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Protests against Nicolás Maduro

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2014 Venezuelan protests
Peaceful protestors demonstrating in Caracas, Venezuela.
Date7 January 2014 – ongoing
(10 years, 7 months and 6 days)
Location
Venezuela
Caused by
Goals
  • President Maduro's resignation
Parties
Lead figures
Casualties
Death(s)17 [8][9][10][11][12][13]
Injuries261[14]
Arrested1044[15]

In early 2014, a series of protests, political demonstrations, and civil unrest occurred throughout Venezuela against President Nicolás Maduro's United Socialist Party of Venezuela government. Reasons for the protests include high levels of criminal violence and chronic scarcity of basic goods.[16][17] The cause of these conditions have been placed on the economic policies of Venezuela's government, including strict price controls, which have led to one of the highest inflation rates in the world[18][19] and have caused severe shortages of food and other goods.[19] President Maduro instead blamed an "economic war" being waged against his government, specifically blaming capitalism and speculation.[20] As a result, protests opposing the current government have taken place in cities around the country; clashes that have resulted from these protests have led to arrests, injuries, and deaths.

Early protests against crime began in January 2014, after actress and former Miss Venezuela Monica Spear and her husband were killed on 6 January 2014 during a roadside robbery, while their five-year-old daughter was in the car.[21][4] Another act of crime occurred in February, where the attempted rape of a young student on a university campus in San Cristobal, led to protests from students over crime;[6] these protests expanded to other cities, where opposition leaders quickly became involved.[6] Student protests coincided with the commemoration of the Battle of La Victoria on 12 February 1814, during the Venezuelan War of Independence when the independence forces armed thousands of college and seminary students at the shortage of troops. This date is also known as National Youth Day. The nature of the protests have been called a "Venezuelan Spring", in reference to the ongoing Arab spring.[22][23][24][25]

On 3 March 2014, a meeting is scheduled in Geneva between U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and the Venezuelan Foreign Minister, Elias Jaua.[26] Jaua will also explain his government's actions to the U.N. Human Rights Council.

Background

Demonstrations against violence in Venezuela began in January 2014,[21] and continued, when former presidential candidate Henrique Capriles shook the hand of President Maduro;[4] this "gesture ... cost him support and helped propel" opposition leader Leopoldo López Mendoza to the forefront.[4] According to the Associated Press, well before protests began in the Venezuelan capital city of Caracas, the attempted rape of a young student on a university campus in San Cristobal, in the western border state of Táchira, led to protests from students "outraged" at "long-standing complaints about deteriorating security under President Nicolas Maduro and his predecessor, the late Hugo Chavez. But what really set them off was the harsh police response to their initial protest, in which several students were detained and allegedly abused, as well as follow-up demonstrations to call for their release". These protests expanded, attracted non-students, and led to more detentions; eventually, other students joined, and the protests spread to Caracas and other cities, with opposition leaders getting involved.[6]

Maduro said that San Cristobal was under siege by right-wing paramilitaries under orders from former Colombian President Alvaro Uribe; Uribe dismissed the allegation as a distraction tactic. Maduro also stated that San Cristobal Mayor Daniel Ceballos, a member of the same party as Leopoldo Lopez, would soon be jailed for fomenting violence.[6]

López is a leading figure in the opposition to the government.[27] During events surrounding the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, Lopez "orchestrated the public protests against Chávez and he played a central role in the citizen's arrest of Chavez's interior minister", Ramón Rodríguez Chacín, though he later tried to distance himself from the event,[28] and did not sign the Carmona Decree.[29] The government of Venezuela banned López from holding elected office; the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that this was illegal, but the Venezuelan government refused to comply with the court ruling.[30] López is respected by United States diplomats.[31]

Corruption

Main article: Corruption in Venezuela

Corruption in Venezuela, as with its surrounding countries, is high by world standards. Corruption is difficult to measure reliably, but one well-known measure is the Corruption Perceptions Index, produced annually by the Berlin-based NGO, Transparency International (TNI). Venezuela has been one of the most corrupt countries in TNI surveys since they started in 1995, ranking 38th out of 41 that year[32] and performing similarly badly in following years (e.g. 158th out of 180 countries in 2008, the worst in the Americas except Haiti,[33] and one of the 10 most corrupt countries on the index in 2012, ranked 165th out of 176 (tied with Burundi, Chad, and Haiti[34]). TNI public opinion data says that most Venezuelans believe the government's effort against corruption is ineffective, that corruption has increased and that government institutions such as the judicial system, parliament, legislature and police are the most corrupt.[35] According to TNI, Venezuela is currently among the top 20 most corrupt countries in the world ranking 17 (160 of 177) and its judicial system has been deemed the most corrupt in the world.[36]

Economic problems

Main article: Economy of Venezuela
An opposition protestor holding a sign saying, "I protest for the scarcity. Where to get these?'

