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Assassination of Benazir Bhutto

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Benazir Bhutto assassination
File:Benazir Bhutto assassination.jpg
Bhutto addressing supporters shortly before her death.
This file may be deleted at any time.
LocationLiaquat National Bagh, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
DateDecember 27, 2007
TargetBenazir Bhutto
Attack type
Suicide attack,[1] Gun shooting, Bombing[2]
DeathsAt least 24[3][4]

The assassination of Benazir Bhutto occurred on 27 December, 2007 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Twice Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990; 1993–1996) and then-leader of the opposition Pakistan Peoples Party, Bhutto was assassinated while she was campaigning ahead of elections due in January 2008.[1][4][5] She was shot at after a political rally at Liaquat National Bagh; a suicide bomb was detonated immediately following the shooting. She was declared dead at 18:16 local time (13:16 UTC), at Rawalpindi General Hospital.[4][5][6][7] At least 24 other people were confirmed dead in the aftermath.[8] Shortly after her return from exile two months earlier, she survived a similar attempt on her life that killed over 136 people.[5][9]

Though early reports indicated that she had been hit by shrapnel or the gunshots,[10][11][12] the Pakistani Interior Ministry initially stated that Bhutto died of a skull fracture sustained when the force of the explosion caused her head to strike the sunroof of the vehicle.[13] Bhutto's aides have rejected this version, and instead have said that she suffered two gunshots prior to the bomb detonation.[14] The Interior Ministry subsequently backtracked from its previous claim.[15] However, a follow-up investigation by Scotland Yard found that while gunshots were fired, they were not the cause of death, agreeing with the Interior Ministry's original assessment of an explosion slamming her head into the roof of the vehicle.[16]

Background

Bhutto had opted for self-exile while her court cases for corruption remained pending in foreign and Pakistani courts.[17] After eight years in exile in Dubai and London, Bhutto returned to Karachi on 18 October 2007 to prepare for the 2008 national elections, allowed by a possible power-sharing deal with President Pervez Musharraf.[5][18]

Bhutto survived an assassination attempt in Karachi during this homecoming.[19] En route to a rally in Karachi on 18 October 2007, two explosions occurred shortly after she had landed and left Jinnah International Airport returning from her exile.[20] Bhutto was not injured, but the explosions, later found to be a suicide-bomb attack, killed 139 people and injured at least 450.[20][21] The dead included at least 50 of the security guards from her Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), who had formed a human chain around her truck to keep potential bombers away, as well as six police officers.[22] A number of senior officials were injured. Bhutto was escorted unharmed from the scene.[22]

After the bombing Bhutto and her husband asked Musharraf for greater security, including tinted windows, jammers for bombs, private guards, and four police vehicles. These calls were echoed by three U.S. Senators who wrote to Musharraf. Bhutto's supporters and the Pakistani government dispute whether or not she was provided adequate protection.[23] The Israeli newspaper Maariv reported that Bhutto further asked the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Britain's Scotland Yard, and Israel's Mossad several weeks before the assassination to help provide for her protection. Israel had not yet decided whether or not to provide aid because it did not want to upset relations with Pakistan and India.[24]

Bhutto also tried to obtain private security personnel, approaching both the U.S.-based Blackwater and UK-based ArmorGroup. However, the Pakistani government refused to give visas to the foreign security contractors. Despite this, American diplomats provided Bhutto with confidential U.S. intelligence on threats against her.[25]

Assassination

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Benazir Bhutto had just addressed a rally of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) supporters in the city of Rawalpindi when the rally was rocked by a blast. Bhutto was said to have been leaving the rally when the attack occurred.[5][26] Initial police reports stated that one or more assassins fired at Bhutto's bulletproof white Toyota Land Cruiser just as she was about to drive off after the rally.[27] A suicide bomber detonating a bomb next to her vehicle followed.[4] According to Getty Images photographer John Moore, Bhutto was standing through her vehicle's sunroof to wave at supporters, and fell back inside after two gunshots,[11][28] and the Times of India aired an amateur clip showing the assassin firing four gun shots at Bhutto before the blast.[29] Her last words were "Long live Bhutto."[30]

