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Great Falls, Montana

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Great Falls, Montana
City
Great Falls, Montana at dusk
Great Falls, Montana at dusk
Official seal of Great Falls, Montana
Seal
Nickname: 
The Electric City
Location of Great Falls, Montana
Location of Great Falls, Montana
CountryUnited States
StateMontana
CountyCascade
Government
 • MayorMichael Winters
Area
 • Total19.9 sq mi (51.6 km2)
 • Land19.5 sq mi (50.5 km2)
 • Water0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2)
Elevation
3,330 ft (1,015 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total58,505
 • Density2,909.1/sq mi (1,123.2/km2)
Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)
ZIP codes
59401-59406
Area code406
FIPS code30-32800
GNIS feature ID0802113
Websitehttp://www.greatfallsmt.net/
Aerial view of Great Falls and the Missouri River

Great Falls is a city in and the county seat of Cascade County, Montana, United States.Template:GR The population was 58,505 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Great Falls, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Cascade County. Great Falls takes its name from the series of five waterfalls in close proximity along the upper Missouri River basin that the Lewis and Clark Expedition had to portage around over a ten mile stretch; the effort required 31 days of arduous labor during the westward leg of their 1805-06 exploration of the Louisiana Purchase and to the Pacific Northwest Coast of the Oregon Country. Each falls sports a hydroelectric dam today. Two undeveloped parts of their portage route are included within the Great Falls Portage, a National Historic Landmark.

The city is home to the C. M. Russell Museum Complex, the University of Great Falls, Giant Springs, the Roe River (claimed to be the world's shortest river), the Montana School for the Deaf and the Blind, the Great Falls Voyagers minor league baseball (formerly known as the Great Falls White Sox and before that as the Dodgers and Giants respectively) team, and Malmstrom Air Force Base. The local newspaper is the Great Falls Tribune. Great Falls is known as the "Electric City" due to the five hydroelectric dams that are in the nearby vicinity along the Missouri River.

Great Falls was the largest city in Montana from 1950 to 1970 when Billings surpassed Great Falls to become Montana's largest City. Great Falls remained the second largest city in Montana until 2000. In 2000 with the zoning of some surrounding neighborhoods Missoula became the second largest city in Montana by a margin of 363 people.[1] Great Falls remains the third largest City in the state with a metropolitan area of 81,327.[2]

A Coldwell Banker Home Price Comparison Index listed Great Falls as the most affordable area of 348 markets in the US, Canada, and Puerto Rico.

History

The first human beings to live in the Great Falls area were Paleo-Indians who migrated into the region between 9,500 BCE and 8,270 BCE.[3][4] The earliest inhabitants of North America entered Montana east of the Continental Divide between the mountains and the Laurentide ice sheet.[5] The area remained only sparsely inhabited, however.[6] Salish Indians would often hunt bison in the region on a seasonal basis, but no permanent settlements existed at or near Great Falls for much of prehistory.[6] Around 1600, Piegan Blackfoot Indians, migrating west, entered the area, pushing the Salish back into the Rocky Mountains and claiming the site now known as Great Falls as their own.[6] The Great Falls location remained in the tribal territory of the Blackfeet until the United States claimed the region in 1803.[7][8]

Meriwether Lewis was the first white person to visit the site, which he did on June 13, 1805, as part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[9][10] York, an African American slave owned by William Clark and who had participated in the Expedition, was the first black American to visit the site of the future city.[11]

1891 bird's eye illustration of Great Falls
Cattle roundup in Great Falls, circa 1890

Following the return passage of Lewis and Clark in 1806,[12] there is no record of any white person visiting the site of the city of Great Falls until explorer and trapper Jim Bridger reached the area in 1822.[7] Bridger and Major Andrew Henry led a fur-trading expedition to the future city location in April 1823 (and were attacked by Blackfeet Indians while camping at the site).[13] British explorer Alexander Ross trapped around Great Falls in 1824.[14] In 1838, a mapping expedition sent by the U.S. federal government and guided by Bridger spent four years in the area.[7] Margaret Harkness Woodman became first white woman to visit the Great Falls area in 1862.[15]

