A Century of Change. Images of England. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3617-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Thompson, Dave (2000). Over the Hill: An Historical Look at Runcorn Hill and its Locality. Runcorn: Dave Thompson. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Thompson, Dave (2000). Bridging the Mersey: A Pictorial History. Back in Time. Zaltbommel: European Library. ISBN 90 288 2640 8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Thompson, Dave (2001). Bridging Us Together: The Story of Runcorn–Widnes Bridge. Runcorn: Dave Thompson. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Thompson, Dave (2004). The Changing Face of Runcorn. Britain in Old Photographs. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3507-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Whimperley, Arthur (1981). Halton Castle: An Introduction and Visitors' Handbook. Widnes: Arthur Whimperley. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Whimperley, Arthur (1986). The Barons of Halton. Widnes: MailBook Publishing. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

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