List of World Heritage in Danger
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The World Heritage Convention[nb 1] laid down by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972 provides the basis for the designation and management of World Heritage Sites. According to article 11.4 of the convention, UNESCO, through the World Heritage Committee, may place threatened World Heritage Sites whose conservation require major operations and for which "assistance has been requested" on a List of World Heritage in Danger.[1] This action is intended to increase the international awareness to the threat and to encourage counteractive measures.[2] Threats to a site can be either ascertained dangers which are proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on the characteristics of a site.
In the case of natural sites, ascertained dangers include the serious decline in the population of an endangered or other valuable species or the deterioration of natural beauty or scientific value of a property by man-made activities such as logging, pollution, human settlement, mining, agriculture and major public works. Ascertained dangers for cultural properties include serious deterioration of materials, structure, ornaments or architectural coherence and the loss of historical authenticity or cultural significance. Potential dangers for both cultural and natural sites include development projects, armed conflicts, insufficient management systems or changes in the legal protective status of the property. In the case of cultural sites gradual changes due to geology, climate or environment can also be potential dangers.[3]
Before a property is inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, its condition is assessed and a potential programme for corrective measures is developed in cooperation with the state party involved. The final decision about inscription lies in the hand of the committee. Financial support from the World Heritage Fund may be allocated by the committee for listed properties. The state of conservation is reviewed on a yearly basis. Depending on the outcome of the review, the committee may request additional measures or delete the property from the list if the threats ceased to exist or may consider deletion from both the List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List.[3] Of the two former sites, the Dresden Elbe Valley has been delisted after placement on the List of World Heritage in Danger while the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary has been directly delisted.[4][5] As of 2012, there are 38 entries (17 natural, 21 cultural) on the List of World Heritage in Danger.[6] Many of the listed sites are located in the developing world with 15 in Africa (of which five are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo), 10 in Asia[nb 2], 7 in the Americas and 3 in Europe.[nb 3][7] The majority of endangered natural sites (12) is located in Africa.[8]
While danger listing has sparked conservation efforts and released funding, resulting in a positive development of some sites such as Galápagos or Yellowstone, the list itself and UNESCO's implementation of it have been the focus of criticism.[9][10] In particular state parties and other stakeholders of World Heritage Sites have questioned the authority of the Committee to declare a site in danger without their consent.[11] Until UNESCO set a precedent in 1992 placing several sites on the danger list against their view, state parties would have first submitted a program of corrective measures before a site could be listed.[12] Instead of being used as intended, the List of World Heritage in Danger is perceived by some states as a black list and according to Christina Cameron, Professor at the School of Architecture, Canada Research Chair on Built Heritage, University of Montreal, has been used as political tool to get the attention of state parties.[13][14] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) notes that UNESCO has referenced the List of World Heritage in Danger (without actually listing the site) in a number of cases where the threat could be easily addressed by the state party.[15] The Union also argues that listing a site as endangered over a long period of time is questionable and that other mechanisms for conservation should be sought in these cases.[16]
Currently listed sites
- Table legend
- Name; as listed by the World Heritage Committee[17]
- Location; at city or provincial level and country name, with coordinates; column sorts by state[nb 4]
- Criteria; the site was listed under
- Area; in hectares and acres if provided by UNESCO
- Year (WHS); the year the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List
- Endangered; the year the site appeared on the List of World Heritage in Danger
- Reason; threats to the site which prompted UNESCO to list it as in danger
Name | Image | Location | Criteria | Area ha (acre) |
Year (WHS) | Endangered | Reason | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abu Mena | Foundations of ruined buildings in a desert location. | Abusir,![]() 30°50′30″N 29°39′50″E / 30.84167°N 29.66389°E |