The Great Falls of the Missouri River marked the limit of the navigable section of the Missouri River,[16] and the first steamboat arrived at future site of the city in 1859.[17]

Politically, future site of Great Falls passed through numerous hands in the 19th century. It was part of the unincorporated frontier until May 30, 1854, when Congress established the Nebraska Territory.[18] Indian attacks on white explorers and settlers dropped significantly after Isaac Stevens negotiated the Treaty of Hellgate in 1855, and white settlement in the area began to occur.[7] On March 2, 1861, the site became part of the Dakota Territory.[19] The Great Falls area was incorporated into the Idaho Territory on March 4, 1863,[20] and then into the Montana Territory on May 28, 1864.[6] It became part of the state of Montana upon that territory's admission to statehood on November 8, 1889.[6]

Great Falls was founded in 1883. Businessman Paris Gibson visited the Great Falls of the Missouri River in 1880, and was deeply impressed by the possibilities for building a major industrial city near the falls with power provided by hydroelectricity.[21][22][23][24] He returned in 1883 with surveyors and platted a permanent settlement the south side of the river.[7][21][22] The city's first citizen, Silas Beachley, arrived later that year.[7] With investments from railroad owner James J. Hill and Helena businessman Charles Arthur Broadwater, houses, a store, and a flour mill were established in 1884.[7][21][22][23][24] The Great Falls post office was established on July 10, 1884, and Paris Gibson was named the first postmaster.[25] A planing mill, lumber yard, bank, school, and newspaper were established in 1885.[21][24] By 1887 the town had 1,200 citizens, and in October of that year the Great Northern Railway arrived in the city.[21][23][24] Great Falls was incorporated on November 28, 1888.

Black Eagle Dam was built in 1890, and by 1912 Rainbow Dam and Volta Dam (now Ryan Dam) were all operating.[7][21][24]

Great Falls quickly became a thriving industrial and supply center and, by the early 1900s, was en route to becoming one of Montana's largest cities. The rustic studio of famed Western artist Charles Marion Russell was a popular attraction, as were the famed "Great Falls of the Missouri," after which the city was named. A structure billed as the "world's tallest smokestack" was completed in 1908 by the city's largest employer, the Anaconda Copper Mining Company's smelter, measuring 508 feet (155 m) tall. The Big Stack immediately became a landmark for the community. The Big Stack's 'sister' stack in Anaconda was suffering from cracking and it was decided to remove the support bands from the upper half of the Big Stack and send them to Anaconda. This action proved to be the Big Stack's ultimate demise since the cracks it suffered from rapidly worsened. Citing public safety concerns due to the stack's continual deterioration of its structural integrity it was slated for demolition on September 18, 1982. In an interesting twist of fate the demolition crew failed to accomplish the task on the first try; the two worst cracks in the stack ran from just above ground level to nearly 300 feet up. As the 600 lbs of explosives were set off (which was to create a wedge in the base so it would fall almost vertically into a large trench for the rubble) the cracks 'completed themselves' all the way to the ground -- effectively severing the stack into two-thirds and one-third pieces. Much to the delight of the spectating community, the smaller of the two pieces remained standing, but the failed demolition only solidified the safety issue whereas the community cited the event as the stack's defiance. The demolition team who had planted the charges was recalled and several hours later they returned and finished the demolition, after packing another 400 lbs of explosives into the smaller wedge.

During World War II through the city passed Northwest Staging Route on which delivered planes in the USSR according the Lend-Lease. Great Falls prospered further with the opening of a nearby military base in the 1940s, but as rail transportation and freight slowed in the later part of the century, outlying farming areas lost population, and with the closure of the smelter and cutbacks at Malmstrom Air Force Base in the 1980s, its population growth slowed.

Like other cities in the Great Plains and Midwest, the economy of Great Falls has suffered from the decline of heartland industry in recent years.


Geography and climate

Map of Montana showing Glacial Lake Great Falls.