The Venezuelan government's economic policies, including strict price controls, have led to the highest inflation in the world, and have caused severe shortages of food and other goods.[19] The New York Times shows data with the implied inflation rate hovering above 300% while the official inflation rate is around 60% and the product scarcity index rising above 25%.[37] President Maduro instead blamed an "economic war" being waged against his government; specifically, he has blamed capitalism and speculation.[20]

In 2013, Venezuela devalued its currency[38] with ongoing shortages of necessities such as toilet paper, milk, and flour.[39] The government's catastrophic monetary policy means that businesses cannot afford to import basic goods such as paper;[40] the government occupied Manpa, the nation’s largest manufacturer of toilet paper, with the aim to check operations for "possible diversion of distribution" and "illegal management."[41] In November 2013, weeks before local elections, Maduro ordered the military to take over appliance stores, with the analysts saying that the move was "cannibalizing" the economy and may even lead to even more shortages in the future with no restock.[42][43] Maduro said he was fighting an "economic war" and enforcing "fair" prices for buyers, saying "This is for the good of the nation, leave nothing on the shelves, nothing in the warehouses".[44] Price controls have hurt businesses and led to shortages, long queues, and looting - even by the National Guard.[45] In February 2014, the government said it had confiscated more than 3,500 tons of contraband on the border with Colombia—food and fuel which, it said, was intended for "smuggling" or "speculation". The president of the National Assembly said "All these foods should be assigned to the Venezuelan people, not in the hands of these gangsters".[46]

The Venezuelan government is running out of hard currency to pay bills. Venezuela's largest privately-owned business, Empresas Polar - a food manufacturer - is owed $463 million USD by the government; production is at risk because it cannot pay foreign suppliers.[40] A major railway project in Venezuela was delayed because Venezuela cannot pay $7.5 billion USD and owes China Railway nearly $500 million USD.[47] In early 2014, many international airlines such as Air Canada, Air Europa, American Airlines, and United Airlines suspended operation in Venezuela since the government owes them nearly $3.3 billion USD.[48][49][50] Automotive companies Toyota, Ford and General Motors have also suspended production due to a lack of currency in the country with a General Motors representative saying that they "saw no horizon or resolutions to business operations in Venezuela".[51][52][53]

On 21 February, doctors at University of Caracas Medical Hospital stopped performing surgeries due to the lack of supplies, even though nearly 3,000 people require surgery.[54] The government's currency policy has made it difficult to import drugs and other medical supplies.[55] The government does not supply enough dollars for medical supplies, and it stopped publishing medical statistics in 2010.[56]

In response to the inflation Maduro has increased the minimum wage, the legal minimum for full-time workers and for pension, by the same percentage as the official inflation rate: 59% between May 2013 and January 2014.[57] Actual inflation rates may be much higher,[58] and money supply continues to accelerate.[59]

Violent crime

Main article: Crime in Venezuela

Following the January killing of actress and former Miss Venezuela Monica Spear and her ex-husband in a roadside robbery in front of their five-year-old daughter, herself surviving being shot in the leg,[21] Venezuela was described as "one of the most dangerous countries in the world" by Channel 4:[21] "where crime escalated during the administration of former President Hugo Chávez and killings are common in armed robberies."[21] InsightCrime attributed the escalating violence to "high levels of corruption, a lack of investment in the police force and weak gun control".[21]

In Venezuela, a person is murdered every 21 minutes.[60][61] The Venezuelan Violence Observatory says the country's murder rate is nearly 80 deaths per 100,000 people, government statistics put it at 39 deaths per 100,000.[62] The government says that 72% of these murders take place between rival (drug) gangs and the renewed fight against crime in Venezuela "Plan Patria Segura" (Homeland Secure Plan) had, according to the government, success: the governments says that in 2013 there were 51% fewer kidnappings and murders 17% less than in 2012.[improper synthesis?][63]

The United States State Department and Government of Canada has warned foreign visitors that they may be subjected to robbery, kidnapping for a ransom or sale to terrorist organizations and murder.[64][65] The United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office has advised against all travel within 80 km (50 miles) of the Colombian border in the states of Zulia, Tachira and Apure.[66]

Elections

Main article: Venezuelan presidential election, 2013

On 14 April 2013, Nicolas Maduro won the presidential election by a margin of 1.5% of the vote separating him from the second candidate, Capriles Radonski. This election was seeded with accusations of fraud.[67] Opposition leader Capriles refused to accept the results of the election, claiming election irregularities, despite the electoral council's post-election audit of a random selection of 54% of votes, comparing the electronic records with the paper ballots, which showed no problems.[68] Capriles initially called for an audit of the remaining 46% of votes, asserting that this would show that he had won the election. The election council agreed to carry out an audit, and planned to do so in May.[68][69] Later Capriles changed his mind, adding demands for a full audit of the electoral registry (with validation of all fingerprints and signatures in the records), and calling the audit process "a joke" when the election council declared this "impossible" on the grounds that it would take "years".[69]

On 12 June 2013 the results of the audit were announced. The National Electoral Council (CNE) said it found no discrepancy with the initial results and confirmed Maduro's electoral victory.[70] The Carter Center, founded by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, found no evidence of fraud but found problems with media support for the ruling party and the use of government resources to support electoral campaigns.[71] Government resources were used to support the ruling party's electoral campaigns; government vehicles are used for transport. In the recent local elections, Maduro spent two hours per day on live television,[72] whilst opposition candidates were ignored or insulted.

