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Gezi Park protests

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2013 Taksim Gezi Park protests
Protesters clashing with the police in Istiklal Avenue.
Date28 May 2013 (2013-05-28) – present
(11 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Turkey: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Adana, Eskişehir, Antalya,Diyarbakir and most major cities.[1][2]

Also supporting protests from foreigners and Turks living abroad;

Berlin, Frankfurt, Lefkoşa, London, New York, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles, Prague, Vienna, Bologna, Rome, Milano, Brussels, Dublin, Amsterdam [3]
GoalsProtecting Gezi Park, protesting lack of consultation and police's use of excessive force, defending freedom of speech and right to assembly
MethodsCivil disobedience, civil resistance, demonstrations, online activism, protest marches, rioting, sit-ins
StatusOngoing
Parties
Anti-government protestors (left to right[4]), Environmentalists, Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects, Football associations of the four major teams, Anti-capitalist Muslims, LGBT organizations, fair-minded Turks
Lead figures

Government Leaders:

Number
10,000 [5] - 50,000 [6] (Istanbul)
20,000 (Ankara)[7]
15,000 (Bodrum) [8]
10,000[9] - 30,000 [10](Izmir)
10,000 (Trabzon)[11]
10,000 (Bolu)[12]
10,000 (Bursa)[13]
10,000 (Izmit)[14]
10,000 (Tunceli)[15]
7,000 (Tekirdağ)[16]
6,000 (Antalya)[17]
5,000 (Muğla)[18]
5,000 (Hatay)[19]
5,000 (Çorum)[20]

~81[21] to 90 [22] cities around Turkey
unknown number of policemen
Casualties
Death(s)2 (unconfirmed)[23]
Injuries[24]1000 up to 2000[25] (government figures: 79[26])
ArrestedAt least 939[27]

From 28 May 2013, protests have been held in Turkey. The initial Istanbul protests were led by environmentalists against replacing Taksim Gezi Park with a reconstruction of the historic Taksim Military Barracks (demolished in 1940), with the possibility of housing a shopping mall. The protests developed into riots when a group occupying the park was attacked by police. The subject of the protests have since broadened beyond the development of Taksim Gezi Park, developing into wider anti-government demonstrations.[28] The protests have also spread to other cities in Turkey, and protests have been seen in other countries with significant Turkish communities.[29]

Protesters took to the Taksim Square of Istanbul and streets in Ankara[1] as well as Bursa, Antalya, Eskişehir, İzmir, Mersin, Adana, İzmit, Konya, Samsun, Hatay [30] Trabzon, Rize (the city where Erdoğan's family is from), Tekirdağ, Bodrum[25] and Mardin.[31] Some of the protesters have styled themselves as #OccupyGezi.[32]

The range of protesters was noted as being broad, encompassing both right and left wing individuals as well as nationalist Turks and Kurds.[25] Protesters' complaints ranged from the original local environmental concerns to such issues as curbs on alcohol,[33] a recent row about kissing in public,[25] and the war in Syria.[25] Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş stated that the environmental campaign had been manipulated by "political agendas."[34] According to various news outlets, the clashes are one of the most challenging events for Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's ten-year rule.[35][36][37] Mustafa Akyol, a "liberal Islamist" journalist, described the events as the cumulative reaction of the people to Erdoğan.[38]

On 31 May 2013, police suppressed the protesters with tear gas, arrested at least 60 people and injured hundreds.[29][39] The police action received wide attention online.[32][40] Protesters organized and gathered on İstiklal Avenue, reaching thousands on the night of 31 May.[5][29]

According to government sources, more than 900 people have been taken into custody, with "more than 90 demonstration in 48 provinces, including Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Antalya, Konya, Eskişehir and many others"[41]

Background

Taksim Military Barracks, built 1806, turned into Taksim Stadium in 1921, and demolished in 1940.

