Mujaddid
A mujaddid (Template:Lang-ar), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (tajdid Template:Lang-ar) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.
The concept is based not on the Quran but on a famous hadith (Prophetic tradition) recorded by Abu Dawood: Abu Hurairah narrated that the Islamic prophet Muhammad said:
Verily Allah sends to this Ummah (community) at the head of every hundred years someone (or people) who will renew (or revive) for it its religion.
Mujaddid tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.[2]
List of claimants and potential Mujaddids
While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and the Naqshbandi order have their own list of mujaddids.[2]
First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)
- Umar II (682–720)[4][5]
- Al-Hasan Al-Basri (642–728)[6]
- Abu Hanifa (699–767)[7]
- Malik Ibn Anas (711–795)[7]
Second Century (August 10, 815)
- Al-Shafi‘i (767–820)[5][8][9]
- Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (780–855)[7]
Third Century (August 17, 912)
- Abu Al-Hasan Al-Ash'ari (874–936)[10]
- Abu Jafar Al-Tahawi (853–933)[11]
Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)
- Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)[5][9]
- Al-Hakim Nishapuri (933–1012)[8]
- Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[9]
Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)
Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)
- Fakhr-Al-Din Al-Razi (1149–1210)[16]
- Al-'Izz Ibn 'Abd Al-Salam (1181–1262)[17]
Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)
- Ibn Daqiq Al-Eid (1228–1302)[18] Taj al-Din al-Subki maintained that the Muslim community had agreed that Ibn Daqiq al-'Id was a mujtahid as well as a mujaddid. Ibn Daqiq "was a mujtahid mutlaq with complete knowledge of legal sciences" (Tabaqat, VI, 2, 3, 6).[19]
- Ibn Taymiyyah Considered by Salafists.[20] Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples such as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya faced critcisim by their Shāfi'i contemporaries such as Taqi al-Din al-Subki [d. 1355] and Taj al-Din al-Subki [d. 1370].[21]
Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)
- Siraj Al-Din Al-Bulqini (1324–1403)[22]
Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)
- Jalal-Al-Din Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)[4][23]
- Zakariyya Al-Ansari (1420–1520)[24]
Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)
- Shams Al-Din Al-Ramli (1513–1596)[25]
- Khayr Al-Din Al-Ramli (1585–1671)[4]
- Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[10][26]
Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)
- Abdallah Ibn Alawi Al-Haddad (1634–1720)[27]
- Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)[28]
Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)
- Murtada Al-Zabidi (1732–1790)[23]
- Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[29]
- Ahmad Ibn Ajiba (1747–1809)[30]
- Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[31]
Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)
- Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[9]
- Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865–1935)[32][33][34][35]
- Muhammad Al-Tahir Ibn Ashur (1879–1973)[36][37]
- Bediüzzaman Said Nursî (1878–1960)[38][39][40]
- Al-Kawthari (1879-1951)[41]
- Mustafa Al-Maraghi (1881–1945)[42][43]
- Mahmud Shaltut (1893-1963)[44][45][46]
- Muhammad Abu Zahra (1898–1974)[47]
Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)
- Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1921)[48] Considered by Barelvis.
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908)[38][49] – Note: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the Mujaddid of the 14th century,[50] a claim which is accepted by the Ahmadi Muslims.[51] but rejected by other Muslim communities.[52]
- Muhammad Metwally El-Shaarawy (1911–1998)[53][54]
- Ahmed Deedat (1918–2005)[55][56]
- Mustafa Mahmoud (1921–2009)[57]
References
- ^ Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad. The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. p. 7. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678.
- ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
- ^ a b c "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
- ^ a b c d Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
- ^ Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers / edited by Y.B. Usman
- ^ a b c The Muslim 100: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History by Muhammad Mojlum Khan
- ^ a b Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ a b c d e Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. p. 24. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) Cite error: The named reference "Paradise Lost" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
- ^ Islamic Studies - Volume 8 - Page 268
- ^ "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990
- ^ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
- ^ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
- ^ "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)". Muslim Philosophy.
- ^ On Taqlid: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law by Abdul-Rahman Mustafa
- ^ Considered by Jalal-Al-Din Al-Suyuti.
- ^ Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam by Wael B. Hallaq
- ^ Ibn Taymiyyah, Salafi calls “Sheikh-ul-Islam” - Hidaya Research
- ^ Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century by Khaled El-Rouayheb
- ^ Recognised as a mujaddid by Jalal-Al-Din Al-Suyuti. [1]
- ^ a b Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulama' in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries by Azyumardi Azra
- ^ Islam in Modern Asia by I.K. Khan
- ^ Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ "A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad". Iqra Islamic Publications.
- ^ Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books.
- ^ "The initial alacrity with which Ibn ‘Ajība set about ‘‘renewing God’s religion” is mirrored by the moralizing, inward-looking character of many passages of his Tafsīr." Esoteric Hermeneutic of Ibn 'Ajiba by Faris Casewit
- ^ O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) - ^ Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida: Contributions to the Reinterpretation of Islamic Constitutional and Legal Theory by Malcolm H. Kerr
- ^ Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt by Arthur Goldschmidt
- ^ Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook by Charles Kurzman
- ^ Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation and Communication (New Horizons in Islamic Studies) by Stephane A. Dudoignon, Komatsu Hisao, Kosugi Yasushi
- ^ Considered by Dr. Fathi Hasan Malkawi.
- ^ Tahir ibn 'Ashur: The Career And Thought Of A Contemporary Reformist Alim
- ^ a b Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coathors=(help) Cite error: The named reference "Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Badi'Uzzaman Said Nursi - Mujaddid Islam Turki by Shafie Abd. Rahman
- ^ The Spiritual Interface Between Two Mujaddids: Mujaddid-I Alf-I Thani Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624) and Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (1876-1960)
- ^ Those Who Attack Al-Kawthari by Sh. G. F. Haddad
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam by John L. Esposito
- ^ Considered by Dr. Ahmed Karima, professor of Islamic Law and Comparative Jurisprudence at Al-Azhar University.
- ^ Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism by Kate Zebiri
- ^ Considered by Dr. Ahmed Karima, professor of Islamic Law and Comparative Jurisprudence at Al-Azhar University.
- ^ Al-Azhar Memory
- ^ Arab News
- ^ "Services As A Mujadid". Alahazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan.
- ^ "The Promised Messiah". Al Islam.
- ^ "Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad". Al Islam. Chapter Two
- ^ "British Government and Jihad" (PDF). Al Islam.
- ^ "Renewal Deeds". AlaHazrat.
- ^ Almasry Alyoum
- ^ Al-Azhar Memory
- ^ An Interview with Sh. Muhammad Awal, the Great Debator
- ^ Ahmed Deedat: The Man and His Mission by Goolam Vahed
- ^ Mostafa Mahmoud: The Life Path of a Polymath by Wael Hazem Fouda
Further reading
- Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
- Friedmann, Yohanan. "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity". Oxford India Paperbacks