Cultural: (iv) |
182 (450) | 1979 | 2001 | Cave-ins in the area caused by the clay at the surface, which becomes semi-liquid when met with "excess water" | [18][19] [20] |
Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves | ![]() |
Arlit Department,![]() 18°17′N 8°0′E / 18.283°N 8.000°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
7,736,000 (19,120,000) | 1991 | 1992 | Military conflict and civil disturbance in the region as well as a reduction of wildlife population and degradation of the vegetation cover | [21][22] |
Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) | ![]() |
Salah ad Din,![]() 35°27′24″N 43°15′45″E / 35.45667°N 43.26250°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
70 (170) | 2003 | 2003 | A planned reservoir that would have partially flooded the site was suspended in the wake of the Iraq War by the new administration; lack of adequate protection | [23][24] |
Bagrati Cathedral and Gelati Monastery | ![]() |
Imereti,![]() 42°15′44″N 42°42′59″E / 42.26222°N 42.71639°E |
Cultural: (iv) |
7.87 (19.4) | 1994 | 2010 | Major reconstruction project that will lead to irreversible interventions and undermine the authenticity and integrity of the site | [25][26] |
Bam and its Cultural Landscape | Kerman,![]() 29°07′00.68″N 58°22′06.51″E / 29.1168556°N 58.3684750°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) |
— | 2004 | 2004 | Following the damage due to the 2003 Bam earthquake | [27][28] | |
Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System | Belize, Stann Creek and Toledo![]() 17°19′N 87°32′W / 17.317°N 87.533°W |
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
96,300 (238,000) | 1996 | 2009 | Mangrove cutting and excessive development | [29][30] | |
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone | La Libertad,![]() 8°6′40″S 79°04′30″W / 8.11111°S 79.07500°W |
Cultural: (i), (iii) |
600 (1,500) | 1986 | 1986 | Natural erosion | [31][32] | |
Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem | ![]() |
![]() 31°42′16″N 35°12′27″E / 31.70444°N 35.20750°E |
Cultural: (iv), (vi) |
2.98 (7.4) | 2012 | 2012 | Water damage | [33][34] |
Comoé National Park | Zanzan,![]() 9°10′N 3°40′W / 9.167°N 3.667°W |
Natural: (ix), (x) |
1,150,000 (2,800,000) | 1983 | 2003 | Civil unrest, poaching and lack of effective management mechanisms | [35][36] | |
Coro and its Port | Falcón,![]() 11°25′N 69°40′W / 11.417°N 69.667°W |
Cultural: (iv), (v) |
107 (260) | 1993 | 2005 | Damage to a great number of structures due to heavy rain between November 2004 and February 2005 as well as the construction of a new monument, a beach walkway and an entrance gate to the city in the buffer zone which could have considerable impact on the value of the site | [37][38] | |
Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley | Bamyan,![]() 34°49′55″N 67°49′36″E / 34.83194°N 67.82667°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi) |
159 (390) | 2003 | 2003 | Fragile conservation state due to abandonment, military action and dynamite explosions; causing dangers such as risk of collapse of Buddha niches, further deterioration of cave murals, looting and illicit excavations | [39][40] | |
Everglades National Park | ![]() |
Florida,![]() 25°19′N 80°56′W / 25.317°N 80.933°W |
Natural: (viii), (ix), (x) |
592,920 (1,465,100) | 1979 | 1993–2007, 2010 | Damage due to Hurricane Andrew and deterioration of water flow and quality due to agricultural and urban development (1993); continued degradation of the site resulting in a loss of marine habitat and decline in marine species (2010) | [41][42] [43] |
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works | ![]() |
Tarapacá,![]() 20°12′30″S 69°47′40″W / 20.20833°S 69.79444°W |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
— | 2005 | 2005 | Fragile nature of structures due to lack of maintenance for 40 years; also damage, vandalism and some dismantling; looting | [44][45] |
Garamba National Park | ![]() |
Orientale,![]() 4°0′N 29°15′E / 4.000°N 29.250°E |
Natural: (vii), (x) |
500,000 (1,200,000) | 1980 | 1984–1992, 1996 | Reduction of Northern White Rhinoceros population (1984); poaching of two white rhinos, killing of three rangers and no plan for corrective measures by the authorities (1996) | [46][47] [48] |
Historical Monuments of Mtskheta | ![]() |
Mtskheta-Mtianeti,![]() 41°51′N 44°43′E / 41.850°N 44.717°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
— | 1994 | 2009 | Concerns about the preservation of the site | [49][50] |
Historic Town of Zabīd | Al Hudaydah,![]() 14°12′N 43°19′E / 14.200°N 43.317°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iv), (vi) |
— | 1993 | 2000 | Deteriorating state of historic buildings, inscribed on request of the state party | [51][52] | |
Kahuzi-Biega National Park | South Kivu and Maniema, ![]() 2°30′S 28°45′E / 2.500°S 28.750°E |
Natural: (x) |
600,000 (1,500,000) | 1980 | 1997 | Deforestation, hunting as well as war and civil strife | [53][54] | |
Los Katíos National Park | —
|
Antioquia and Chocó,![]() 7°40′N 77°0′W / 7.667°N 77.000°W |
Natural: (ix), (x) |