Timeline of events

Thousands of opposition protestors outside of Palacio de Justicia de Maracaibo, Venezuela
  • 8 January - Protests begin after the killing of Miss Venezuela 2004, Monica Spear, in the capital city of Caracas, Venezuela.[73]
  • 1 February - Leopoldo Lopez called upon students to protest peacefully against the scarcity, insecurity, and shortages.[74]
  • 6 February - Students at the Catholic University of Táchira protested and were accused of attacking a residence.[75]
  • 9 February - Women dressed in black to protest against the arrests that happened in Tachira.[76]
  • 11 February - Students in Táchira, Zulia, Caracas and Coro protested for the release of fellow students.[77]
  • 12 February - Major opposition protests began with student marches led by opposition leaders in 38 cities across Venezuela simultaneous with the national celebrations for the bicentennial year anniversary of Youth Day and the Battle of La Victoria.[78][79]
  • 13 February - Government supporters gathered outside of the headquarters of the Public Ministry a day after it was attacked.[80] Seven universities in Venezuela cancelled Youth Day programs due to the large involvement of student protestors.[81]
  • 14 February - Students protested outside of the Organization of American States in Venezuela asking them for action against the violence.[82] Opposition protestors blocked the Francisco de Miranda avenue in Caracas asking for the release of students arrested on 12 February.[83] The National Guard of Venezuela dispersed protesters with tear gas in Altamira.[84]
  • 15 February - Chavistas protested at Plaza Venezuela in Caracas.[85]
  • 17 February - About 300 opposition protesters gather outside of the Popular Will headquarters to protest against the infiltration of the facility and are dispersed with tear gas.[86]
  • 18 February - After Lopez turned himself in, hundreds of his supporters gathered outside of the Palacio de Justicia, protesting the fact that in their view Lopez will be judged by an unfair and corrupt justice system in a country where "there is no separation of powers".[87][88] The opposition protestors were attacked outside of the Palacio de Justicia by armed pro-government groups who beat them, threw objects at them from the building and tried to steal their cellphones.[89] Amnesty International said the charges appeared to be politically motivated, and called for the release of López in the absence of evidence.[90][91] Human Rights Watch said "The Venezuelan government has openly embraced the classic tactics of an authoritarian regime, jailing its opponents, muzzling the media, and intimidating civil society", saying that the Maduro government was blaming opposition leaders, including López, for violence.[92] Some students and professors are arrested for allegedly setting fire to a PDVSA oil truck.[93] Student protestors said they were forcibly removed by police from where they were concentrated for seven days in Maracay.[94]
  • 19 February - Miss Tourism Venezuela Génesis Carmona died after being shot in the head while supporting an opposition protest. Some protesters claim she was killed by a Chavista.[95][96] [97][98][99][100][101][102][103] Father Palmar, a Catholic priest and supporter of the protests in Zulia, Venezuela was attacked and injured by government forces during a peaceful demonstration.[104][105][106] This happened a couple days after Father Palmar gave a speech against Maduro asking for his resignation and claiming that the Cuban G2 was responsible for influencing Maduro.[107] The trial for Leopoldo Lopez was postponed again and moved to Ramo Verde military prison.[108] That evening, a pro-government group known as "La Paz" was seen firing weapons at buildings without impediment from members of Bolivarian National Guard.[109] Pro-government groups on motorcycles also attacked protesters in Sucre, Venezuela with stones and bottles with support from government security forces.[110] After a group of citizens gathered in Caracas asking for no more deaths, groups of Chavistas and GNB responded violently shooting tear gas, buckshot, and shot a 37-year-old law student who was trying to mediate between protesters and the National Guard.[111][112][113]
  • 22 February - A student protestor, Geraldine Moreno, died in the hospital after a member of the National Guard shot her in the face with a shotgun.[114]
  • 23 February - Hundreds of thousands of protestors both supporting and opposing the government demonstrated in Caracas which led to some of the most serious clashes seen throughout the protests.[115]
  • 24 February - Opposition and government forces clashed in San Cristóbal, Táchira. Opposition protesters barricaded themselves and threw rocks and firebombs at the National Guard. The National Guard responded with tear gas and shotgun fire. One man was injured by shotgun fire and another was killed after the National Guard shot tear gas at him causing him to fall off the roof.[116] The governor of Tachira, José Vielma Mora criticized the government saying, "I got angry because of the military planes overflying Táchira; it was an unacceptable excess" and pointed out to residents, "I am not part of the regime; I was elected by the people of Táchira".[117]
  • 26 February - Lilian Tintori, wife of Leopoldo Lopez, led a quiet protest of women students just before a government peace conference.[118] In Táchira, a group of protesters decapitated a statue of late president Hugo Chávez and posted the pictures on Twitter.[119]
  • 27 February - Students led by Juan Requesens protested against violence, detention and torture of students and the shortages in Venezuela, with Herique Capriles visiting, but not as a spokesperson.[120]
  • 28 February - A group of protesters ambushed a National Guard officer and attacked him. A neighbor came to defend the officer, who ran behind the automatic gates. Eventually the protesters broke into the house he was hiding at and stole his helmet and bulletproof vest.[121]
  • 1 March - Some cities such as El Tigre, Anaco, Tigrito, Píritu refused to celebrate Carnaval and protesters placed crosses representing those fallen during the protests on beaches popular during Carnaval, which had few visitors due to the protests.[122] Carnaval celebrations in cities also had few attendees due to the protests with most of those at celebrations being police.[123] The water in a fountain at Plaza Francia in Caracas was dyed red in protest of the deaths caused by violence.[124][125]
  • 2 March - Tens of thousands of opposition protesters marched throughout Caracas protesting against censorship and scarcities.[126]

Domestic reactions

Government

Members of the Policía Nacional Bolivariana watching protesters in Maracaibo.
Tear gas being used against opposition protesters in Altamira, Caracas.

