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2010 Chile earthquake

Coordinates: 35°50′46″S 72°43′08″W / 35.846°S 72.719°W / -35.846; -72.719
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2010 Chile Earthquake
The epicenter of the 2010 Chile Earthquake
UTC time??
Magnitude8.8 Mw
Depth35 kilometres (22 mi)
Epicenter35°50′46″S 72°43′08″W / 35.846°S 72.719°W / -35.846; -72.719
Areas affectedChile, Maule Region, Biobío Region
Max. intensityMM VIII[1]
TsunamiWidespread warnings for most of the Pacific coasts.[2]
Casualties214 confirmed deaths[3][4]

The 2010 Chile earthquake occurred off the coast of the Maule Region of Chile,[5][6] on February 27, 2010, at 03:34 local time (06:34 UTC), rating a magnitude of 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale and lasting for about three minutes.[7][8] It was the strongest earthquake affecting Chile since the magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake (the most energetic earthquake ever recorded worldwide), and is the strongest earthquake worldwide since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.[9] It is tied with a 1906 Ecuadorian earthquake as the seventh strongest earthquake ever recorded, and far more forceful than the 7.0 Mw 2010 Haiti Earthquake.[10]

The earthquake was felt in the capital Santiago at Mercalli intensity scale VII (Very Strong),[11] as well as in many Argentine cities, including Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza and La Rioja [12][13] Tremors were felt as far north as the city of Ica in southern Peru.[14] Tsunami warnings were issued in 53 countries.[11] President Michelle Bachelet declared a "state of catastrophe". She also confirmed the deaths of at least 140 people.[11] Many more have been reported missing.[15][16][17]

The epicenter of the earthquake was offshore from the Maule Region, approximately 8 km (5.0 miles) west of Curanipe and 115 km north-northeast of Chile's second largest city, Concepción.[18] Other cities exposed to Mercalli intensity scale VIII (Destructive) shaking were Arauco, Lota, Cañete and Constitución.[1][19] The earthquake also caused seiches to occur in Lake Pontchartrain to the north of New Orleans, United States, located nearly 4,700 miles (7,600 km) from the epicenter of the quake.[20]

Geology

The Nazca Plate is subducting under the South American Plate. This movement causes seismicity and volcanism throughout Chile.
Main article: Nazca Plate

The earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. At the location of this earthquake, the plates converge at 80 mm/year. The earthquake is characterized by a thrust-faulting focal mechanism, caused by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate.[18]

The coastal part of Chile has a history of great megathrust earthquakes originating from this plate boundary, such as the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. More recently, this plate boundary ruptured at the 2007 Antofagasta earthquake.

The segment of the fault zone that ruptured in this earthquake was estimated to be 400 miles long, and immediately to the north of the 600-mile-long segment that ruptured in the 1960 earthquake. [21]

Damage and casualties

According to an Associated Press Television News cameraman, some buildings have collapsed in Santiago and there are power outages in parts of the city.[22] Santiago's International Airport seems to have been damaged and the airport authority has closed off all flight operations for the next 24 hours from around 12:00 UTC.[5]

Damaged buildings and fires were reported in Concepción.[23] Rescue teams had difficulty accessing Concepción because of the damaged infrastructure.[24]

214 deaths had been reported about 13 hours after the quake and the toll is rising, but not expected to double from an earlier figure of 122.[25][26][27]

The Chilean National Emergency Office (Oficina Nacional de Emergencia) estimated that the intensity of the earthquake was 9 on the Mercalli scale in the Biobío Region and 8 in Santiago.[25][28] USGS put the intensity in Talcahuano at MM VIII, in Santiago and Concepcion at MM VII and in Valparaiso at MM VI.[1]