72,000 (180,000) | 1994 | 2009 | Deforestation, illegal fishing and hunting | [55][56] |
Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park | ![]() |
Bamingui-Bangoran,![]() 9°0′N 21°30′E / 9.000°N 21.500°E |
Natural: (ix), (x) |
1,740,000 (4,300,000) | 1988 | 1997 | Illegal grazing and poaching, deteriorating security situation | [57][58] |
Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam | ![]() |
Ghōr,![]() 34°23′48″N 64°30′58″E / 34.39667°N 64.51611°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
70 (170) | 2002 | 2002 | Lack of legal protection, lack of protection measure or management plan, poor condition of the site | [59][60] |
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo | ![]() |
Kosovo,![]() 42°39′40″N 20°15′56″E / 42.66111°N 20.26556°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
2.88 (7.1) | 2004 | 2006 | Lack of legal protection and management; political instability and security | [61][62] |
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve | ![]() |
Lola Prefecture,![]() ![]() 7°36′N 8°23′W / 7.600°N 8.383°W |
Natural: (ix), (x) |
18,000 (44,000) | 1981 | 1992 | Iron ore mining concession on part of the World Heritage Site and influx of large number of refugees on the Guinean part of the site | [63][64] |
Niokolo-Koba National Park | ![]() |
Tambacounda Region and Kédougou Region, ![]() 13°0′N 12°40′W / 13.000°N 12.667°W |
Natural: (x) |
913,000 (2,260,000) | 1981 | 2007 | Degradation of property, low mammal population, management problems and impact of a proposed dam on the Gambia River | [65][66] |
Okapi Wildlife Reserve | ![]() |
Orientale,![]() 2°0′N 28°30′E / 2.000°N 28.500°E |
Natural: (x) |
1,372,625 (3,391,830) | 1996 | 1997 | Looting of park facilities and killing of elephants as a result of an armed conflict in the area | [67][68] |
Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls | ![]() |
Jerusalem District | ![]() 31°46′36″N 35°14′03″E / 31.77667°N 35.23417°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (vi) |
— | 1981 | 1982 | Uncontrolled urban development, general deterioration of the state of conservation due to tourism and lack of maintenance | [69][70][71] |
Rainforests of the Atsinanana | ![]() 14°28′S 49°42′E / 14.467°S 49.700°E |
Eastern Madagascar,Natural: (ix), (x) |
479,660 (1,185,300) | 2007 | 2010 | Illegal logging and hunting of endangered lemurs | [72][73] | |
Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve | ![]() |
La Mosquitia,![]() 15°44′40″N 84°40′30″W / 15.74444°N 84.67500°W |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
— | 1982 | 1996–2007, 2011 | Logging, fishing and land occupation; poaching and the reduced capacity of the state to manage the site; largely due to the deterioration of law and to the presence of drug traffickers | [74][75] |
Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara | Kilwa District,![]() 8°57′28″S 39°31′22″E / 8.95778°S 39.52278°E |
Cultural: (iii) |
— | 1981 | 2004 | Continuing deterioration of the site due to various agents such as erosion or plants | [76][77] | |
Salonga National Park | ![]() |
South Kivu and Maniema, ![]() 2°0′S 21°0′E / 2.000°S 21.000°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix) |
3,600,000 (8,900,000) | 1984 | 1999 | Breakdown of civil order | [78][79] [80] |
Samarra Archaeological City | Salah ad Din,![]() 34°12′N 43°52′E / 34.200°N 43.867°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
15,058 (37,210) | 2007 | 2007 | Security situation following the Iraq War and lack of state control for protection or management of the site | [81][82] | |
Simien National Park | ![]() |
Amhara Region,![]() 23°11′N 38°4′E / 23.183°N 38.067°E |
Natural: (vii), (x) |
22,000 (54,000) | 1978 | 1996 | Deterioration of population of Walia ibex | [83][84] |
Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi | ![]() |
Kampala District,![]() 0°19′45″N 32°33′12″E / 0.32917°N 32.55333°E |
Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv), (vi) |
27 (67) | 2001 | 2010 | Destruction of the Muzibu Azaala Mpanga, the main building of the site, by fire in March 2010 | [85][86] |
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra | ![]() |
Sumatra,![]() 02°30′S 101°30′E / 2.500°S 101.500°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
2,595,124 (6,412,690) | 2004 | 2011 | Poaching, illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and plans to build roads through the site | [87][88] |
Virunga National Park | ![]() |
North Kivu and Orientale, ![]() 0°55′N 29°10′E / 0.917°N 29.167°E |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (x) |
800,000 (2,000,000) | 1979 | 1994 | Deforestation and poaching as a result of the influx of refugees due to the Rwandan Civil War | [89][90] |
Previously listed sites
There exist a number of sites that were previously listed as being in danger, but later removed from the list after improvements in management and conservation. The Everglades National Park was listed from 1993 to 2007 and again since 2010; the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve was listed from 1996 to 2007 and again since 2011. Both are therefore included in the list of currently listed sites (above).