Since 2011, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has increased restrictions on freedom of speech, freedom of the press and internet use,[42] alcohol consumption,[43] abortion[44] and television content,[45] as well as freedom of assembly.[46] Parliamentarians of the ruling party also opposed extension of LGBT rights in Turkey during a 29 May debate.[47] The government's stance on the civil war in Syria is another cause of the social tension in the country.[48] The government has been seen as increasingly Islamist and authoritarian,[49] with a party official stating in April 2013 that he expected the party to lose liberal support.[50][51]

Erdoğan gave a speech at the groundbreaking ceremony for the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge on 29 May where he said "Whatever you do, we've made our decision and we will implement it," referring to the government's decision to cut down Gezi Park's trees in Taksim Square in order to rebuild the Ottoman-era Taksim Military Barracks (which had been demolished in 1940).[52] The government planned to replace the barracks and Gezi Park with a replica of Ottoman-era army barracks housing a shopping mall.[53]

According to Koray Çalişkan, a political scientist at Istanbul's Boğaziçi University, the protests are "a turning point for the AKP. Erdoğan is a very confident and very authoritarian politician, and he doesn't listen to anyone anymore. But he needs to understand that Turkey is no kingdom, and that he cannot rule Istanbul from Ankara all by himself."[54]

Timeline

Some of the protesters have styled themselves as #OccupyGezi.

28 May

Early in the morning on 28 May around 50 people stood guard at Gezi Park to prevent its destruction.[55] The walls of the park were being bulldozed, and the people tried to stop this. With the help of BDP MP Sırrı Süreyya Önder, the bulldozing was stopped.[56] Later the bulldozing continued, with the assistance of the Zabıta municipal police.[56] There was no physical resistance, but tear gas was used, and the protesters' tents were burned by the municipal police.[56] Sırrı Süreyya Önder then stood in front of the bulldozer and demanded to see the legal permits.[55][57] Sırrı Süreyya Önder said that they would not allow the trees to be cut down, as they provided an important shaded resting place especially for poorer people.[55][58]

29 May

After the events of 28 May the protest group grew, and continued to stand guard in the park, putting up tents and remaining there overnight.[59] They prepared a programme for 29 May, with a 12:30 press conference and a 6 pm concert and 10 pm film showing.[60] The group continued to grow through social media. Other prominent people joined Sırrı Süreyya Önder in the protest, including Republican People's Party vice president Gürsel Tekin, singer Can Bonomo, actors and actresses Gonca Vuslateri, Memet Ali Alabora, Okan Bayülgen and Şebnem Sönmez.[61] Devrim Evin, lead actor of Fetih 1453, announced on Twitter that he was not attending its 29 May premiere in protest.[61]

31 May

File:Water cannon Taksim Gezi Park 2013.jpg
Police using a water cannon to disperse protesters.
Crowd in İstiklâl Avenue, 31 May evening

Police carried out a dawn raid on the Gezi Park sit-in, using water cannons and tear gas to disperse the protestors to surrounding areas.[62] The police set up barricades around the park to prevent re-occupation.[62] At 1pm a new sit-in was held at Taksim Square, but police again dispersed it.[62] Police threw tear gas into the Taksim Metro station.[62]

Police continued to fire tear gas, pepper spray and water cannons at demonstrators, with more than 100 injuries reported.[63] Sırrı Süreyya Önder was hospitalised after being hit in the shoulder by a tear gas canister.[53][64] During tear gas attacks on protesters, army soldiers were seen handing out gas masks.[65] Two protesters suffered broken arms and several others had minor bone fractures when a scaffolding collapsed as they tried to escape the police intervention on the square, and some protesters threw rocks at the security forces.[63] The executive order regarding the earlier-decided process has been declared as 'on-hold' on 31 May 2013.[66] According to governor Hüseyin Avni Mutlu, 63 people had been arrested and detained.[34][67]

The police use of tear gas was criticised for being "indiscriminate".[34] The interior minister, Muammer Guler, said the claims of the use of disproportionate force would be investigated.[34] The Turkish Doctors Association said nearly 1000 people were injured in Istanbul, including six who lost eyes after being hit in the face by tear gas canisters.[68]