The Venezuelan government suggests that the protesters want to repeat the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt.[127] The Venezuelan government claimed that the United States government is actively supporting the opposition and has been accused of meddling with Venezuelan affairs and trying to destabilize President Maduro through its "soft coup" tactic.[128] President Nicolas Maduro has said: "Beginning February 12, we have entered a new period in which the extreme right, unable to win democratically, seeks to win by fear, violence, subterfuge and media manipulation. They are more confident because the US government has always supported them despite their violence."[129] Maduro also claimed that the government of Panama was interfering with the Venezuelan government too.[130] The executive branch of the United States has denied all involvement in the Venezuelan protests and claims to only recommend peaceful dialogue between both the protesters and Venezuelan government officials.[131]

Security forces have committed extensive human rights violations against protesters and journalists.[132] President Maduro has organized pro-government demonstrations and announced that violent anti-government protests are prohibited.[133] Militant groups known as "colectivos", who are accused of attacking opposition TV staff, sending death threats to journalists, and tear-gassing the Vatican envoy after Hugo Chavez accused him of intervening with his government, helped assist the government.[134] The Bolivarian National Militia, a "political army" created by Hugo Chavez, supports the government and it's members are "under the direct command of the president" and "are trained to defend the (Bolivarian) revolution of internal and external enemies" which sometimes includes, "violence to silence dissent or journalists who do not bow to the discourse of the regime".[135] El Nacional claimed that the objective of those attacking opposition protesters is to kill since many of the protestors that were killed were shot in vulnerable areas like the head and that, "9 of the 15 people were dead from the 12F demonstrators were injured by state security forces or paramilitaries linked to the ruling party."[136]

El Universal has claimed that Melvin Collazos of SEBIN, and Jonathan Rodríquez a bodyguard of the Minister of the Interior and Justice Miguel Rodríguez Torres, are in custody after shooting unarmed, fleeing, protesters several times in violation of protocol.[137] On 16 February, NTN24 reported that some students were allegedly tortured and raped by government forces who detained them.[138]

On 17 February 2014, Francisco Ameliach, governor of Carabobo, announced that protest marches are not allowed in the neighborhoods located south of the city of Valencia, due to security concerns. He warned from his Twitter account that the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela Diosdado Cabello may order the Bolivar and Chavez Battle Units (UBCH) to attack protesters saying, "Gringos (foreigners) and fascists beware".[139][140][141] On the sameday, armed government intelligence personnel illegally forced their way into the headquarters of Popular Will in Caracas and held individuals that were inside at gunpoint.[142]

On 20 February, Sukhoi fighter jets of the Venezuelan Air Force were seen flying over San Cristóbal, Táchira, Venezuela and President Nicolas Maduro ordered paratroopers of the 41st Airborne Brigade, 4th Armored Division, Venezuelan Army on standby on recommendations from the Minister of Interior and Justice, Lieutenant General Miguel Rodríguez Torres.[143][144] Personnel from the Policia Nacional Bolivariana and the Venezuelan National Guard were also seen firing weapons and bombs on buildings where opposition protesters were gathered.[145] During a press conference, Minister of the Interior and Justice Miguel Rodriguez Torres denied allegations of Cuban special forces known as the "Black Wasps" of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces assisting the Venezuelan government with protests saying that the only Cubans in Venezuela were helping with medicine and sports.[146] The allegations that members of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces were in Venezuela began when many people reported images of a military transport plane deploying uniformed soldiers alleged to be Cuban.[147]

On 21 February during a news conference, Maduro once again accused the United States and NATO of trying to overthrow his government through media and claimed that Elias Jaua will be able to prove it.[148] President Maduro asked United States president Barack Obama for help with negotiations.[149] Maduro also announced that those SEBIN personnel who fired at protesters have been arrested for their actions.[150]

President Maduro decreed 27 February as "The Day of No Work in Venezuela" in respect for the fallen of the protests (That date was also the 25th year anniversary of the historic Caracazo of 1989).[151] Also, during a public speech at the Miraflores Palace, President Maduro spoke out against the media, international artists, and criticized the President of the United States saying, "I invoke Obama and his African American spirit, to give the order to respect Venezuela."[152]

On 23 February, about 30 military units arrived at the residence of retired brigadier general Angel Vivas to arrest him for "training" protestors to place barbed wire over the roads to injure government forces and pro-government protestors, resulting in 1 fatality in the process and many more wounded.[153][154] According to CBC, Vivas "rose to prominence in 2007 when he resigned as head of the Defence Ministry's engineering department rather than order his subalterns to swear to the Cuban-inspired oath 'Fatherland, socialism or death'."[155] Vivas reported that "Cubans and thugs" were attacking his house and moments later appeared atop the roof of his house wearing a flak jacket along with an assault rifle saying "Come find me Maduro!". National Guardsmen made a barricade in front of Vivas' house but neighbors and supporters defended Vivas by placing a barricade of vehicles in front of the troops. The troops retreated without arresting Vivas after the citizens continued to defend him.[156][157][158][159] According to reporter Berenice Gomez for Radio Caracas, the daughters of Hugo Chavez and the family of Diosdado Cabello have fled the country on a private jet to stay in Argentina.[160]