Name | Image | Location | Criteria | Area ha (acre) |
Year (WHS) | Endangered | Reason | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angkor | ![]() |
Siem Reap Province, ![]() 13°26′N 103°50′E / 13.433°N 103.833°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) |
—
|
1992 | 1992–2004 | Inscription initially limited to a three year period (1993–1995) during which effective legal protection, boundary and buffer zones were to be established and international conservation efforts were to be monitored and coordinated; At the time of inscription, Cambodia was UN-controlled following the civil war in the 1980s. | [91][92] [93] |
Bahla Fort | Walls of a stone fort and a tower. | Bahla, ![]() 22°58′N 57°18′E / 22.967°N 57.300°E |
Cultural: (iv) |
—
|
1987 | 1988–2004 | Degradation of earth structures of the fort and of the oasis of Bahla | [94][95] [96][97] |
Butrint | ![]() |
Sarandë District, ![]() 39°45′N 20°01′E / 39.750°N 20.017°E |
Cultural: (iii) |
3,980 (9,800) | 1992 | 1997–2005 | Damages due to management and conservation | [98][99] [100] |
Cologne Cathedral | North Rhine-Westphalia, ![]() 50°56′29″N 6°57′29″E / 50.94139°N 6.95806°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv) |
—
|
1996 | 2004–2006 | High-rise building plan near the cathedral threatening to inflict damage to the integrity of the property; delisted[nb 6] after the building plan was halted and a buffer zone introduced | [101][102] [103] | |
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary | Biffeche, ![]() 16°30′N 16°10′W / 16.500°N 16.167°W |
Natural: (vii), (x) |
16,000 (40,000) | 1981 | 1984–1988, 2000–2006 | Long term threat by construction plan for a down-stream dam (1984); delisted[nb 6] (1988) as water supply to the park was insured by the construction of a sluice and a management plan was being prepared; relisted[nb 7] (2000) due to environmental and economical threats posed by the introduced species Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes as well as issues with water management in the park | [47][104] [105][106] [107][108] | |
Dresden Elbe Valley# | ![]() |
Saxony, ![]() 51°03′N 13°49′E / 51.050°N 13.817°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) |
1,930 (4,800) | 2004 | 2006–2009 | Construction plans for the Waldschlösschen Bridge in the core area of the cultural landscape; removed from the list of World Heritage Sites in 2009 after construction commenced at the end of 2007 | [109][110] |
Dubrovnik | ![]() |
Dubrovnik-Neretva County, ![]() 42°38′25″N 18°06′30″E / 42.64028°N 18.10833°E |
Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv) |
97 (240) | 1979 | 1991–1998 | Croatian War of Independence | [111][112] [113] |
Galápagos Islands | ![]() |
Galápagos Province, ![]() 0°40′S 90°30′W / 0.667°S 90.500°W |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
14,066,514 (34,759,110) | 1978 | 2007–2010 | Various threats including insufficient prevention of possibilities for the introduction of alien species, insufficient resource allocation for conservation agencies and park management, presence of a large number of illegal immigrants, rapid uncontrolled growth of tourism, fishing over-capacity and sports fishing | [114][115] [116][117] |
Group of Monuments at Hampi | Bellary district, ![]() 15°20′6″N 76°27′43″E / 15.33500°N 76.46194°E |
Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv) |
—
|
1986 | 1999–2006 | Partial construction of two cable-suspended bridges within the protected archaeological areas of Hampi threatening the integrity and authenticity of the site | [118][119] [120] | |
Ichkeul National Park | ![]() |
Bizerta, ![]() 37°10′N 9°40′E / 37.167°N 9.667°E |
Natural: (x) |
12,600 (31,000) | 1980 | 1996–2006 | Construction of dams limiting the freshwater flow to the area and causing an increased salinity of the lake and the marshes as well as a decrease in the number of migrating bird populations | [121][122] [123] |
Iguaçu National Park | ![]() |
Paraná State, ![]() 25°41′S 54°26′E / 25.683°S 54.433°E |
Natural: (vii), (x) |
170,086 (420,290) | 1986 | 1999–2001 | Illegally opened road ("Estrada do Colono", Portuguese for "Settler's Road") through the park, dams on the Iguazu River and helicopter flights. | [80][124] [125] |
Kathmandu Valley | Kathmandu Valley, ![]() 27°42′14″N 85°18′31″E / 27.70389°N 85.30861°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv), (vi) |
167 (410) | 1979 | 2003–2007 | Partial or substantial loss of the traditional elements of six out of seven monument zones and resulting general loss of authenticity and integrity of the whole property. | [126][127] [128] | |
Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor | ![]() |
Bay of Kotor, Kotor and surrounding territory, ![]() 42°29′N 18°42′E / 42.483°N 18.700°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) |
—
|
1979 | 1979–2003 | Damage following the earthquake from April 15, 1979 | [129][130] [131] |
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary | Assam, ![]() 26°30′N 91°51′E / 26.500°N 91.850°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