Large protests also occurred in Ankara and Izmir.[29] In Ankara, a helicopter was used to fire tear gas at the protestors,[69] and police were seen chasing demonstrators into shops with electric shock batons.[69] Clashes between protestors and security forces continued all night long in Ankara.[70] In İzmir, more than 10,000 people held a protest on 31 May, with demonstrators holding banners reading "Everywhere is Taksim, everywhere is resistance", "Resist Taksim, İzmir is with you", and "Chemical Erdoğan". Protesters in İzmir were also raided by police armed with tear gas, plastic bullets and water cannons.[30][71]

1 June

"At least 3 beer" shows government's child and alcohol policy[clarification needed]
Police barricade surrounding Gezi Park.
1 June; Bosphorus Bridge, 6am, people from Kadıköy were walking since 1am.

"About half past one the entire city started to reverberate. People were banging on pots, pans, blowing whistles," one eye-witness told BBC News.[72] Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç criticized the use of tear gas against demonstrators and stated "It would have been more helpful to try and persuade the people who said they didn't want a shopping mall, instead of spraying them with tear gas."[73]

All public transport was shut down in Istanbul. Thousands of protesters from Kadıköy (the Asian side of the city) walked across the Bosphorus Bridge around 09:00 local time, to join the main protest groups in Taksim. They were met with police intervention.[72][74]

At 3:45 pm, the police force started to withdraw from Taksim Square, letting protesters in. During the withdrawal, some protesters threw water bottles at the security forces, which resulted in the police use of tear gas.[75]

The protests in Ankara that began on 31 May continued.[70] The protestors, gathered mainly on Güven Park in the Kızılay neighbourhood, were also interrupted by the police officers. The roads to the Kızılay square where protestors tried to gather were closed by the security forces.[76] The security around the Başbakanlık Konutu and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey were also increased with the aid of the Turkish Gendarmerie.[77][78] The security forces left the Kızılay square later and then nearly 10,000 people gathered there.[79]

Some have reported rumors of the police using a novel riot control chemical which some are calling "Agent Orange" against the protesters in Beşiktaş,[80][81][82]. Though bearing the same nickname as herbicides and defoliants used by the US Military during the Vietnam War, the chemical used is believed to be a riot control chemical such as CR gas or the Skunk anti-riot chemical.

"Helicopters have fired tear gas canisters into residential neighbourhoods and police have used tear gas to try to smoke people out of buildings. Footage on YouTube showed one protester being hit by an armoured police truck as it charged a barricade."[83]

Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan gave a televised speech condemning the protestors and vowing that "where they gather 20, I will get up and gather 200,000 people. Where they gather 100,000, I will bring together one million from my party" [84]

2 June

"Hundreds of protesters set fires in the Tunalı district of the capital Ankara, while riot police fired tear gas and pepper spray to hold back groups of stone-throwing youths near Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan's office in Istanbul."[83]

Videos showing the extent of police brutality started to surface on various websites.[85][86][87][88]

It was reported that Turkey's President Abdullah Gül contacted other senior leaders urging "moderation". After the call, Interior Minister Muammer Güler ordered police to withdraw from Taksim, allowing protestors to re-occupy the square.[89] Demonstrators returning to the square organized to clean the square, which has become littered with debris.[90]

Injuries and deaths

The Turkish Doctors Association said on 31 May that nearly 1000 people were injured in Istanbul, including six who lost eyes after being hit in the face by tear gas canisters.[68] Human Rights Watch reported a student losing an eye after being hit by a plastic bullet.[91]

  • Sırrı Süreyya Önder, a member of Parliament, was hospitalised after being hit in the shoulder by a tear gas canister (31 May).[53]
  • Ahmet Şık, an investigative journalist, was hit in the head by a tear gas canister;[92] "Onlookers said the canister was deliberately thrown at Şık from a distance of about 10 metres."[93]
  • Sezgin Tanrikulu, a noted human rights attorney, "was hospitalized after suffering a mild heart attack caused by exposure to tear gas on May 31."[91]
  • Nasuh Mahruki, professional mountain climber, writer, photographer and film producer; first ever Turkish person to climb the Seven Summits; was hospitalized with a broken leg on June 1st. "[94]