On 24 February, it was reported that the Venezuelan National Guard was firing both buckshot and marbles at protestors.[161] Images were also released showing members of the People's Guard in Carabobo beating a woman and an elderly man with rifles.[162][163]

On 25 February, the military set up a field hospital at Juan Vicente Gómez International Airport in San Antonio del Táchira to treat casualties of the protest actions.[164]

On 26 February, S-125 Neva/Pechora anti-aircraft missles being transported by truck were seen heading toward Caracas via the Autopista Regional del Centro. Operational Strategic Command Commander Lieutenant General Vladimir Padrino López announced that the Russian-made air defense missiles had just arrived into the country and were being transported by the Bolivarian National Armed Forces towards the capital city. [165][166] The government held a National Peace conference that was not attended by opposition figures because according to the opposition, "any talks must be predicated on an agenda agreed upon in advance and the participation of a third party".[167] President Maduro criticized international artists and celebrities saying, "They think because they are famous and we like their songs, they can determine what to do with the country, they were wrong about Venezuela, Venezuela is to be respected."[168]

On 27 February, the government issued an arrest warrant for Carlos Vecchio, a leader of Popular Will on various charges.[169]

On 1 March the Venezuelan Attorney General, Luisa Ortega, denied the opposition's claims of students being the main target of the state, when in fact they represent 35% of all detainees. She also stated that at least 27 government agents are being investigated for violations against human rights, plus another five accused of killing three people on the first day of protests. Meanwhile President Maduro announced that a National Guard officer had died and another two had been wounded by sniper fire.[170]

On 2 March, the National Guard used tear gas on student protesters and played music so the students could not be heard.[171]

Opposition

12F Demonstration on Margarita Island.
File:Protesta 16F,.jpg
Protests in Punto Fijo against the government

On 15 February, the father of Leopoldo Lopez said "They are looking for Leopoldo, my son, but in a very civilized way" after his house was searched through by the government.[172]

On 16 February 2014, Leopoldo Lopez said he would turn himself in after one more protest saying, "I haven't committed any crime. If there is a decision to legally throw me in jail I'll submit myself to this persecution."[173]

On 18 February, Popular Will leader Leopoldo Lopez, explained during his speech how he could have left the country, but "stayed to fight for the oppressed people in Venezuela".[174] Lopez surrendered to police after giving his speech and was transferred to the Palacio de Justicia in Caracas where his hearing was postponed until Wednesday.[175] Human Rights Watch demanded the immediate release of Lopez saying, "The arrest of Leopoldo López is an atrocious violation of one of the most basic principles of due process: you cannot imprison someone without evidence linking him with a crime".[176][177] Hackers from multiple countries, including the internet vigilante group Anonymous, have infiltrated government websites due to the alleged repression and censorship in Venezuela.[178][179] A member of Anonymous said, "I would say this is one of the biggest cooperative operations involving South American Anons and Anons from the rest of the world to date" when members of LulzSec Peru also hacked the PSUV Twitter account.[180]

On 19 February, Henrique Capriles came from his silence that evening confronting Francisco Ameliach, government officials and denouncing the violence the government was using on the protesters.[181]

On 20 February, in response to the death of Miss Tourism Venezuela Génesis Carmona, groups of women planned to defend the family of Génesis and protest her killing on 22 February.[182] Juan Requesens, leader of a student movement, called on the Catholic Church to mediate the situation in the country and help guarantee that human rights of Venezuelans will not be violated in the future.[183] Leopoldo Lopez also had murder charges dropped during a hearing inside a bus outside of Ramo Verde Prison.[184]

On 21 February, Leopoldo Lopez said to his supporters, "I'm fine, I ask you not to give up, I won't," while President Maduro replied to protesters, "I recommend they buy some stainless steel pots to last for a good 10, 20, 30 or 40 years, because the revolution is here for a long time!"[185] Henrique Capriles showed support for Lopez saying, "Leopoldo Lopez is innocent, what they have done with Leopoldo is to feed the tension" and called student protests in the street "peaceful".[186]

On 25 February, Angel Vivas explained why he thought Venezuelans need to defend the country from foreigners, saying "Cubans are in all structures of the Venezuelan state" and also explained that he told protesters to set up barricades in order to defend themselves against attacks from the National Guard.[187] The student leader at University of the Andes marched with protesters and delivered a document to the Cuban Embassy saying, "Let's go to the Cuban Embassy to ask them to stop Cuban interference in Venezuela. We know for a fact that Cubans are in the barracks' and Miraflores giving instructions to suppress the people."[188] [189] A video was released of an opposition protester who gave hugs to an entire line of government personnel and even received a few hugs back.[190]

On 27 February, the MUD leader Henrique Capriles said he did not attend the National Peace Conference because he did not want dialogue until he saw "results" from the government saying that, "it is the government that has to listen to our people, not the people listen to the government".[191]

On 28 February, beaches that are typically full of celebrations for Carnaval were empty due to the protests.[192]