  • Structural damage caused by the earthquake
    Structural damage caused by the earthquake
  • Slight damage to buildings in Santiago de Chile on the morning after the earthquake
    Slight damage to buildings in Santiago de Chile on the morning after the earthquake
  • The death toll by 14:35 on February 27.(update as needed)
    The death toll by 14:35 on February 27.(update as needed)
  • USGS shake map of the earthquake
    USGS shake map of the earthquake

Response

Leaders of many countries and intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations and European Union, responded to the earthquake and sent messages of condolence to the government and people of Chile over the loss of lives and property. Argentina, the United States, United Kingdom, People's Republic of China, Singapore, Haiti, and Pakistan were among the countries that responded earliest following the quake.[29][30] Appeals for humanitarian aid were issued by the UK-based Oxfam, Save the Children and others.

National governments
  •  China: President Hu Jintao released a condolence message to President Bachelet and offered emergency relief assistance in affected areas. He said "On behalf of the Chinese government as well as in his own name, extended sincere condolences to Bachelet, the Chilean people and government as well as deep sympathies to the earthquake victims."[29]
  •  Costa Rica: The Costa Rican government has communicated through an official note its solidarity to the victims of the earthquake.[34]
  •  Pakistan: President Asif Ali Zardari released a condolence message to Chilean President over this powerful earthquake saying that "We are deeply saddened by the loss of lives and damage to property caused by the severe earthquake that has hit your country", while Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani ordered to begin the relief process.[36]
  •  Peru: President Alan García expressed his condolences for the loss of life and offers any service the Chilean government and people would require from Peru.[37]
  •  Portugal: The President of Portugal, Cavaco Silva sent a letter to his Chilean counterpart in order to express his sincere condolences, on behalf of himself and the Portuguese people. The short but sincere letter read as follows:[38]

Madam President, Dear Friend,
Profoundly disturbed by the tragic effects of the earthquake that hit Chile this morning, I want to present Your Excellency, in the name of the Portuguese people and in my own name, our feelings of deep regret, asking you to transmit to the struggling families the expression of our most sincere condolences and much felt soliderity.

— Aníbal Cavaco Silva
  •  Sri Lanka: The government of Sri Lanka expressed its sincere condolences to the president and public of Chile in the wake of the devastating earthquake.[39] Furthermore, the Colombo Department of Meteorology had assessed that there would be no risk of tsunami conditions in the vicinity, as a result of the threat that distant shores could be inundated within hours.[40]
  •   Switzerland: The Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs said on Saturday that it would send experts already based in South America to the scene. They are expected to arrive on Sunday and will determine once on the ground how best to help. Chile has not requested assistance.[41]
  •  United Kingdom: The British Red Cross has donated GBP 50,000 to help the victims of Chile quake.[42] Prime Minister Gordon Brown said in a press statement that Britain would do whatever it could to help after the quake in the centre of Chile. UK-based aid organisations including Oxfam and Save the Children have started collecting donations as emergency teams prepare to fly in to the quake affected area.[43] Oxfam is today sending a team of water engineers and logisticians from Colombia and senior humanitarian staff from its centre in Mexico.[44]
US President Barack Obama receives a briefing on the earthquake and its potential impact on portions of the United States.
  •  United States: The State Department has established a web-based Chile Earthquake Google Person Finder and set-up an emergency phone line for seeking information about missing people in the quake affected area. White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said in a press statement that "We are closely monitoring the situation, including the potential for a tsunami, and Our thoughts and prayers are with the people of Chile, and we stand ready to help in this hour of need."[45] President Obama cautions Americans in Hawaii and Guam to pay attention to local officials.
  •  Venezuela: The Venezuelan government, through its foreign ministry, sends a message of solidarity to the victims of the earthquake.[46]
Intergovernmental organizations
  •  European Union: Kristalina Georgieva from Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response of European Commissioner for International Cooperation released condolences message to the families of victims immediately and assured of best co-operation.[47] Georgieva said she had immediately activated the commission's crisis monitoring unit and told its humanitarian aid experts "to undertake urgent needs assessments if required".[48] The European Union pledged three million euros in immediate assistance as aid workers rushed to Chile.[49]
Social media
  • Twitter users following #Chile and #tsunami directed each other to various media and government sites (as well as the usual rumors and folklore).[51]