Amnesty International reports that at least two protestors in Istanbul have died.[95]

International reaction

Official
  • United States United States State Department spokesperson Jen Psaki expressed concern: "We believe that Turkey's long-term stability, security and prosperity is best guaranteed by upholding the fundamental freedoms of expression, assembly and association, which is what it seems these individuals were doing."[96][97]
  • United Kingdom The UK Foreign Office condemned the 'indiscriminate' use of tear gas, adding "We encourage the Turkish authorities to respect the right to peaceful protest and freedom of assembly, which are fundamental human rights in any democratic society".[97]
  • European Union The European Commission issued a statement saying "We condemn all excessive and disproportionate use of force."[98]
Non-official

Impact on tourism

In 2011, Turkey attracted more than 31.5 million foreign tourists,[112] ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world. Tourism has been described as "one of the most vital sources of income for Turkey", [113], raising concerns that "unrest would have a dire effect on Istanbul [...] and the larger tourism economy."[114]

Mark Almond, a visiting professor in International Relations at Bilkent University in Ankara, revealed to Russia Today: "This is a city that has huge numbers of foreign tourists – many of them have been affected, many of them sought medical help. It’s a public relations disaster with huge economic implications." [115]

  • On 1 June 2013, the UK's Foreign and Commonwealth Office issued an advisory warning against "all but essential" travel to areas affected by the protest, saying "Demonstrations occur regularly in major cities and have the potential to turn violent".[116] Similar advisories have been issued by Canada[117] and New Zealand.[118]
  • A spokesperson for the US State Department was reported to have "noted that the crackdown of the police forces armed with tear gas and water cannons happened in one of the most touristic places where many of the biggest hotels are located, indirectly warning that a travel advisory for U.S. citizens could be issued."[119] On 1 June, the US Embassy in Turkey did indeed issue such a warning that "U.S. citizens traveling or residing in Turkey should be alert to the potential for violence". [120]
  • Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş gave an interview expressing concern that the police's actions would jeopardize Istanbul's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, saying "As Istanbul's mayor going through such an event, the fact that the whole world watched saddens me. How will we explain it? With what claims will we host the 2020 Olympic Games?"[121]

Turkish media

Foreign media noted that the protests had attracted relatively little mainstream media coverage in Turkey and speculated that this may be due to government pressure.[25] Few channels provided live coverage - one that did was Halk TV.[122] As a result, social media played a key role in keeping people informed, with the hashtags #OccupyGezi and #DirenGeziParki ("Resist Gezi Park") being adopted.[62] In the 12 hours from 4pm 31 May, there were more than 2 million tweets for the 3 leading hashtags, with 88% in Turkish and 90% of geolocated tweets coming from Turkey.[123]

"[On the afternoon of Friday, May 31, 2013] CNN Turk was broadcasting a food show, featuring the “flavors of Nigde.” Other major Turkish news channels were showing a dance contest and a roundtable on study-abroad programs. It was a classic case of the revolution not being televised. The whole country seemed to be experiencing a cognitive disconnect, with Twitter saying one thing, the government saying another, and the television off on another planet."[53]

There were reports that the 3G signal in some areas had been turned off; in response, some shops and offices removed security from their Wifi networks.[123][124]

"Many of the protesters complained about the lack of coverage on Turkish television. Some newspapers too were largely silent on the protests: on Saturday morning, the lead article in Sabah, a major pro-government newspaper, was about Mr. Erdogan’s promoting a campaign against smoking."[125]

Kenan Doğulu took off his top on a Turkish TV show ("Elidor Miss Turkey", Star TV, 31 May) to reveal an "Occupy Gezi" T-shirt.

Many vehicles of press agencies were attacked due to the ignorance of the media to protests.

Here are some pictures from social media.

http://occupygezipics.tumblr.com/

Police forces waiting for the protesters coming from İstiklal Avenue (1 June 2013)
Smoke from Taksim (1 June 2013)
Distribution of gas masks to the street caretakers (1 June 2013)
Police intervention with tear gas (1 June 2013)
Gas bombs (1 June 2013)

See also

References

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