Following the incident, an unconscious Bhutto was taken to the Rawalpindi General Hospital at 17:35 local time,[31] where doctors led by Rawalpindi Medical College Principal Mohammad Musaddiq Khan tried to resuscitate her, performing a "left anterolateral thoracotomy for open cardiac massage";[32] Dr. Sadiq Khan, Khan's father, had tried to save Liaquat Ali Khan when he was assassinated in the same park and rushed to the same hospital in 1951.[33] Although PPP spokesman Farhatullah Babar initially said that Bhutto was safe, she was declared dead at 18:16 local time (13:16 UTC).[5]

Cause of death

File:Bhutto assassin 1.png
Screenshot showing assassin, lower left, outlined in red

Initial reports based on Pakistani Interior Ministry information reported that Bhutto was killed by a gunshot wound to the neck. Rehman Malik, a security adviser for PPP, suggested that the killer opened fire as Bhutto left the rally and that he hit her in the neck and chest before he detonated the explosives he was wearing. Javed Cheema, an interior ministry spokesman, stated that her injuries were caused either by her having been shot or from pellets packed into the detonated bomb that acted as shrapnel.[34]

On December 28, however, the cause of Bhutto's death became less clear. Pakistan's Interior Ministry announced that they now felt Bhutto's death was as a result of a neck fracture sustained when she ducked or fell into her vehicle and hit the sunroof catch immediately after the gunshots but later reported her cause of death as a skull fracture.[35][36][37] According to an Associated Press report, the Ministry stated "Bhutto was killed when she tried to duck back into the vehicle, and the shock waves from the blast knocked her head into a lever attached to the sunroof, fracturing her skull". The Ministry further added, in contradiction of the official hospital account, that Bhutto suffered no gunshot or shrapnel injuries and that all gunshots missed her.[37]

PPP spokesman Farhatullah Babar rejected Bhutto's death having come as a result of an accident. Bhutto’s lawyer and a senior official in PPP, Farooq Naik, said that the report was "baseless" and "a pack of lies." He went on to support the view that the cause of death was two bullets hitting Bhutto in the abdomen and the head.[38] An anonymous Toyota official also rejected the notion that she could have even hit the lever based on its location in the car (a Toyota Land Cruiser).[39]

In statements made to Pakistan's The News, Mohammad Mussadiq Khan, one of the doctors who treated Bhutto at Rawalpindi General Hospital, described severe and depressed skull fractures, oval in overall shape, on the right side of Bhutto's head.[40] He apparently saw no other injuries and downplayed the possibility of bullet wounds,[41] although he had previously spoken of them.[42] One anonymous doctor said that Pakistani authorities took Bhutto's medical records immediately after her death, and that they told doctors to stop talking.[42]

On December 31, Athar Minallah of the Rawalpindi General Hospital released a statement (described as "clinical notes") signed by seven persons involved in Bhutto's treatment at the hospital.[43][44][45] These persons were not pathologists and did not conduct a formal autopsy. The statement first narrates the course of treatment, from Bhutto's arrival at the hospital until she was declared dead. The second part of the statement details the head wound and notes that "Detailed external examination of the body did not reveal any other external injury". X-rays had been taken of the head wound and were interpreted in the statement. The cause of death was declared to be "Open head injury with depressed skull fracture, leading to cardiopulmonary arrest".

According to The Washington Post, the crime scene was cleared before any forensic examination could be completed and no formal autopsy was performed before burial.[46] Doctors had asked permission to perform an autopsy, but this request was denied by the Rawalpindi chief of police.[47] According to the BBC, Brigadier Cheema claims "We gave you absolute facts… collaborated by the doctors' report," and that Pakistan would allow her body to be exhumed.[48] Bhutto's husband later confirmed that he had denied a request for an autopsy to be conducted citing fears the report would be manipulated [49]

On 1 January 2008, Pakistan's Interior Ministry backtracked on its statement that Benazir Bhutto had died from hitting her head on the sunroof latch. Ministry spokesman, Javed Iqbal Cheema said that the ministry would wait for forensic investigations before making a conclusion on Bhutto's cause of death.[50]

According to some reports, Benazir Bhutto died of injuries sustained from a skull injury.[51]

In an interview on 60 Minutes on January 6, 2008, President Pervez Musharraf stated that Bhutto's death was primarily her own fault. He explained that she had taken "unnecessary risks" and that she should have exited the rally more quickly.