Aftershocks

An aftershock of 6.2 was recorded 20 minutes after the initial quake.[25][52] Two more aftershocks of magnitudes 5.4 and 5.6 followed.[52] The USGS said that "a large vigorous aftershock sequence can be expected from this earthquake".[18] By 10:00 pm UTC on February 27, fifty-nine aftershocks stronger than magnitude 5.0, including six above magnitude 6.0, had occurred in the region.[53]

A 6.9-magnitude offshore earthquake struck approximately 185 miles southwest of and less than 90 minutes after the initial shock, however it is not yet clear if that quake is related.[54] A separate earthquake of magnitude 6.3 occurred in Salta, Argentina, at 3:45 pm UTC on February 27, at a depth of 38.2 km (23.7 mi).[55] Minor quakes generated by the main one could be felt as far away as São Paulo, Brazil,[56] located about 3,000 km (1,900 mi) away from Concepción.

Tsunami

See also: Tsunami
Wikinews has related news:

A tsunami warning was first declared for Chile and Peru,[57] and a tsunami watch for Ecuador, Colombia, Antarctica, Panama and Costa Rica.[58][59] The warning was later extended to a Pacific Ocean-wide warning, covering all coastal areas on the Pacific Ocean except the west coast of the United States, British Columbia, and Alaska.[60] Hawaiian media reported that tsunami warning sirens sounded at 6 am local time.[61] The U.S. Tsunami Warning Center issued advisories about potential tidal waves of less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) striking the Pacific Ocean coastline between California and most of Alaska late in the afternoon or through the evening 12 or more hours after the initial earthquake.[62]

The tsunami warning was cancelled for all countries except Japan and Russia in PTWC Bulletin 18 of 00:12 UTC on 28 February 2010.[63]

In general, tsunamis tend to come in several waves, of which the first may not be the highest.[64][65]

A tsunami amplitude of up to 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) high was recorded in the sea at Valparaíso, Chile.[25][66][67] A wave amplitude of 2.34 m (7.68 ft) was recorded at Talcahuano in the Biobío Region.[2] Some sources claim that a massive 40 m (130 ft) tsunami struck the Juan Fernández Islands, located 667 km (414 mi) off the coast of Chile, resulting in catastrophic damage. However, this claim is not yet supported by officially released data.[68] Provincial Governor Ivan De La Maza said that a large wave led to the deaths of three people on the island, with ten people reported as missing.[69]

As a precaution against the coming tsunami, partial evacuation was ordered in Easter Island, about 3,510 km away from the coast of Chile. The tsunami wave arrived in Easter Island at 12:05 UTC, measuring 0.35 m.[70][71]

The U.S. National Weather Service's Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning throughout a huge swathe of the Pacific region, including Antarctica.[72] In the Americas, the warning extends to Chile (including Easter Island), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Panama.[72] A warning was also issued for the Oceania and Pacific Islands nations and territories of American Samoa, Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia (including the FSM states of Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap), Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Jarvis Island, Johnston Island, the Kermadec Islands, Kiribati, Marcus Island, the Marshall Islands, Midway Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna and Wake Island.[72] Tsunami warnings are also in effect as far away as East and Southeast Asia including Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Russia and Taiwan.[72]

Coastal areas of Canada's westernmost province British Columbia are under a tsunami advisory.[73] No large wave is expected to strike British Columbia, but strong local ocean currents combined with a wave put low-lying coastal regions at risk of flooding.[73] The first wave is expected to reach southern British Columbia at 3:11 p.m. local time.[73] Residents were advised to avoid beaches, harbours and marinas.[74]

A tsunami advisory is also in effect for coastal areas of California, Oregon, Washington and southern Alaska in the United States.[75]

The following data, published by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, lists measured and reported values of the tsunami when it arrived at specific places.