Great Falls is located at 47°30′13″N 111°17′11″W / 47.50361°N 111.28639°W / 47.50361; -111.28639 (47.503657, -111.286299),Template:GR near several waterfalls on the Missouri River. It lies near the center of Montana on the northern Great Plains. It lies next to the Montana Rocky Mountain Front and is about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canadian border.

The city of Great Falls lies atop the Great Falls Tectonic Zone, an intracontinental shear zone between two geologic provinces of basement rock of the Archean period which form part of the North American continent.[26] The city lies at the southern reach of the Laurentide ice sheet, a vast glacial sheet of ice which covered much of North America during the last glacial period. Approximately 1.5 million years ago, the Missouri River flowed northward into a terminal lake.[27][28] The Laurentide ice sheet pushed the river southward.[27][29] Between 15,000 BCE and 11,000 BCE, the Laurentide ice sheet blocked the Missouri River and created Glacial Lake Great Falls.[29][30][3] About 13,000 BCE, as the glacier retreated, Glacial Lake Great Falls emptied catastrophically in a glacial lake outburst flood.[3] The current course of the Missouri River essentially marks the southern boundary of the Laurentide ice sheet.[31] The Missouri River flowed eastward around the glacial mass, settling into its present course.[27] As the ice retreated, meltwater from Glacial Lake Great Falls poured through Highwood Mountains and eroded the mile-long, 500-foot-deep (150 m) Shonkin Sag—one of the most famous prehistoric meltwater channels in the world.[32]

Great Falls is also situated on a fall line unconformity in the Great Falls Tectonic Zone,[33] as well as atop the Kootenai Formation, a mostly nonmarine sandstone laid down by rivers, glaciers, and lakes in the past.[34][35]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.9 square miles (52 km2), of which, 19.5 square miles (51 km2) of it is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) of it (2.21%) is water.

Great Falls has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk), with a larger part of precipitation occurring in the form of thunderstorms. Winters are cold and somewhat snowy, though chinook winds help to greatly moderate them. In the absence of such winds, shallow cold snaps extending well below 0 °F (−18 °C) are common. Summers are warm and somewhat dry, with highs reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on 18 days per year, though temperatures at nights are sharply cooler than daytime conditions.[36] Freak snowfalls such as a one-day total of 6.6 inches (16.8 cm) in August 1992 can occur.[36]

Climate data for Great Falls International Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 67
(19) 		84
(29) 		80
(27) 		89
(32) 		100
(38) 		102
(39) 		107
(42) 		106
(41) 		100
(38) 		91
(33) 		83
(28) 		69
(21) 		107
(42)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.1
(0.1) 		37.7
(3.2) 		45.3
(7.4) 		55.6
(13.1) 		64.7
(18.2) 		73.9
(23.3) 		82.0
(27.8) 		81.2
(27.3) 		69.6
(20.9) 		58.0
(14.4) 		42.1
(5.6) 		34.2
(1.2) 		56.4
(13.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 11.3
(−11.5) 		15.1
(−9.4) 		21.5
(−5.8) 		29.7
(−1.3) 		38.3
(3.5) 		46.0
(7.8) 		50.4
(10.2) 		49.9
(9.9) 		41.2
(5.1) 		33.0
(0.6) 		22.5
(−5.3) 		14.4
(−9.8) 		31.1
(−0.5)
Record low °F (°C) −44
(−42) 		−49
(−45) 		−32
(−36) 		−10
(−23) 		12
(−11) 		31
(−0.6) 		35
(2) 		30
(−1.1) 		10
(−12) 		−11
(−24) 		−25
(−32) 		−43
(−42) 		−49
(−45)
Average precipitation inches (mm) .68
(17) 		.51
(13) 		1.01
(26) 		1.40
(36) 		2.53
(64) 		2.24
(57) 		1.45
(37) 		1.65
(42) 		1.23
(31) 		.93
(24) 		.59
(15) 		.67
(17) 		14.89
(378)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.6
(24) 		7.4
(19) 		11.1
(28) 		8.0
(20) 		2.3
(5.8) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.3
(0.76) 		1.4
(3.6) 		4.4
(11) 		7.5
(19) 		7.9
(20) 		59.9
(152)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.7 7.2 9.7 9.3 11.9 10.8 7.7 8.8 7.1 6.4 7.0 8.1 102.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 8.7 7.0 8.0 5.0 1.3 .1 0 .1 .9 2.9 5.9 7.4 47.3
Source 1: NOAA (normals, 1971−2000) [36]
Source 2: Weather.com (extremes) [37]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18903,979—
190014,930275.2%
191013,948−6.6%
192024,12172.9%
193028,82219.5%
194029,9283.8%
195039,21431.0%
196055,24440.9%
197060,0918.8%
198056,725−5.6%
199055,097−2.9%
200056,6902.9%
201058,5053.2%
source:[38][39]

