Mujaddid
A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد), according to the popular Muslim tradition, refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, remove from it any extraneous elements and restore it to its pristine purity.
The concept is based on the following Prophetic tradition (hadith): Abu Hurairah narrated that the Islamic prophet Muhammad said;
"Allah shall raise for this Ummah at the head of every century a man who shall renew (or revive) for it its religion."
List of claimants and potential Mujaddids
 |
First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)[2]
Second Century (August 10, 815)
- Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i (767–820)[3]
- Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855)[4]
Third Century (August 17, 912)
- Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864–941)[3][4]
Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)
- Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)[4]
- Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)[3]
- Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[4]
Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)
- Muhammad al-Ghazali (1058–1111)[5][4]
Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)[6]
Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)
- Moinuddin Chishti (1165–1240)[4]
- Ibn Arabi (1165–1240)[4]
- Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328)[4]
Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)
- Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)[7]
Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)
- Jalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)[2][8]
Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)
- Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)[2]
Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)
- Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[9]
- Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)[10]
Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)
- Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)[8]
- Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[11]
- Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[12]
Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)
- Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[4]
- Said Nursî (1878–1960)[13]
Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)
- Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1921)[14]
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908)[15][13] – Note: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th century,[16] a claim which is accepted by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community,[17] but rejected by other Muslim communities, many of whom regard him as an apostate,[18] Prior to his controversial announcements of Prophethood it was acknowledged, although as a contentious claim in Dr. Umar Faruq Abd-Allah's biography on Alexander Russell Webb writes that "in 1882, he claimed to be Islam's 'centennial renewer'...although contentious, was not heretical in itself.".[19] The book specifically states that Alexander Russel Webb's correspondence with Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was before the controversy that led to the Muslim worlds rejection of Mirza Ghulam including Alexander Russell Webb[20] The second part (of Brahin-e-Ahmadiyya), published in 1882, ...has the revelation relating to his appointment as the Promised Reformer of the age (Mujjadid).A Life Sketch of the Promised Messiah</ref> (Only recognized by Ahmadiyya Islam).
References
- ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
- ^ a b c "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
- ^ a b c Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. p. 24. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) Cite error: The named reference "Paradise Lost" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)". Muslim Philosophy.
- ^ "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk.
- ^ a b Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ "A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad". Iqra Islamic Publications.
- ^ "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books.
- ^ O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ a b Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) Cite error: The named reference "Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ "Services As A Mujadid". Alahazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan.
- ^ "The Promised Messiah".
- ^ "Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad". Chapter Two
- ^ "British Government and Jihad" (PDF).
- ^ "AlaHazrat".
- ^ A Muslim in Victorian America: The Life of Alexander Russell Webb pg. 61. Books.google.ca. 2006-09-21. Retrieved 2012-06-16.
- ^ Mirza Ghulam before Controversy.
Further reading
- Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
- Friedmann, Yohanan. "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity". Oxford India Paperbacks