39,100 (97,000) | 1985 | 1992–2011 | Poaching, damage to the park's infrastructure and decrease in the population of some species particularly the Greater One Horned Rhino following an invasion by militants of the Bodo tribe in 1992 | [132][133] [134] | |
Ngorongoro Conservation Area | ![]() |
Arusha Region, ![]() 3°11′S 35°32′E / 3.183°S 35.533°E |
Natural: (iv), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
—
|
1978 | 1984–1989 | Declining conservation status | [47][135] [136] |
Plitvice Lakes National Park | ![]() |
Lika-Senj County, ![]() 44°53′N 15°37′E / 44.883°N 15.617°E |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix) |
19,200 (47,000) | 1979 | 1992–1997 | Potential threat due to the Croatian War of Independence | [137][138] [139] |
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras | ![]() |
Ifugao,![]() 16°55′N 121°3′E / 16.917°N 121.050°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv), (v) |
500,000 (1,200,000) | 1995 | 2001–2012 | Absence of systematic monitoring programme or a comprehensive management plan | [140][141] |
Royal Palaces of Abomey | ![]() |
Zou Department, ![]() 7°11′26″N 1°59′36″E / 7.19056°N 1.99333°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
48 (120) | 1985 | 1985–2007 | General state of deterioration due to the elements and inappropriate restoration which are in conflict with the authenticity of the site | [142][143] [144][145] |
Rwenzori Mountains National Park | ![]() |
Bundibugyo, Kabarole and Kasese District, ![]() 0°13′N 29°55′E / 0.217°N 29.917°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix) |
99,600 (246,000) | 1994 | 1999–2004 | Security situation and lack of monitoring of a major part of the park | [80][146] [147] |
Sangay National Park | Chimborazo, Morona-Santiago and Tungurahua Province, ![]() 1°50′S 78°20′W / 1.833°S 78.333°W |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
271,925 (671,940) | 1983 | 1992–2005 | Heavy poaching, illegal livestock grazing, encroachment and potential threat through a road construction project | [148][149] [150] | |
Srebarna Nature Reserve | ![]() |
Srebarna, Silistra Province, ![]() 44°06′50″N 27°04′40″E / 44.11389°N 27.07778°E |
Natural: (x) |
638 (1,580) | 1983 | 1992–2003 | Prevention of seasonal flooding and agricultural use causing a decline or disappearance of the water and passerine bird populations | [151][152] [153] |
Timbuktu | ![]() |
Circle and Region of Tombouctou, ![]() 16°46′24″N 2°59′58″W / 16.77333°N 2.99944°W |
Cultural: (ii), (iv), (v) |
—
|
1988 | 1990–2005 | Threat of sand encroachment | [154][155] [156] |
Tipasa | Tipaza Province, ![]() 36°33′24″N 2°23′00″E / 36.55667°N 2.38333°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
52 (130) | 1982 | 2002–2006 | Inadequat maintenance affecting the integrity of the site and its buffer zone | [157][158] [159] | |
Wieliczka Salt Mine | ![]() |
Wieliczka, Wieliczka County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, ![]() 49°58′45″N 20°03′50″E / 49.97917°N 20.06389°E |
Cultural: (iv) |
969 (2,390) | 1978 | 1989–1998 | Humidity problem | [136][160] [161] |
Yellowstone National Park | Wyoming and small areas of Montana and Idaho, ![]() 44°30′N 110°50′W / 44.500°N 110.833°W |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
898,349 (2,219,870) | 1978 | 1995–2003 | Ascertained dangers to Yellowstone cutthroat trout as well as sewage leakage and waste contamination in parts of the park; potential threats to water quantity and quality, past and proposed mining activities, a proposed control program to eradicate brucellosis in the bison herds | [162][163] [164] |
Notes
- ^ Full title: Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
- ^ Includes the Jerusalem site
- ^ Includes two sites in Georgia
- ^ The Jerusalem site is not associated with a state by UNESCO and sorts as "Jerusalem".
- ^ Site proposed by Jordan. UNESCO has stated that "In line with relevant UN resolutions, East Jerusalem remains part of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the status of Jerusalem must be resolved in permanent status negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians."
- ^ a b From the List of World Heritage in Danger
- ^ On the List of World Heritage in Danger
References
- General
- "World Heritage in Danger: A compendium of key decisions on the conservation of natural World Heritage properties via the List of World Heritage in Danger" (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- Chape, Stuart; Spalding, Mark; Jenkins, Martin (2008). The world's protected areas: status, values and prospects in the 21st century (illustrated ed.). University of Castile-La Mancha. ISBN 978-0-520-24660-7. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