As of the census of 2000,Template:GR there were 56,690 people, 23,834 households, and 14,848 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,909.1 people per square mile (1,123.0/km²). There were 25,250 housing units at an average density of 1,295.7 per square mile (500.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 89.96% White, 0.95% African American, 5.09% Native American, 0.86% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.60% from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.39% of the population.

There were 23,834 households out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,436, and the median income for a family was $40,107. Males had a median income of $29,353 versus $20,859 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,059. About 11.1% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under the age of 18 and 9.2% of those 65 and older.

Communities of the Great Falls Metro area

Military

Great Falls is home to Malmstrom Air Force Base and the 341st Missile Wing. The 341st Operations Group provides the forces to launch, monitor and secure the wing's Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and missile alert facilities (MAF).

These ICBMs and MAFs are dispersed over the largest missile complex in the Western Hemisphere, an area encompassing some 23,000 sq mi (60,000 km2) (approximately the size of the state of West Virginia).

The group manages a variety of equipment, facilities, and vehicles worth more than $5 billion.

Great Falls International Airport is also home to the Montana Air National Guard's 120th Fighter Wing. The 120th is composed of F-15 Eagles (F-15C/D) fighter aircraft and associated support personnel.

Great Falls is also home to the 889th Army Reserve Unit.

Great Falls is also home to the 819th redhorse rapid deployment unit

Economy

Arts and culture

Four Seasons Arena

The Four Seasons Arena is a multi-purpose indoor sports and exhibition arena located in the city of Great Falls, Montana, in the United States. Constructed in 1979, it served primarily as an ice rink until 2005. The failure of the practice rink's refrigeration system in 2003 and the management's decision to close the main rink in 2006 led to the facility's reconfiguration as an indoor sports and exhibition space. As of May 2011 it is the largest exhibition, music, and sports venue in the city.

Sports and recreation

Club Sport League Stadium (or Arena)
Great Falls Voyagers Baseball Pioneer League Centene Stadium
Great Falls Gladiators Football Rocky Mountain Football League Memorial Stadium
Great Falls Americans Ice Hockey American West Hockey League Great Falls Ice Plex

For the 1979-80 WHL Season, Great Falls and the Four Seasons Arena was the home of the Great Falls Americans hockey team (see below). The team was 2-25 before folding. Great Falls has a rich baseball history with the Voyagers. Formerly called the White Sox, Dodgers and Giants, baseball players such as Pedro Martínez, Jose Offerman, and Raúl Mondesí have spent time in Great Falls with the team. Since 1988, the team has won the Pioneer League championship six times (1988, 1989, 1990, 2002, 2008, and 2011). In 2007, the Great Falls Explorers basketball team were the CBA National Conference Runner-Up.

Great Falls will be home to the Great Falls Americans Junior A ice hockey team starting in the 2011-2012 season.

Great Falls is home to the Great Falls Gladiators semi-professional football team. The Gladiators are currently the defending Rocky Mountain Football League champions, recording an 11-0 record and winning the AA division championship at home in Memorial Stadium.

Government

Police

The Great Falls Police Department is the municipal law enforcement agency. The GFPD has 82 sworn men and women and 37 civilian supportive staff.

