Peon
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Peonage (/ˈpiːɒn/, from Spanish peón [peˈon]) is a type of involuntary servitude of laborers (peons) having little control over their employment conditions. Peonage existed historically during the colonial period, especially in Latin America and areas of Spanish rule.
English usage
The English words peon and peonage were derived from the Spanish word, and have a variety of meanings related to the Spanish usage, as well as some other meanings. In addition to the meaning of forced laborer, a peon may also be a person with little authority, often assigned unskilled tasks; an underling or otherwise a personage who is subject to the whims of their overseers. In this sense, peon can be used in either a derogatory or self-effacing context.
However, the term has a historical basis and usage related to much more severe conditions of forced labor.
- American English: in a historical and legal sense, peon generally referred to someone working in an unfree labor system (known as peonage). The word often implied debt bondage and/or indentured servitude.
There are other usages in contemporary cultures:
- South Asian English: a peon is an office boy, an attendant, or an orderly, a person kept around for odd jobs (and, historically, a policeman or foot soldier). (In an unrelated South Asian sense, "peon" may also be an alternative spelling for the poon tree (genus Calophyllum) or its wood, especially when used in boat-building.)
- Shanghai: among native Chinese working in firms where English is spoken, the word has been phonetically reinterpreted as "pee-on" (referencing the origin of the term (how it felt figuratively if not literal))[citation needed], and refers to a worker with little authority, who suffers indignities from superiors.
- Computing slang: a peon is an "unprivileged user"—a person without special privileges on a computer system (compare luser) The other extreme is "superuser" (compare systems administrator).[1]
- Financial trading slang: a peon is a market participant who trades in small quantities or a small account. [citation needed]
Peonage
The origin of this form of involuntary servitude goes back to the Spanish conquest of Mexico when conquistadors forced natives to work for Spanish planters and mine operators. Peonage was prevalent in Spanish America especially in the countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, and Peru. It remains an important part of social life, as among the Urarina of the Peruvian Amazon.[2]
After the U.S. Civil War, peonage developed in the Southern United States. Poor white farmers and formerly enslaved African Americans known as freedmen who could not afford their own land would farm another person's land, exchanging labor for a share of the crops. This was called sharecropping and initially the benefits were mutual. The land owner would pay for the seeds and tools in exchange for a percentage of the money earned from the crop and a portion of the crop. As time passed, many landowners began to abuse this system. The landowner would force the tenant farmer or sharecropper to buy seeds and tools from the land owner’s store, which often had inflated prices. As sharecroppers were often illiterate, they had to depend on the books and accounting by the landowner and his staff. Other tactics included debiting expenses against the sharecropper's profits after the crop was harvested and "miscalculating" the net profit from the harvest, thereby keeping the sharecropper in perpetual debt to the landowner. Since the tenant farmers could not offset the costs, they were forced into involuntary labor due to the debts they owed the land owner.
After the U.S. Civil War, the South passed "Black Codes", laws that tried to control freed black slaves. Vagrancy laws were included in these Black Codes. Homeless or even unemployed African Americans who were between jobs, most of whom were former slaves were arrested and fined as vagrants. Usually lacking the resources to pay the fine, the "vagrant" was sent to county labor or hired out to a private employer. The authorities also tried to restrict the movement of freedmen between rural areas and cities, to between towns. Under such laws, local officials arbitrarily arrested tens of thousands of freedmen and charged them with fines and court costs of their cases. White merchants, farmers, and business owners could pay their debts and the prisoner had to work off the debt. Prisoners were leased as laborers to owners and operators of coal mines, lumber camps, brickyards, railroads, quarries, and farm plantations, with the revenues for their labor going to the states. Government officials leased imprisoned blacks and whites to small town entrepreneurs, provincial farmers, and dozens of corporations looking for cheap labor. Their labor was repeatedly bought and sold for decades after the official abolition of American slavery.[3]
Southern states and private businesses boomed with this free labor. It is estimated that up to 40% of blacks in the South were imprisoned in peonage in the beginning of the 20th century. Overseers and owners often used severe deprivation, beatings, whippings, and other abuse as "discipline" against the workers.[4]
After the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited involuntary servitude such as peonage for all but convicted criminals. Congress also passed various laws to protect the constitutional rights of Southern blacks, making those who violated such rights by conspiracy, by trespass, or in disguise, guilty of an offense punishable by ten years in prison and civil disability. Unlawful use of state law to subvert rights under the Federal Constitution was made punishable by fine or a year's imprisonment. Until the 1960s, sharecroppers in Southern states were forced to continue working to pay off old debts or to pay taxes. Southern states allowed this in order to preserve sharecropping.