Tsunami arrival data[2][76][77]
Station Country or territory Latitude Longitude Time (UTC) Height (m) Height (ft)
Crescent City. California CaliforniaUnited States United States 41.7 N 124.2 W 22:13 0.37 1.2
Santa Barbara, California CaliforniaUnited States United States 34.4 N 119.7 W 12:50 0.53 1.7
Pago Pago American Samoa American Samoa 14.3 S 170.7 W 20:27 0.22 0.7
Johnston Atoll United States United States 16.7 N 169.5 W 22:48 0.22 0.7
Vanuatu Vanuatu Vanuatu 17.8 S 168.3 E 22:46 0.15 0.5
Barber's Point, Hawaii HawaiiUnited States United States 21.3 N 158.1 W 21:57 0.12 0.4
Nukualofa Tonga Tonga 21.1 S 175.2 W 20:24 0.1 0.3
Kawaihae, Hawaii HawaiiUnited States United States 20 N 155.5 W 22:11 0.52 1.7
Kuamalapau, Hawaii HawaiiUnited States United States 20.8 N 156.9 W 21:36 0.18 0.6
Kahului, Hawaii HawaiiUnited States United States 20.9 N 156.5 W 21:47 0.98 3.2
Nawiliwili, Hawaii HawaiiUnited States United States 22 N 159.4 W 21:41 0.28 0.9
Monterey, California CaliforniaUnited States United States 36.6 N 121.9 W 20:31 0.28 1.1
Kawaihae, Hawaii HawaiiUnited States United States 20 N 155.5 W 22:11 0.52 1.7
La Push, Washington Washington (state)United States United States 47.5 N 124.4 W 22:54 0.11 0.4
Hilo, Hawaii HawaiiUnited States United States 19.7 N 154.9 W 21:20 0.86 2.8
San Francisco, California CaliforniaUnited States United States 37.8 N 122.5 W 21:20 0.26 0.8
San Diego, California CaliforniaUnited States United States 32.7 N 117.2 W 20:36 0.13 0.4
Apia Samoa Samoa 13.8 S 171.8 W 20:18 0.13 0.4
Lottin Point New Zealand New Zealand 37.6 S 178.2 E 19:34 0.15 0.5
Rarotonga Cook Islands Cook Islands 21.2 S 159.8 W 19:07 0.15 0.5
DART Tonga 23 S 168.1 W 18:44 0.04 0.1
Papeete French Polynesia French Polynesia 17.5 N 149.6 W 18:10 0.16 0.5
Nuku Hiva French Polynesia French Polynesia 8.9 S 140.1 W 17:45 0.95 3.1
Cabo San Lucas Mexico Mexico 22.9 N 109.9 W 18:33 0.36 1.2
Hiva Oa French Polynesia French Polynesia 9.8 N 139.0 W 17:41 1.79 5.9
Manzanillo Mexico Mexico 19.1 N 104.3 W 17:05 0.32 1
DART Manzanillo 16.0 N 107 W 16:11 0.07 0.2
Rikitea French Polynesia French Polynesia 23.1 S 134.9 W 15:59 0.15 0.5
Acapulco Mexico Mexico 16.8 N 99.9 W 19:31 0.62 2
DART Marquesas Islands 8.5 S 125 W 15:31 0.18 0.6
Quepos Costa Rica Costa Rica' 14:16 0.24 0.8
Galapagos Islands Ecuador Ecuador 0.4 S 90.3 W 14:52 0.35 1.2
Easter Island Chile Chile 27.2 S 109.5 W 12:05 0.35 1.1
Callao Peru Peru 12.1 S 77.2 W 10:29 0.36 1.2
Arica Chile Chile 18.5 S 70.3 W 10:08 0.94 3.1
Antofagasta Chile Chile 23.2 S 70.4 W 09:41 0.49 1.6
DART Lima 18 S 86.4 W 09:41 0.24 0.8
Iquique Chile Chile 20.2 S 70.1 W 09:07 0.28 0.9
Coquimbo Chile Chile 30 S 71.3 W 08:52 1.32 4.3
Ancud Chile Chile 41.9 S 73.8 W 08:38 0.62 2
Caldera Chile Chile 27.1 S 70.8 W 08:34 0.45 1.5
San Felix Chile Chile 26.3 S 80.1 W 08:15 0.53 1.7
Corral Chile Chile 39.9 S 73.4 W 07:39 0.90 2.9
Valparaiso Chile Chile 33 S 71.6 W 07:08 1.29 4.2
Talcahuano Chile Chile 36.7 S 73.4 W 06:53 2.34 7.7
  • Tsunami ETA NOAA (hour 0=06:34 UTC Feb 27)
    Tsunami ETA NOAA (hour 0=06:34 UTC Feb 27)
  • The energy model map of the tsunami.
    The energy model map of the tsunami.
  • Countries with coastal areas at risk (in pink).
    Countries with coastal areas at risk (in pink).