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(help) - Timothy, Dallen J.; Nyaupane, Gyan P. (2009). Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world: a regional perspective. Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility. Vol. 10 (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-77622-6. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - "World Heritage Committee: Eighth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Sixteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twentieth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-first session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-third session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-fourth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-fifth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-seventh session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-eighth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-ninth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Thirtieth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-first session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-third session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-fourth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Notes
- ^ "Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 6. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention" (PDF). UNESCO. January 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ "Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary: first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ "Dresden is deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ Timothy & Nyaupane 2009, p. 11
- ^ IUCN 2009, pp. 4–7
- ^ Chape, Spalding & Jenkins 2008, p. 87
- ^ Timothy & Nyaupane 2009, p. 83
- ^ IUCN 2009, pp. 2–3
- ^ Chape, Spalding & Jenkins 2008, p. 86
- ^ Thorsell, J. W.; Sawyer, Jacqueline (1992). World heritage 20 years later (illustrated ed.). IUCN. p. 23. ISBN 978-2-8317-0109-7. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ IUCN 2009, p. 0
- ^ IUCN 2009, pp. 18–19
- ^ IUCN 2009, pp. 19–20
- ^ "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ "Abu Mena". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "Abu Mena–Threats to the Site (2001)". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ 25th session 2001, p. 134
- ^ "Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 16th session 1992, p. 29
- ^ "Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 27th session 2003, pp. 123–124
- ^ "Bagrati Cathedral and Gelati Monastery". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 130–133
- ^ "Bam and its Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ 28th session 2004, pp. 47–48
- ^ "Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 33rd session 2009, pp. 81–82
- ^ "Chan Chan Archaeological Zone". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Tenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route in Bethlehem, inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List along with sites from Israel, Palau, Indonesia and Morocco". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Comoé National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 27th session 2003, p. 30
- ^ "Coro and its Port". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 102–103
- ^ "Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 27th session 2003, pp. 122–123
- ^ "Everglades National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Seventeenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 82–83
- ^ "Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 142–143
- ^ "Garamba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ a b c 8th session 1984, p. 18 Cite error: The named reference "8-sess-p18" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ 20th session 1996, p. 32
- ^ "Historical Monuments of Mtskheta". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ 33rd session 2009, p. 139
- ^ "Historic Town of Zabid". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ 24th session 2000, pp. 26–27
- ^ "Kahuzi-Biega National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 21st session 1997, pp. 19–20
- ^ "Los Katíos National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 33rd session 2009, p. 83
- ^ "Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 21st session 1997, pp. 18–19
- ^ "Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 55. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Medieval Monuments in Kosovo". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 157–158
- ^ "Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 26–28
- ^ "Niokolo-Koba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 31st session 2007, pp. 41–43
- ^ "Okapi Wildlife Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 21st session 1997, p. 19
- ^ "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 10–12. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO replies to allegations". UNESCO. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ^ "Rainforests of the Atsinanana". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 57–58
- ^ "Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ 20th session 1996, p. 29
- ^ "Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 28th session 2004, pp. 96–97
- ^ "Salonga National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 8th session 1984, p. 14
- ^ a b c 23rd session 1999, p. 29
- ^ "Samarra Archaeological City". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 31st session 2007, pp. 152–153