In October 1910 Florida sugar cane plantation planter Edgar Watson[5] was shot and killed by his own neighbors; according to legend he would use peonage Native American and Negro help and then would "pay" his workers by killing them.[6] His story was fictionalized by writer Peter Matthiessen in his Lost River Trilogy later remade into Shadow Country
The following reported Court cases involving Peonage:
- 1903 South Dakota a 17 year old girl was reported to have been sold into peonage at the age of two by her own father[7]
- 1904 Alabama ten persons Indicted for holding black and white persons in peonage[8]
- John W. Pace of Alabama-the "father" of Peonage; pardoned by his friend President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906.[9]
- Edward McCree of Georgia Legislature; owner of 37,000 acres of land; indicted on 13 charges. Pled guilty to first charge and payed a $1,000.00 fine.[10]
- 1906 Five officials of Jackson Lumber Company sentenced in Pensacola Florida to seven years in prison.[11]
- 1916 two men found guilty in Lexington County South Carolina of trying to force a white man into peonage; each fined $500.00 and sentenced to a year and day in jail[12]
- 1921 HAwaiian Sugar Plantation owners try to Legalize peonage of Chinese workers.[13]
- 1921, Georgia farmer John S. Williams and his black overseer Clyde Manning were convicted in the deaths of 11 blacks working as peons in Williams' farm.[14][15] Williams was the only white farmer convicted for killing black peons between 1877 and 1966.[16]
Because of the Spanish tradition, peonage was still widespread in New Mexico after the US Civil War. Because New Mexico laws supported peonage, the US Congress passed an anti-peonage law on March 2, 1867 as follows: "Sec 1990. The holding of any person to service or labor under the system known as peonage is abolished and forever prohibited in the territory of New Mexico, or in any other territory or state of the United States; and all acts, laws, … made to establish, maintain, or enforce, directly or indirectly, the voluntary or involuntary service or labour of any persons as peons, in liquidation of any debt or obligation, or otherwise, are declared null and void."[17] The current version of this statute is codified at Chapter 21-I of 42 U.S.C. § 1994 and makes no specific mention of New Mexico.
See also
- Hodges v. United States, 203 U.S. 1 (1906)
- Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911)
- Boy Slaves (1939 film)
References
- ^ "Peon". Computer-dictionary-online.org. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
- ^ Bartholomew, Dean (2009). Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3378-5.
- ^ Blackmon, Douglas (2008). Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II. Doubleday. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0.
- ^ Blackmon (2008), Slavery by Another Name, p.
- ^ Find a grave
- ^ American Heritage Magazine 1981 Volume 32, Issue 2 "The Woods Were Tossing With Jewels”
- ^ The times dispatch., August 23, 1903, EDITORIAL SECTION, Image 4
- ^ The Ocala banner., January 22, 1904, Page PAGE TWELVE, Image 12
- ^ The Nation Volume 82 May 10. 1906.p.379
- ^ Honolulu Star-Bulletin August 19, 1916
- ^ The Pensacola Journal November 24, 1906
- ^ The Manning times., December 13, 1916, Image 2
- ^ The Labor World September 3, 1921
- ^ "John S. Williams and Clyde Manning Trials: 1921 - Peonage Outlawed, But Flourishes For 50 Years, Murdering The "evidence" Of Peonage, Southern Peonage Draws National Attention". Law.jrank.org. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
- ^ The Piedmont Chronicles
- ^ Freeman, Gregory A. (1999). Lay This Body Down: The 1921 Murders of Eleven Plantation Slaves, Chicago: Chicago Review Press.
- ^ Supreme Court Reporter, West Publishing Co, Bailey v. Alabama (1910), page 151.
External links
- Conversation With Erminio Orellana Mini Documentary by Jorge Uzon
- 42 USC § 1994 - Peonage Abolished
- FBI.gov
Further reading
- Daniel, Pete (1990). The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901-1969 (5th edition ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-519742-9.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Reynolds, Aaron, "Inside the Jackson Tract: The Battle Over Peonage Labor Camps in Southern Alabama, 1906," Southern Spaces, 21 January 2013.
- Whayne, Jeannie M., ed. Shadows over Sunnyside: An Arkansas Plantation in Transition, 1830–1945, Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.
- Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth. American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