Australia and New Zealand

Initially, the New Zealand Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management (CDEM) stated that waves of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high are likely for the entire New Zealand coast.[78] By 7:55 pm UTC (8:40 am local), CDEM reported wave activity of 50 cm (1.6 ft) in the Chatham Islands.[79]

The Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Center (JATWC) sent out tsunami warnings for New South Wales, Queensland, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Tasmania, and Victoria. The organization warned of the possibility of dangerous waves, strong ocean currents and foreshore flooding to occur on the east coast of Australia for several hours on Sunday.[80] As a result of the warnings, patrolled beaches in New South Wales and Queensland remained closed (red flags) and lifeguards ushered people to leave the water. However beach goers and surfers have ignored the warnings. Numerous onlookers have also crowded parts of the shore to view potential effects of the tsunami.[81]

French Polynesia

A wave measuring up to 6 ft (1.8 m) high struck portions of French Polynesia between 3:50 pm to 5:50 pm UTC (6:50 am to 6:50 am local), with no reports of injuries so far.[82]

Réseau France Outre-mer in Papeete has reported that a wave measuring less than one meter high has passed east of the Gambier Islands with no damage, according to Monique Richeton, the mayor of Rikitea, the largest town in the Gambiers.[83][82] French Polynesian authorities have warned that a wave of more than two meters high could strike the northern Marquesas Islands and the island of Rurutu in the Austral archipelago.[83] Residents of the Tuamotus, which are low-lying, have been told to move to the highest points on the island.[83]

The first waves are expected to hit the main island of Tahiti at approximately 4:50 pm UTC (7:50 am local).[83] Cars and other automobiles have been banned from roads that are closer than 500 meters to the Pacific Ocean.[83]

American Samoa

The first wave was expected to reach American Samoa, which is still recovering from the 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami, at 8:51 local time.[83] Lieutenant Governor Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia urged residents not to rush to A'oloau, a high elevation area on Tutuila, as it could cause traffic jams, putting safety at risk.[83] Many coastal towns, including the main city of Pago Pago, had already been heavily damaged in the 2009 tsunami. The first wave arrived on Pago Plaza at 21:58 UTC.

Hawaii

United States Senators Daniel Inouye and Daniel Akaka issued a joint press release announcing the first tsunami evacuation in Hawaii since 1994.[84][85] Warning sirens were sounded throughout the state, as hotels in Waikiki evacuated tourists at 6 a.m. People in tall buildings were encouraged to move above the third floor. Waves measuring nine feet high were originally predicted to strike Hilo Bay on the Big Island of Hawai'i at 11:05 a.m. local time (2105 GMT),[86] but by 11:18 a.m., major receding and waves had not been reported on the shoreline but drops over 10 m (33 ft) and ten wave crests up to 20 m (66 ft) were recorded offshore southeast of Honolulu, and discoloration was reported by 11:20 a.m. By 11:40, several waves hit the islands amounting to raising and lowering of the sea near the coast, and a fourth wave hit around 1:12 p.m. The tsunami warning for Hawaii was canceled in the early afternoon on Saturday, February 27.