On February 8, 2008, investigators from Scotland Yard concluded that Benazir Bhutto died after hitting her head as she was tossed by the force of a suicide blast, not from an assassin’s bullet.[52] In the report, UK Home Office pathologist Dr. Nathaniel Cary said that while a gunshot wound to her head or trunk could not be entirely excluded as a possibility, "the only tenable cause for the rapidly fatal head injury in this case is that it occurred as the result of impact due to the effects of the bomb-blast."[16] The findings were consistent with the Pakistani government’s explanation of Bhutto’s assassination, an account that had been greeted with disbelief by Ms. Bhutto’s supporters, other Pakistanis and medical experts.

Funeral

Bhutto's funeral occurred on the afternoon of 28 December 2007. Her body was moved from Chaklala Airbase in Rawalpindi to Sukkur Airport on December 28 2007 at 1:20 a.m. Both her children and her husband traveled with her body. Earlier they reached Chaklala Air Base by a special flight to get her body.[5] Mourners from all over Pakistan made their way to Larkana to take part in the funeral ceremony for the former Prime Minister. The family delivered the body to its site of burial via helicopter. Bhutto was laid to rest beside her father in the family tomb.[53]

Aftermath

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Riots

After Bhutto's death, supporters wept and broke the hospital's glass doors, threw stones at cars, and reportedly chanted "Dog, Musharraf, dog" outside the hospital, referring to President Musharraf.[4][5] Others attacked police and burned election campaign posters and tires.[54] Some opposition groups said that the assassination could lead to civil war, and other commentators said that the upcoming elections would likely be postponed.[55]

Demonstrations were widespread in Pakistan with police using tear gas and batons to break up angry demonstrations in Peshawar.[5] Some protesters torched the billboards of Musharraf, firing in the air and screaming. Protests in Multan also had protesters burning tires and blocking traffic. Similar scenes were witnessed in Karachi, Bhutto's hometown.[56] Police in Sindh have been put on red alert.[57] The BBC broke the news that a police officer was shot in Karachi during the riots following the assassination.

Musharraf ordered a crack down on rioters and looters stating that they "must be dealt with firmly and all measures be taken to ensure [the] safety and security of the people".[48] The Pakistan Rangers announced shoot-on-sight orders against anyone inciting violence or arson, although attempts to avoid direct confrontation were maintained. On Friday, the riots deteriorated, especially in the Sindh Province, the homeground of Bhutto. Foreign outlets, trains, banks and vehicles were destroyed or burnt and protesters took over the streets, chanting slogans and setting tires on fire in several cities. At least 47 people died in the riots.[58] Rioters destroyed 176 banks, 34 petrol stations, 72 train cars, 18 rail stations, and hundreds of cars and shops.[59]

Pakistan Peoples Party

Bhutto's son, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, read her instructions on the future of the Pakistan Peoples Party on December 30.[60] He was appointed Chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party on 30 December 2007 in accordance with his mother's wish,[61] and his father will be co-chairman.[62]

Elections

Main article: Pakistani general election, 2008

Pakistan's election commission met on 31 December to decide whether or not to delay the January elections; two days before they hinted that they would need to because pre-election preparation has been "adversely affected".[63] A senior election commission official subsequently announced that the election would be delayed until "towards the later part of February". [64]

Economy

Following a three day shut-down, the benchmark index, the KSE100 index, of the Karachi Stock Exchange fell 4.7% and the rupee fell to its lowest level against the US dollar since October 2001. However, the stock exchange does have a history of recovering after political unrest.[65]