The patrol division consists of 49 officers. There are four shifts. In 2005 the officers responded to 32,823 calls. There are three patrol teams, and each consist of a Lieutenant, two sergeants, and ten officers.[40] There are two canines on the GFPD force, K-9 Kelly and K-9 Rhingo. Both dogs are from Holland. Officers LaBard and Green are the dogs' owners. The dogs specialize in drug detection and suspect apprehension.[41] Bike patrol consists of four officers and they mainly patrol the downtown section of the city. They volunteer to patrol on mountain bikes.[42] HRU is a SWAT team which is trained to handle dangerous situations. The candidates take on rigorous tasks.[42]

The GFPD was established in 1888. George E. Huy was the first police chief. At that time the department had two officers. The officers did not wear uniforms so they used plain clothes. The department got automobiles in 1914, and two-way radios in 1940, then computers in 1970. Now the department has 82 officers and 65 cars.[43]

The current police chief is Cloyd "Corky" Grove.[44]

Education

There are 40 schools within the Great Falls Public Schools system. These include two public high schools, an alternative high school, two middle schools, and 15 elementary schools.[45] The two public high schools are Great Falls High School and Charles M. Russell High School. The alternative high school is Paris Gibson Education Center, located in the former Paris Gibson Junior High School building. The two middle schools are North Middle School and East Middle School.

Great Falls also is home to many private schools, all of them sponsored by religious organizations. The Catholic Church sponsors several schools in the city, including Great Falls Montessori (grades Pre-K to K), Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School (Pre-K to grade 8), Holy Spirit Catholic School (Pre-K to grade 8), and Great Falls Central Catholic High School (grades 9 to 12). The Conservative Baptist Association of America sponsors two schools in the city: Heritage Baptist School (K to grade 9) and Treasure State Academy (Pre-K to grade 12). The Seventh-day Adventist Church also sponsors two schools: Adventist Christian (grades 1 to 8) and Five Falls Christian Church (grades 1 to 8). There is also a nondenominational Christian school, Foothills Community Christian School (Pre-K to grade 12).

Great Falls is home to two institutions of higher education. Montana State University College of Technology – Great Falls (also known as MSU-Great Falls or MSU-GF) is a two-year public institution of higher learning. It was founded as the Great Falls Vocational-Technical Center in 1969, and received its current name after the state restructured its system of higher education in 1994. Although a public institution since its creation, it became part of the Montana University System in 1994 as well. The University of Great Falls a private, four-year Catholic university founded in 1932 by the Sisters of Providence and the Ursuline Sisters.

Media

Print

Great Falls is the second largest media market in the state of Montana.

The Great Falls Tribune is published in Great Falls.

AM radio

FM radio

Infrastructure

Q106 106.1

Notable natives and residents


Motion pictures filmed in Great Falls

Numerous motion pictures have been filmed in and around Great Falls, Montana. These movies include:

The Mariana UFO Incident

Main article: Mariana UFO Incident

The Mariana UFO Incident occurred in August 1950 in Great Falls. Nicholas "Nick" Mariana, the general manager of the Great Falls "Electrics" minor-league baseball team, and his secretary observed two "bright, silvery spheres" move rapidly over the city's empty baseball stadium. Mariana used his camera to film the objects; the film was one of the first ever taken of a UFO. The incident received widespread national publicity and is regarded as one of the first great UFO incidents in the United States. In 2007, the Great Falls White Sox were renamed as the Great Falls Voyagers to commemorate this event. The team logo features a green alien in a flying saucer.

Sister city

Great Falls has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International (SCI):