California and British Columbia

Small waves are expected in California, and receding was reported at Long Beach, California. Minor damage was reported on some coastal areas. The tsunami damaged navigation buoys at Ventura, California.[87]. Additionally, a boat was torn loose from its mooring and minor erosion occured within Ventura Harbor. Damage to docks and pilings in the area was moderate.[88]

At around 11:00 pm UTC (3:00 pm local), a tsunami warning was issued for coastal British Columbia. Extra precautions were already in place due to the 2010 Winter Olympic Games being held in Vancouver at the time.[89]

Philippines

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) issued an advisory that tsunami wave(s) are expected to hit the eastern coast of the Philippines on Sunday between 9:00 pm and 10:30 pm UTC (1:00 pm and 2:30 pm local). Residents of 19 eastern provinces "are advised to prepare for possible evacuation."[90]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 Chile earthquake.

References

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  60. ^ "Pacific Tsunami Warning Center". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  61. ^ "Tsunami warning in effect for Hawaii". Hawaii News Now. February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  62. ^ West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Information
  63. ^ PTWC Bulletin 18: cancelling warning for all countries except Japan and Russia
  64. ^ Tsunami threatens Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, Pacific Rim, By staff writers, From: news.com.au, February 28, 2010 8:59 am.
  65. ^ New Zealand is among 53 Pacific Ocean nations where tsunami alerts have been issued following an earthquake off Chile, NZCity, 28 February 2010.
  66. ^ "Tsunami message from WCATWC". Wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  67. ^ TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 004 by the NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
  68. ^ Staff Writer (February 27, 2010). "40 Meter Tsunami Wave Hits Juan Fernández Island". Newsolio. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  69. ^ Gutierrez, Thelma (2010-02-27). "First waves of tsunami arrive at Hawaii". Honolulu, Hawaii: CNN. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  70. ^ http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/messages/pacific/2010/pacific.2010.02.27.164746.txt
  71. ^ "Partial evacuation of Chile's Easter Island ordered | ABS-CBN News Online Beta". Abs-cbnnews.com. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  72. ^ a b c d Memmott, Mark (February 27, 2010). "'Massive' Earthquake Hits Chile; Tsunami Warnings Up Across Pacific". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  73. ^ a b c "Coastal B.C. under tsunami advisory". Vancouver Sun. February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  74. ^ "Coastal B.C. under tsunami advisory after massive Chilean earthquake". Canwest News Service. Montreal Gazette. February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  75. ^ "Tsunami advisory for Washington Coast". MyNorthwest.com. February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  76. ^ TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 015 issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.
  77. ^ "West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center". NOAA. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
  78. ^ NZ on tsunami alert
  79. ^ #ChileQuake National Warning:Tsunami Threat to NZ Update18
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  81. ^ Tsunami threatens Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, Pacific Rim. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
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  84. ^ "Inouye, Akaka urge calm". Honolulu Advertiser. February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  85. ^ "Caldwell serving as acting mayor". Honolulu Advertiser. February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  86. ^ Schaefers, Allison (February 27, 2010). "9-foot waves forecast for Hilo Bay at 11:05 a.m." Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  87. ^ "Tsunami damages buoys off Ventura, officials say". Santa Clarita Valley Signal. 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
  88. ^ "Ventura County gets a surge from tsunami, but no injuries". Ventura County Star. 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
  89. ^ Olympic Games proceed despite tsunami warning
  90. ^ Brace for possible tsunami after lunch Sunday – Phivolcs, By Alcuin Papa, Philippine Daily Inquirer, First Posted 02:54:00 02/28/2010
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