Electoral fraud report

Senator Latif Khosa, one of Bhutto's top aides, reported that several hours after her assassination she was planning to divulge evidence of fraud in the upcoming election. The pair co-wrote a 160-page dossier on the subject, with Bhutto outlining tactics she alleged would be put into play, including intimidation, excluding voters and fake ballots being planted in boxes. The report was titled Yet another stain on the face of democracy. In a statement he made on the 1 January 2008, Khosa said "There is rigging by the ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence), the Election Commission and the previous government, which is still continuing to hold influence. They were on the rampage." Khosa said that they had planned to give the dossier to two American law-makers on the evening of her assassination and release it publicly soon after that. One of the claims in the dossier was that US financial aid had been secretly misappropriated for electoral fraud and another was that the ISI has a 'mega-computer' which could hack into any other computer and was connected to the Election Commission's system. A spokesman for President Pervez Musharraf labeled the claims as "ridiculous".[66]

Responsibility

Bhutto, in a letter to Musharaff written on 16 October 2007, named four persons involved in an alleged plot to kill her. These included the current Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief Ijaz Shah, former chief minister of Punjab Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, former chief minister of Sindh Arbab Ghulam Rahim, and the former ISI chief, Hamid Gul, as those who posed a threat to her life.[67]

A Times (UK) article names al-Qaeda- and Taliban-backed warlords based in Waziristan and other areas of northwestern Pakistan as likely suspects, but also points to elements within the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence with close ties to Islamists as equally likely to have been behind the killing. The article also claims that President Musharraf is unlikely to have ordered the assassination.[68] However, Bhutto herself had emailed Mark Siegel, her U.S. spokesman, lobbyist and friend, in October 2007, saying that because the Musharraf government was not providing adequate security, she would hold Musharraf responsible if she were killed.[69][70] Mark Siegel had forwarded this email to both U.S. Representative Steve Israel and Wolf Blitzer of CNN with instructions that they publish the email only in the event of Bhutto's death.[23][71]

On 27 December al-Qaeda commander Mustafa Abu al-Yazid is said to have claimed responsibility for the assassination, telling Adnkronos International that "We terminated the most precious American asset which vowed to defeat [the] mujahideen." The article further claims that al-Yazid stated that al-Qaeda second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri ordered the killing in October 2007.[72] The Asia Times Online also reported that it had received a claim of responsibility from al-Yazid by telephone.[73] U.S. intelligence officials have said that they cannot confirm this claim of responsibility.[74] Nonetheless, U.S. analysts have said that al-Qaeda was a likely, or even prime suspect.[74][75] For its part, the Pakistani Interior Ministry states that it has proof that al-Qaeda was behind the assassination, stating "that the suicide bomber belonged to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi – an al Qaeda-linked Sunni Muslim militant group that the government has blamed for hundreds of killings".[37][76] The Interior Ministry also claimed to have intercepted a statement by militant leader Baitullah Mehsud, said to be linked to al-Qaeda, in which he congratulated his followers for carrying out the assassination.[77][78] On December 29 a Mehsud spokesman told The Associated Press that Mehsud was not at all involved in the assassination:[79] "I strongly deny it. Tribal people have their own customs. We don't strike women. It is a conspiracy by government, military and intelligence agencies."[80] The PPP also called the government's blame of Mehsud a diversion: "The story that al-Qaida or Baitullah Mehsud did it appears to us to be a planted story, an incorrect story, because they want to divert the attention," said Farhatullah Babar, a spokesman for Bhutto's party.[79][81] On January 18, CIA Director Michael Hayden confirmed that Mehsud and his network was responsible.[82]

Many of Bhutto's supporters believe that the Musharraf government was involved in the assassination. [1]

On 30 December, Scotland on Sunday quoted MI5 sources saying that factions of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence may be responsible for the assassination.[83] Bhutto anticipated that three senior allies of Pakistan's president General Musharraf were out to kill her in a secret email to Foreign Secretary David Miliband written weeks before her death.[84]

It is possible that both Inter-Services Intelligence and Wahhabist or Al Queda-linked border mujahedin are responsible for Bhutto's assassination, as this would be consistent with prior events: Author Steve Coll, in interviews with Bhutto on May 5, 2002, and with Robert B. Oakley on February 15, 2002, wrote that in December of 1989:[85]

Pakistani intelligence reached out to bin Laden for money to bribe legislators to throw Benazir Bhutto out of office, according to reports that later reached Bhutto. According to Bhutto, ISI officers telephoned bin Laden in Saudi Arabia and asked him to fly to Pakistan to help organize a no-confidence vote in parliament against Bhutto's government, the first step in a Pakistan army plan to remove her forcibly from office.

