Pumpkin seed oil
Pumpkin seed oil (Kernöl or Kürbiskernöl in German, bučno olje in Slovenian, bučino ulje or bundevino ulje in Croatian, and tökmag-olaj in Hungarian), a culinary specialty of south eastern Austria (Styria), eastern Slovenia (Styria and Prekmurje), north western Croatia (esp. Međimurje), adjacent regions of Hungary, is a European Union Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product.
Today the oil is an important export commodity of Austria and Slovenia. It is made by pressing roasted, hulled pumpkin seeds (pepitas), from a local variety of pumpkin, the "Styrian oil pumpkin" (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca, also known as var. oleifera). It has been produced and used in Styria's southern parts at least since the 18th century. The earliest confirmed record of oil pumpkin seeds in Styria (from the estate of a farmer in Gleinstätten) dates to February 18, 1697.
The viscous oil is light to very dark green to dark red in colour depending on the thickness of the observed sample. The oil appears green in thin layer and red in thick layer. Such optical phenomenon is called dichromatism.[1] Pumpkin oil is one of the substances with strongest dichromatism. Its Kreft's dichromaticity index is -44.[2] Used together with yoghurt, the colour turns to bright green and is sometimes referred to as "green-gold".
Culinary uses
Pumpkin seed oil has an intense nutty taste and is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Browned oil has a bitter taste. Pumpkin seed oil serves as a salad dressing when combined with honey or olive oil. The typical Styrian dressing consists of pumpkin seed oil and cider vinegar. But the oil is also used for desserts, giving ordinary vanilla ice cream an exquisite nutty taste. It is considered a real delicacy in Austria, and few drops are added to pumpkin soup and other local plates, including, as mentioned, vanilla ice cream. Using it as a cooking oil, however, destroys its essential fatty acids.[failed verification]
Folk medicine
Claims, based on local folk medicine, suggesting usefulness of the oil in the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia may be backed by some studies showing clinically proven efficacy[3] (particularly along with Serenoa repens, saw palmetto, and Pygeum africanum) according to the criteria of evidence-based medicine. [citation needed]
Pumpkin seed oil is most commonly used to treat irritable bowel syndrome. [citation needed]
Some studies have found pumpkin seeds to prevent arteriosclerosis and regulate cholesterol levels. [citation needed]
Pumpkin seed oil, commonly prescribed in German folk medicine, remedies parasitic infestations of the intestinal tract such as tapeworms.[citation needed]
Seed types and oil
Other types of pumpkin seed oil are also marketed worldwide. International producers use white seeds with shells and this produces a cheaper white oil. New producers of seeds are located in China and India.
An analysis[4] of the oil extracted from the seeds of each of twelve cultivars of C. maxima yielded the following ranges for the percentage of several fatty acids:
| n:unsat | Fatty acid name | Percentage range |
|---|---|---|
| (14:0) | Myristic acid | 0.09-0.27 |
| (16:0) | Palmitic acid | 12.6-18.4 |
| (16:1) | Palmitoleic acid | 0.12-0.52 |
| (18:0) | Stearic acid | 5.1-8.5 |
| (18:1) | Oleic acid | 17.0-39.5 |
| (18:2) | Linoleic acid | 18.1-62.8 |
| (18:3) | Linolenic acid | 0.34-0.82 |
| (20:0) | Arachidic acid | 0.26-1.12 |
| (20:1) | Gadoleic acid | 0-0.17 |
| (22:0) | Behenic acid | 0.12-0.58 |
The study did not distinguish between positional isomers (e.g. ω-3 versus ω-6 linolenic acid). The sum of myristic and palmitic acid (cholesterogenic saturated fatty acids) content ranged from 12.8 to 18.7%. The total unsaturated acid content ranged from 73.1 to 80.5%. The very long chain fatty acid (> 18 carbon atoms) content ranged from 0.44 to 1.37%.
References
- ^ Kreft S and Kreft M (2007) Physicochemical and physiological basis of dichromatic colour, Naturwissenschaften 94, 935-939. On-line PDF
- ^ Kreft S, Kreft M: Quantification of dichromatism: a characteristic of colour in transparent materials; Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Vol. 26, Iss. 7, pp. 1576–1581 (2009) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?uri=josaa-26-7-1576
- ^ World's Healthiest Foods
- ^ Stevenson, D. G., Eller, F. J., Wang, L., Jane, J., Wang, T., & INglett, G. E. "Oil and Tocopherol content and Composition of Pumpkin Seed Oil in 12 Cultivars" J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007(55) 4005-4013. The data are found in Table 3 on page 4010.
- Dreikorn, K; Berges, R; Pientka, L; Jonas, U. "Phytotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Current evidence-based evaluation" Urologe A. September 2002; 41(5):447-51. Template:De icon Quotation: "Only a few randomized clinical trials that meet standard criteria of evidence-based medicine but with relatively short follow-up times and some meta-analyses mainly regarding Serenoa repens and Pygeum africanum as well as more recent studies on pumpkin seeds have shown clinical effects and good tolerability."
- Vahlensieck, W, Jr. "With alpha blockers, finasteride and nettle root against benign prostatic hyperplasia. Which patients are helped by conservative therapy?" MMW Fortschr Med. 18 April 2002; 144(16):33-6. Template:De icon Summary: Established medications for the treatment of BPH in current use are alpha-blockers, finasteride, and the phytotherapeutic agents pumpkin seed (Cucurbitae semen), nettle root (Urticae radix), the phytosterols contained in Hypoxis rooperi, rye pollen and the fruits of saw palmetto (Sabalis serrulati fructus)
- Dreikorn, K. "The role of phytotherapy in treating lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia". World J Urol. April 2002; 19(6):426-35. Summary: A number of short-term randomised trials and some meta-analyses in the recent literature suggest clinical efficacy and good tolerability for some preparations, mainly extracts from Serenoa repens and also Pygeum africanum, products with high concentrations of beta-sitosterol, and pumpkin seeds.
- Bracher, F. "Phytotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia", Urologe A. January 1997; 36(1):10-7. Template:De icon Quotation: "In this article, the most widely used phytopharmaceutical agents, such as saw palmetto berry extracts, Radix urticae extracts, pumpkin seeds, pollen extracts and different phytosterols, are described. Based on these results, the use of phytopharmaceutical agents for the treatment of mild to moderate symptomatic BPH seems to be well justified."
- Carbin, B.E.; Larsson, B.; Lindahl, O. "Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with phytosterols", Br J Urol. December 1990; 66(6):639-41. Quotation: "In a randomised, double-blind study, the preparation Curbicin, obtained from pumpkin seeds and dwarf palm plants (Cucurbita pepo l. and Sabal serrulata), was compared with a placebo in the treatment of symptoms caused by prostatic hyperplasia; 53 patients took part in the study, which was carried out over a 3-month period. Urinary flow, micturition time, residual urine, frequency of micturition and a subjective assessment of the effect of treatment were all significantly improved in the treatment group."
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