- ^ "Simien National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ 20th session 1996, pp. 28–29
- ^ "Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 103–105
- ^ "Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ "Danger listing for Indonesia's Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ "Virunga National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Eighteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 21, 51. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Angkor". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 37–38, annex VI
- ^ 28th session 2004, pp. 66–67
- ^ "Bahla Fort". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twelfth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 19. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 28th session 2004, p. 64
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Eleventh session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Butrint". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ 21st session 1997, pp. 24–25
- ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 31–32
- ^ "Cologne Cathedral". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 28th session 2004, p. 116
- ^ 30th session 2006, p. 46
- ^ "Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twelfth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 7, 16. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 24th session 2000, pp. 109–110
- ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 15–16
- ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 23–24
- ^ "Dresden Elbe Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 112–113
- ^ "Dubrovnik". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Fifteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 31. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-second session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Galápagos Islands". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 70–71
- ^ 31st session 2007, pp. 68–69
- ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 34–35
- ^ "Group of Monuments at Hampi". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 23rd session 1999, pp. 32–33
- ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 38–40
- ^ "Ichkeul National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 20th session 1996, pp. 31–32
- ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 25–26
- ^ "Iguaçu National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 25th session 2001, pp. 15–16
- ^ "Kathmandu Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 27th session 2003, pp. 64–65
- ^ 31st session 2007, p. 32
- ^ "Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Third session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 27th session 2003, p. 27
- ^ "Manas Wildlife Sanctuary". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ 16th session 1992, p. 28
- ^ "Successful preservation of India's Manas Wildlife Sanctuary enables withdrawal from the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ "Ngorongoro Conservation Area". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ a b "World Heritage Committee: Thirteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 14. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Plitvice Lakes National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 24–25
- ^ 21st session 1997, pp. 10–11
- ^ "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
- ^ 25th session 2001, pp. 139–141
- ^ "Royal Palaces of Abomey". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Royal Palaces of Abomey: Advisory Body Evaluation" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Ninth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 7. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ 31st session 2007, pp. 21–22
- ^ "Rwenzori Mountains National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 28th session 2004, p. 55
- ^ "Sangay National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 25–26
- ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 18–19
- ^ "Srebarna Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 21–22
- ^ 27th session 2003, p. 15
- ^ "Timbuktu". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Fourteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 20–21
- ^ "Tipasa". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 36–37. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 30th session 2006, p. 32
- ^ "Wieliczka Salt Mine". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-second session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Yellowstone National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "World Heritage Committee: Nineteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 16–17
External links
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Official site
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage in Danger List: Official site
- UNESCO Heritage Centre – World Heritage List: Official site
- Worldheritage-Forum: Weblog and Information on World Heritage Issues