Author Steve Coll wrote in the January 28, 2008 New Yorker on Bhutto's assassination. He discusses the changing relationship of ISI to violent Islamist non-government organizations in Western Pakistan, without coming to specific conclusions about shared responsibility.[86]

Reactions

Pakistani Government

According to state television, Musharraf held an emergency cabinet meeting after he received word of the blast; he addressed the nation, saying that "We shall not rest till we tackle this problem and eliminate all the terrorists. This is the only way the nation will be able to move forward, otherwise this will be the biggest obstacle to our advancement."[87] Pakistani police implored citizens to stay at home; increasing violence and rioting is expected as a direct effect of Bhutto's death.[7]

Mahmud Ali Durrani, the Pakistani ambassador to the United States, called Bhutto's death "a national tragedy," and stated that "... we have lost one of our important, very important and, I would stress, liberal leaders."[7]

In a televised address, Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf publicly condemned the killing of Bhutto, proclaiming a three-day mourning period with all national flags at half mast.[88]

Opposition

Nawaz Sharif was the first mainstream political leader to reach the hospital and express his solidarity with Bhutto's family and political workers,[89] saying that "I would fight your [Bhutto's] war from now on", that he shared the grief of "the entire nation," and that "it is not a sad day, it is a dark, darkest, gloomiest day in the history of this country. Something unthinkable has happened. Something inconceivable, unthinkable has happened."[87][90] Despite extreme political enmity between the two leaders during the 1990s, both vowed to introduce politics of tolerance before returning from exile and had earlier signed the Charter of Democracy. After signing the charter, they said that they would work for an end to the rule of General Musharraf.[91] Earlier in the day, Nawaz Sharif's political meeting had also been shot at, resulting in the death of four people.[92] Later that day Sharif demanded that Musharraf "quit immediately" and said that the Pakistan Muslim League (N), his political party, would boycott the January elections.[93]

Chairman Imran Khan of the Tehreek-e-Insaf party strongly condemned the assassination of Benazir Bhutto. "It is a dastardly act designed to destabilise Pakistan with the government responsible for not providing her security though she was demanding it. We must fight this menace of terrorism. It is a black day in the history of Pakistan and an irreparable loss to this country," Khan said.[94]

PPP president Javaid Manzoor said, "We [Bhutto's supporters] are shocked. We are stunned. Every single one of us is mourning the loss of our leader," also stating that he believed that the next election, scheduled for 8 January would be canceled.[4] PPP senior vice chairman Makhdoom Amin Fahim later called for a 40-day period of mourning across Pakistan.[95] PPP spokesman Farhatullah Babar said the PPP was unhappy with the government's declaration of the death coming as a result of an accident and said that the PPP wanted to see a change in the direction of the investigation. He called for an independent inquiry into the assassination by international experts. He also said that “had the government accepted our demand of conducting an inquiry into Karachi’s 18 October blast by international experts, this incident would not have happened."[96]

International reaction

Main article: International reaction to the assassination of Benazir Bhutto

Bhutto's assassination was greeted by widespread condemnation by members of the international community,[87] including Pakistan's regional neighbors Afghanistan,[87] China,[97] India,[87][98] Bangladesh,[99] and Iran.[7][100][87] Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh praised Bhutto's efforts for the improvement of India-Pakistan relations.[87][101] The UN Security Council held an emergency meeting and unanimously condemned the assassination,[102] a call echoed by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.[103] Both European Union President José Manuel Barroso and U.S. President George W. Bush also expressed the hope that Pakistan will continue on the path of democracy.[7][87][104]

See also

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References

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