Media

The Inter American Press Association protested against the "official censorship" of media in Venezuela which included blocking the internet, banning channels, revoking foreign media credentials, harassing reporters and limiting resources for newspapers.[193] The Association of Foreign News Correspondents in Venezuela also accused the government of assault, abuse, harassment, threats and robberies of reporters.[194] The National Union of Journalists (SNTP) in Venezuela has said that there has been at least 68 reported attacks on reporters since 12 February and that some reporters have been arrested.[195]

Media coverage in Venezuela has been limited; "anti-government television stations such as RCTV and Globovision had their licenses revoked, or were forced to undergo changes in ownership,"[196] and CNN equipment was stolen by gunpoint, and possibly destroyed by government forces,[197] and feel threatened.[198] Television stations in Venezuela have hardly displayed live coverage of protests and had resulted in many opposition viewers moving to CNN.[199] President Maduro has threatened to force CNN out of Venezuela saying, "I've asked the (information) minister to tell CNN we have started the administrative process to remove them from Venezuela if they don't rectify (their behavior). Enough! I won't accept war propaganda against Venezuela."[200][201] On 25 February, President Maduro proposed taking CNN of the cable grid and replacing it with Zum TV, a "Venezuelan youth channel" saying about CNN, "There is a case against the illegal practices of sponsoring violence and terrorism ... you replace the CNN channel that wants terrorist violence, lying about Venezuela, bringing the civil war and justifying foreign intervention and would rather give the world a peaceful channel like Zum TV ".[202]

The Colombian channel NTN24 was taken off air at the public cable service. President Maduro denounced the Agence France-Presse (AFP) for manipulating information.[203] He also congratulated the Bolivarian National Police for the work they had done with the protests.[204]

CANTV, a government-run company that handles most Internet traffic in Venezuela, allegedly blocked images on Twitter for a short time.[205][206][207] Twitter spokesman Nu Wexler confirmed this,[208] but CANTV denied these accusations saying that they did not have control since Twitter servers are out of their hands.[citation needed] Venezuelan state-run CANTV had also shut off internet access to more than one million citizens of San Cristóbal, Táchira after President Maduro threatened Tachira that he would "go all in" and that citizens "would be surprised".[209][210] It is believed that this blockage of the internet by the government is directed at the opposition since it prevented live coverage of government crackdowns and the company Zello announced that CANTV blocked the use of its walkie-talkie app which is used by the opposition.[211] In an interview with La Patilla, Chief Technology Officer of Zello, Alexey Gavrilov, said that after they opened four new servers for Venezuela, it still appeared that the same direct blocking from CANTV is the cause of the Zello outage.[212]

A group of Venezuelan artists have joined a group called Eco, to speak out against violations and crimes that have happened in Venezuela during the protests.[213] VTV made a satirical parody of the videos made by the Eco group without the regard to the victims and dead from the protests.[214]

Social media is an essential tool for Venezuelans to show the news in the streets, which contradicts most official news from the government and most stories have to be compiled together from cell phone videos on small websites.[215] "The social networks have come to be an alternative media," states Tarek Yorde, a Caracas-based political analyst. "But both sides – the government and opposition – use them to broadcast false information."[196]

Some photographs, often outdated, or from protests in various countries around the world including Syria, Chile and Singapore have been circulated by the opposition through social media to foment dissent.[216][217]

Usage of false media also applies to the government when President of the National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, shared a photo on a VTV program showing the alleged "gun collection" at the home of Angel Vivas, when it was really a photo taken from an airsoft gun website.[218][219][220][221] Minister of Tourism, Andrés Izarra, also used old images of crowded ferries from August 2013 trying to say that life is back to normal in Venezuela and a massive mobilization of ferries are on their way to Margarita Island.[222] [223] [224] Student protesters contested the statement, saying there is no Carnaval celebrations on the island and that, "Here there is nothing to celebrate; Venezuela is mourning".[225]

International reactions

Supranational bodies

  • ALBA – rejected violence and supported Maduro's government.[226]
  • Caribbean Community – condemned the violence during the protests, calls for respect for the democratically elected government and Maduro. CARICOM said that every citizen has the right to peacefully express their views within the constitutional framework. The statement also called for dialogue between the parties.[227]
  •  European Union – is deeply concerned about the incidents that took place in Caracas on 12 February, including the death of at least three people during protests and called on all parties to engage in dialogue to peacefully resolve the crisis.[228] On 27 February, the European Parliament said, "Only respect for fundamental rights, constructive and respectful dialogue and tolerance can help Venezuela to find a way out of its current violent crisis".[229]
  •  Mercosur – rejected "the criminal actions of violent groups that want to spread intolerance and hatred in Venezuela as a political tool". The statement called for further dialogue in Venezuela on national issues, and send condolences to the families of those killed.[230]
  • Organization of American States  – rejected violence, called for avoiding confrontation, called for a broad dialogue with respect for the law and also asked to investigate the deaths.[231]
  • Union of South American Nations – expressed solidarity with the Venezuelan government and the families of victims, rejected the "attempt to destabilize legitimately constituted democracy" and they also called for peace.[232] However, on 17 February 2014, UNSAR stated "We urge Venezuela to respect the democratic principles that are anchored in the process of regional integration."[233]
  •  United Nations – is deeply concerned about the escalation of violence in Venezuela, including the death of at least three people during protests and called on all parties to engage in dialogue to peacefully resolve the crisis. OHCHR spokesperson Rupert Colville told reporters in Geneva: “We have also received worrying reports of intimidation of journalists, some of whom have had their equipment seized, as well as reports that some local and international journalists were attacked while covering the protests. In addition, some protestors have reportedly been detained and may be prosecuted on terrorism charges. It has also been reported that some protesters, including minors, are being denied contact with family or lawyers”.[234]

