Dorothy Hodgkin

Dorothy Hodgkin
Born	(1910-12-05)5 December 1910 Cairo, Egypt
Died	July 29, 1994(1994-07-29) (aged 84) Ilmington, Warwickshire, England
Nationality	United Kingdom
Alma mater	Somerville College, Oxford University of Cambridge
Known for	Development of Protein crystallography Determining the structure of Insulin
Awards	Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964)
Scientific career
Fields	Biochemistry
Institutions	University of Oxford
Doctoral advisor	John Desmond Bernal

Dorothy Mary Hodgkin, born Dorothy Mary Crowfoot OM, FRS (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a British chemist, credited with the development of Protein crystallography.

She advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography, a method used to determine the three dimensional structures of biomolecules. Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin that Ernst Boris Chain had previously surmised, and then the structure of vitamin B12, for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1969, after 35 years of work and five years after winning the Nobel Prize, Hodgkin was able to decipher the structure of insulin. X-ray crystallography became a widely used tool and was critical in later determining the structure of many biological molecules such as DNA where knowledge of structure is critical to an understanding of function. She is regarded as one of the foremost scientists in the field of X-Ray crystallography studies of natural molecules. Besides her extraordinary scientific abilities, she was unassuming, communicative and passionate about social inequalities and peace.

Early years

Dorothy was born in May 12, 1910 in Cairo, Egypt, to John Winter Crowfoot (1873 – 1959), excavator and scholar of classics, and Grace Mary Hood (1877 – 1957). For the first four years of her life she lived as an English expatriate in Asia Minor, returning to England only a few months each year. She spent the period of World War I in the UK under the care of relatives and friends, but separated from her parents. After the war, her mother decided to stay home in England and educate her children, a period that Hodgkin later described as the happiest in her life.

In 1921, she entered the Sir John Leman Grammar School in Beccles, Suffolk. She travelled abroad frequently to visit her parents in Cairo and Khartoum. Both her father and her mother had a strong influence with their Puritan ethic of selflessness and service to humanity which reverberated in her later achievements.

Education and research

She developed a passion for chemistry from a young age, and her mother fostered her interest in science in general. Her excellent early education prepared her well for university. At age 18 she started studying chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford, then one of the University of Oxford colleges for women only.

She also studied at the University of Cambridge under the tutelage of John Desmond Bernal, where she became aware of the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of proteins.

In 1934, she moved back to Oxford and two years later, in 1936, she became a research fellow at Somerville College, a post which she held until 1977.

Together with Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl Oughton, she was one of the first people in 1953 to see the model of the structure of DNA, constructed by Francis Crick and James Watson; at the time he and the other scientists were working at Oxford University's Chemistry Department. All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick.

In 1960 she was appointed Wolfson Research Professor at the Royal Society.

Insulin structure

Insulin was one of her most extraordinary research projects. It began in 1934 when she was offered a small sample of crystalline insulin by Robert Robinson. The hormone captured her imagination because of the intricate and wide-ranging effect it has in the body. However, at this stage X-ray crystallography had not been developed far enough to cope with the complexity of the insulin molecule. She and others spent many years improving the technique. Larger and more complex molecules were being tackled (see timeline below) until in 1969 - 35 years later - the structure of insulin was finally resolved. But her quest was not finished then. She cooperated with other laboratories active in insulin research, gave advice, and travelled the world giving talks about insulin and its importance for diabetes. She considered solving the structure of insulin her greatest scientific achievement.

Private life

Hodgkin's scientific mentor Professor John Desmond Bernal greatly influenced her life both scientifically and politically. He was a distinguished scientist of great repute in the scientific world, a member of the Communist party, and a faithful supporter of successive Soviet regimes until their invasion of Hungary. She always referred to him as "Sage" and loved and admired him unreservedly; intermittently, they were lovers. The conventional marriages of both Bernal and Hodgkin were far from smooth.

In 1937, Dorothy married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin who was part of the Colonial Office at the time. He later became a well-known Oxford Lecturer, author of several fundamental Africanist books and a one-time member of the Communist party. She loved him and always consulted him concerning important problems and decisions. In 1961 Thomas became an advisor to Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana, where he remained for extended periods, and where she often visited him. The couple had three children.

Social activities

Despite her scientific specialisation and excellence she was by no means a single-minded and one-sided scientist. She received many honours but was more interested in exchange with other scientists. She often employed her intelligence to think about other people's problems and was concerned about social inequalities and stopping conflict. As a consequence she was President of Pugwash from 1976 to 1988.

Honours

Order of Merit medal of Dorothy Hodgkin, displayed in the Royal Society, London.

Apart from the Nobel Prize, she was a recipient of the Order of Merit, a Fellow of the Royal Society, The Lenin Peace Prize, and was Chancellor of Bristol University from 1970 to 1988. Council offices in the London Borough of Hackney and a Bristol University building are named after her.

Cultural references

• Dorothy Hodgkin was one of five 'Women of Achievement' selected for a set of British stamps issued in August 1996. The others were Marea Hartman (sports administrator), Margot Fonteyn (ballerina / choreographer), Elisabeth Frink (sculptor) & Daphne du Maurier (writer)

Timeline of her discoveries

Hodgkin determined the three-dimensional structures of the following biomolecules:

• Cholesterol in 1937
• Penicillin in 1945
• Vitamin B12 in 1954
• Insulin in 1969
• as well as lactoglobulin, ferritin, and tobacco mosaic virus.

References

• Ferry, Georgina. 1998. Dorothy Hodgkin A Life. Granta Books, London.
• Dodson, Guy. 2002. Dorothy Mary Hodgkin, OM. Biographical Memoir, The Royal Society, London.
• Dodson, Guy, Jenny P. Glusker, and David Sayre (eds.). 1981. Structural Studies on Molecules of Biological Interest: A Volume in Honour of Professor Dorothy Hodgkin. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
• Glusker, Jenny P. in Out of the Shadows - Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics.
• Wolfers, Michael, Thomas Hodgkin. Wandering scholar. A biograhy., Merlin Press, 2007

• Glusker, Jenny P. (1994). "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994)". Protein Science. 3: 2465–2469.
• Glusker, Jenny P., Margaret J. Adams (1995). "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Physics Today. 48: 80–81. doi:10.1063/1.2808036.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Louise N. Johnson, David Phillips (1994). "Professor Dorothy Hodgkin, OM, FRS" (PDF). Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 1: 573–576.
• Perutz, Max F. (Quarterly Review of Biophysics 27: 333-337, 1994)
• Nature 371: 20, 1994.
• Royal Society of Edinburgh obituary
• Guy Dodson (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910--29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219.

External links

• The People's Archive interview [1]
• CWP - Dorothy Hodgkin in a study of contributions of women to physics
• Review of Ferry's biography on the Pugwash website
• Encyclopaedia Britannica, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
• Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: A Founder of Protein Crystallography
• Nobel Prize 1964 page
• Her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.
• Dorothy Hodgkin Postgraduate Awards

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