References

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  2. ^ http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn85.html
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  4. ^ Davis, L.B., Hill, Christopher L.; and Fisher, Jr., Jack W. "Radiocarbon Dates for Paleoindian Components (Folsom, Scottsbluff) at the MacHaffie Site, West-Central Montana Rockies." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 19 (2002); Hill, Christopher L. "Middle and Late Wisconsin (Late Pleistocene) Paleoenvironmental Records from the Rocky Mountains: Lithostratigraphy and Geochronology of Blacktail Cave, Montana, U.S.A." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 18 (2001); Marsters, B.; Spiker, E.; and Rubin, M. "U.S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates X." Radiocarbon. 11 (1969); Harrington, C.R. Annotated Bibliography of Quaternary Vertebrates of Northern North America: With Radiocarbon Dates. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. ISBN 080204817X
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  26. ^ Boerner, D.E.; Craven, J.A.; Kurtz, R.D.; Ross, G.M.; and Jones, F.W. "The Great Falls Tectonic Zone: Suture or Intracontinental Shear Zone?" Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 35:2 (1998); O'Neill, J. Michael and Lo, David A. "Character and Regional Significance of Great Falls Tectonic Zone, East-Central Idaho and West-Central Montana." AAPG Bulletin. 69 (1985); Mueller, Paul A.; Heatherington, Ann L.; Kelly, Dawn M.; Wooden, Joseph L.; and Mogk, David W. "Paleoproterozoic Crust Within the Great Falls Tectonic Zone: Implications for the Assembly of Southern Laurentia." Geology. 30:2 (February 2002); Harms, Tekla A.; Brady, John B.; Burger, H. Robert; and Cheney, John T. "Advances in the Geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, and Their Implications for the History of the Northern Wyoming Province." Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana. Special Papers, Volume 377. John B. Brady, H. Robert Burger, John T. Cheney, and Tekla A. Harms, eds. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, 2004. ISBN 0813723779
  27. ^ a b c Clawson, Roger and Shandera, Katherine A. Billings: The City and the People. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press, 1998. ISBN 1560370378
  28. ^ McRae, W.C. and Jewell, Judy. Moon Montana. 7th ed. Cambridge, Mass.: PublicAffairs, 2009. ISBN 1598800140
  29. ^ a b Montagne J.L. "Quatenary System, Wisconsin Glaciation." Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region. Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1972.
  30. ^ Hill, Christopher L. and Valppu, Seppo H. "Geomorphic Relationships and Paleoenvironmental Context of Glaciers, Fluvial Deposits, and Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 14 (1997); Hill, Christopher L. "Pleistocene Lakes Along the Southwest Margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 17 (2000); Hill, Christopher L. and Feathers, James K. "Glacial Lake Great Falls and the Late-Wisconsin-Episode Laurentide Ice Margin." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 19 (2002); Reynolds, Mitchell W. and Brandt, Theodore R. Geologic Map of the Canyon Ferry Dam 30' x 60' Quadrangle, West-Central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2860, scale 1:100,000. Scientific Investigations Map 2860. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geologic Survey, 2005.
  31. ^ "Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. David J. Wishart, ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. ISBN 0803247877
  32. ^ Axline, Jon and Bradshaw, Glenda Clay. Montana's Historical Highway Markers. Rev. ed. Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society, 2008. ISBN 0975919644; Bowman, Isaiah. "Forest Physiography: Physiography of the United States and Principles of Soils in Relation to Forestry." American Environmental Studies. Reprint ed. Charles Gregg, ed. New York: Arno Press, 1970. ISBN 0405026595
  33. ^ Botkin, Daniel B. Beyond the Stony Mountains: Nature in the American West from Lewis and Clark to Today. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0195162439
  34. ^ Fisher, Cassius A. "Geology of the Great Falls Coal Field, Montana." Bulletin - United States Geological Survey. Issue 356. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1909.
  35. ^ DeCelles, Peter G. "Sedimentation in a Tectonically Partitioned, Nonmarine Foreland Basin: The Lower Cretaceous Kootenai Formation, Southwestern Montana." Geological Society of America Bulletin. 97:8 (August 1986).
  36. ^ a b c "Climatography of the United States No. 20 1971−2000: GREAT FALLS INTL AP, MT" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011−01−26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  37. ^ "Monthly Averages for Great Falls, MT". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2011−01−26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  38. ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 131.
  39. ^ "Subcounty population estimates: Montana 2000–2007" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  40. ^ Patrol Services | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
  41. ^ K-9 Dog Unit | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
  42. ^ a b http://greatfallsmt.net/people_offices/police/specialu.php
  43. ^ History | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
  44. ^ Administration | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
  45. ^ Great Falls Public Schools website Great Falls Public School System.

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