Governments

  •  Argentina – condemned the demonstrations, calling them undemocratic, and expressed its solidarity with President Maduro.[235]
  •  Bolivia – accused the opposition of staging a coup.[236]
  •  Brazil – Luiz Alberto Figueiredo, Foreign Minister of Brazil, said that the government pays close attention to the Venezuelan situation and hoped that there is a convergence, he also expressed hopes that the riots will stop and lamented on behalf of the Brazilian government, the loss of life and the destroyed property during demonstrations.[237]
  •  Chile - regretted the deaths in Caracas and expressed its condolences to the people and government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, especially the families of the victims. Chile also encourages an "open and constructive dialogue".[238]
  •  China - Spokesman of the Chinese Foreign Ministry Hua Chunying said, "We believe that the Venezuelan government and its people have the ability to properly manage their internal affairs, maintain national stability and promote social and economic development" and urged the United States and Venezuela to improve relations saying, "We hope that both sides adhere to the principles of equality and mutual respect, increase dialogue and improve relations. This kind of mutual respect and equal footing serves the interests of both countries and contributes to the overall development of the entire Latin American region".[239]
  •  Colombia - deplored the violence and expressed condolences to the families, the people and the Venezuelan government. Also called for dialogue and said that Venezuela's stability is important to Colombia, Venezuela itself and the region.[240] Columbia, the United States and other countries have also been in talks about potentially mediating in Venezuela.[241]
  •  Cuba – the Cuban Foreign Ministry condemned the Venezuelan opposition as coup attempts and expressed solidarity with the government of Maduro.[242]
  •  Ecuador – condemned the violence and expressed solidarity. Later Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa expressed solidarity with the Venezuelan people and government, said the vast majority of the Venezuelan people is not violent but honest and hardworking.[243]
  •  Guyana – rejected the violence in Venezuela, expressed solidarity with the Venezuelan government and states that it fully supports its efforts to contain the destabilizing actions.[244]
  •  Iran – Marzie Afjam, spokesman for the Iranian Foreign Ministry, condemned vandalism, the murder of innocent civilians, destroying of public property and any other actions that creates instability for Venezuela. She also said the that Venezuela has the full support of Iran "to strengthen peace, friendship and enhance democracy and the stable development" of Venezuela.
  •  Mexico – regretted the violence and expressed its condolences to the families of the dead and called for dialogue.[245]
  •  Nicaragua – accused the "fascist right" of violence and expressed their support for the government of Maduro.[236]
  •  Panama – Foreign Minister Francisco Alvarez de Soto said his government is concerned about the Venezuelan situation and understands that it is an internal process but Panama wishes for peace, tolerance and dialogue.[246]
  •  Peru – Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that they are deeply concerned with the violence in Venezuela. They recommended dialogue between groups with respect to democratic values and human rights. Peru also shared condolences for the victims of those injured in the protests.[247]
  •  Russia – expressed concern about the unrest in Venezuela and also trusts that the government of Maduro will preserve the constitutional order. Russia also shows his "solidarity with the government and people, and strong support for the policy that aims to prevent the destabilization of a nation".[248]
  •  South Africa - has expressed concern about the violent situation that threatens democracy in the South American country and have established its position in favor of Maduro. Given the destabilizing actions of the extreme right in Venezuela.[249]
  •  Suriname - condemned the violence and called on its South American neighbor to let democracy prevail.[250]
  •  Syria – President Bashar al-Assad expressed his support in a letter to Maduro, to reject the "attempt to sow chaos" in both Syria and Venezuela, expressing confidence that Venezuela will surpass this experience with the achievements and legacy of former president Hugo Chávez.[251][252]
  •  Uruguay - President José Mujica considered that the demonstrations are a result of the ongoing economic crisis in Venezuela. He mentioned that he would meet Maduro during the oath of office of Michelle Bachelet in Chile, along with other South American presidents.[253]
  •  United States Secretary of State, John Kerry expressed grievances towards affected families of the violence and is "particularly alarmed by reports that the Venezuelan government has arrested or detained scores of anti-government protesters and issued an arrest warrant for Leopoldo Lopez".[254] Days later, John Kerry said, “The government’s use of force and judicial intimidation against citizens and political figures, who are exercising a legitimate right to protest, is unacceptable and will only increase the likelihood of violence.”[255] On 17 February, the Venezuelan government ordered three United States diplomats out of the country, blaming them of organizing the protests in order to overthrow the government, [256] and the U.S. responded on 25 February by expelling three Venezuelan diplomats from their country.[257] President Barack Obama stated, "Rather than trying to distract from protests by making false accusations against U.S. diplomats, Venezuela's government should address the people's legitimate grievances." and called on Venezuela to release detained protesters.[258] President Obama also said, "Along with the Organization of American States, we call on the Venezuelan government to release protesters it has detained and engage in real dialogue."[259] Cuban-American members of the United States Congress have been pushing for the United States to place sanctions on Venezuela, who imports more than 30% of their goods from the United States.[260][261]

