Persecution of Ottoman Muslims and Turks 1821-1922

Template:Genocide of Ottoman Turks and Muslims

As the Ottoman Turkish Empire entered a permanent phase of decline in the late 17th century it was engaged in a protracted state of conflict loosing territories both in Europe and the Caucasus. The victors were the Christian States the old Habsburg and Romanov Empires and the new nation states of Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.^[1]

Justin McCarty estimates that between 1821 and 1922 around five and a half million Muslims were driven out of Europe and five million more were killed or died of disease and starvation while fleeing.^[2] Cleansing occurred as a result of the Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, the Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878, and culminating in the Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Mann describes these acts as “murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe” referring to the 1914 Carnegie Endowment report.^[3]^[4]

Atrocities

Some 30,000 Turks were killed in Tripolitsa by Greek rebels in the summer of 1821, including the entire Jewish population.^[5]^[6]^[7]
During the Russo-Turkish War it is estimated that up to 300,000 Turks were killed or perished andm one million becoming refugees.^[8]^[9]^[10]
Massacres against Turks and Muslims during the Balkan Wars in the hands of Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians are described in detailed in the 1912 Carnegie Endowment report.^[11]

References

^ Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.112-113
^ McCarthy, Justin “Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922” Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, pp.335-340
^ Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.113
^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)
^ McCarthy, Justin (1996). Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press, Incorporated
^ Cité par Hercules Millas, « History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey », History Workshop, n°31, 1991.
^ W. Alison Phillips, The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833, p. 61.
^ R.J.Crampton 1997, p.426
^ Hupchick 2002, pp.265
^ Karpat, Kemal H. "Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays" 2004 pp.764
^ Carnegie Report, Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars,1912

[1] Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.112-113

[2] McCarthy, Justin “Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922” Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, pp.335-340

[3] Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.113

[4] Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)

[5] McCarthy, Justin (1996). Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press, Incorporated

[6] Cité par Hercules Millas, « History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey », History Workshop, n°31, 1991.

[7] W. Alison Phillips, The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833, p. 61.

[8] R.J.Crampton 1997, p.426

[9] Hupchick 2002, pp.265

[10] Karpat, Kemal H. "Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays" 2004 pp.764

[11] Carnegie Report, Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars,1912

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Atrocities

See also

References