Catholic Church

 Holy See - Pope Francis asked for an end to violence and said, “I sincerely hope the violence and hostility ends as soon as possible, and that the Venezuelan people, beginning with the responsible politicians and institutions, act to foster national reconciliation through mutual forgiveness and sincere dialogue."[262]

  • Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino said that he has seen some vandalism by opposition protesters, but with the government, "There is a serious violation of human rights that must be addressed and must be punished" and that, "deaths and injuries are from attacks against peaceful demonstrations".[263]
  • The Venezuelan Bishops Conference condemned the government over an abuse of authority saying it "has gone beyond the limits causing unfortunate and irreversible consequences" and asked the government to stop collectivos from "committing criminal actions".[264] The president of the Bishop's Conference, Bishop de [Diego Padrón], asked the government to, "ensure protection for the demonstrators, to provide explanations for the arrests and list charges against those in custody, and to listen to the people".[265]

Others

  • Amnesty International – has asked the government to investigate the deaths. Guadalupe Marengo said: “It is extremely concerning that violence has become a regular feature during protests in Venezuela. If the authorities are truly committed to preventing more deaths, they must ensure those responsible for the violence, demonstrators, security forces and armed civilians alike face justice. The Venezuelan authorities must show they are truly committed to respect people’s rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly by ensuring they can participate in protests without fear of being abused, detained or even killed. It is essential that journalists are allowed to report events freely and human right defenders are able to monitor demonstrations.”.[266]
  • American Popular Revolutionary Alliance – denounced the government's actions in International Criminal Court with the group's General Secretary, Omar Quesada, saying, "The APRA announces that it has evaluated a complaint against the president of Venezuela before the International Criminal Court. The way you attack students with impunity that claim against inflation, calling for greater freedom and freedom of expression, makes APRA also raise their voices in protest."[267][268]
  • Carter Center and the Friends of the Inter-American Democratic Charter – a 20 February statement strongly condemned the detention of students; expressed particular concern about the arrest of Lopez and the raid of the office of his political party without a warrant; and expressed similar concern about the obstacles to media reporting. Point-by-point, they "condemned" the "repression of peaceful demonstrations and the arbitrary detention of Venezuelan students" and the "arbitrary arrest of political leaders"; called for the release of detainees and independent inquiries into the violence; asked the Venezuelan government to adhere to the Inter-American Democratic Charter; and reminded all Venezuelans that protests should be peaceful.[269]
  • European United Left–Nordic Green Left – condemns "the attempted coup in Venezuela, violence by opposition groups in Venezuela, and regrets the loss of life and destruction of public property in the country. We likewise denounce the undemocratic and insurgent aims of this destabilisation campaign, unleashed onto the streets of Caracas and other Venezuelan cities by extremist groups. We hold the opposition forces and the Venezuelan right (supported by the U.S with links to the dominant forces in the EU) responsible for these actions and their dire consequences".[271]
  • Human Rights Watch – José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch, said: “What Venezuela urgently needs is for these killings to be investigated and the killers brought to justice, no matter their political affiliation. What Venezuela does not need is authorities scapegoating political opponents or shutting down news outlets whose coverage they don’t like.”[273]
  • Portuguese Communist Party – condemns the acts of violence and vandalism perpetrated by groups of a "neo-fascist nature" in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which have caused the loss of life and the destruction of public property. And expresses solidarity with the Bolivarian Revolution.[274]
  • Social Democratic Party of Kenya – expressed solidarity with the democratically elected government of Nicolas Maduro, condemned the "fascist and right-wing forces" of conducted "undemocratic and inhuman" acts. He said the Bolivarian revolutionary government respects the rule of law, democracy and human rights and therefore permitted demonstrations against his government.[276]
  • Washington Office on Latin America - called for "renewed commitment to dialogue on behalf of the government and protesters alike", and encouraged "both President Maduro and opposition leaders to take every opportunity to unequivocally condemn acts of violence, regardless of the source."[277]
  • Hackers from multiple countries, including the internet vigilante group Anonymous, have infiltrated government websites due to the alleged repression and censorship in Venezuela.[178][179] A member of Anonymous said, "I would say this is one of the biggest cooperative operations involving South American Anons and Anons from the rest of the world to date" when members of LulzSec Peru also hacked the PSUV Twitter account.[180]
  • International celebrities DJ Steve Aoki, Jared Leto, Cher and Rihanna all asked for prayers and peace in Venezuela.[278] Madonna took sides with the opposition saying, "Apparently Maduro is not familiar with the phrase "Human Rights"! Fascism is alive and thriving in Venezuela and Russia."[279] Panamanian singer Rubén Blades, who also supported the opposition, criticized Maduro for not being able to "direct such a complex country". Maduro responded to Blades's criticism by inviting him to the country to perform a peace song along with Maduro which Blades turned down.[280] Twelve Venezuelan baseball players for the Detroit Tigers including Miguel Cabrera, Victor Martinez and Anibal Sanchez showed their support for the opposition holding signs saying "SOS Venezuela" or "Pray for Venezuela".[281]
Demonstrators showing solidarity with opposition protesters on the Golden Gate Bridge inSan Francisco, California.

See also

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