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Julian Assange
Assange in the Ecuadorian Embassy, London (August 2014)
Born (1971-07-03) 3 July 1971 (age 53)
Townsville, Queensland, Australia
NationalityAustralian
Other namesJulian Paul Assange
Alma mater
OccupationEditor-in-chief of WikiLeaks

Julian Paul Assange (/əˈsɒnʒ/;[1] born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, publisher and journalist. He is editor-in-chief of the organisation WikiLeaks, which he founded in 2006.

On November 2010, Assange was requested to be extradited to Sweden, where he is wanted for questioning concerning an allegation of rape.[2] Assange denied the allegation and has expressed concern that he would be extradited from Sweden to the United States due to his perceived role in publishing secret American documents.[3][4]

After exhausting his legal options in the United Kingdom, Assange did not surrender for extradition. Rather, he sought and was granted asylum by Ecuador in August 2012. Assange has since remained in the Embassy of Ecuador in London, and is unable to leave without being arrested for breaching his bail conditions.[5]

The United Nations' Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found, by a majority, that he has been "arbitrarily detained" and that his detention should be brought to an end;[6] UK Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said the UN conclusion was "ridiculous", that the group was "made up of lay people", and called Assange a fugitive from justice.[7] On October 17, 2016, the state of Ecuador cut Assange's internet access in the embassy.[8]

Early life

Assange was born in the north Queensland city of Townsville,[9][10] to Christine Ann Hawkins (b. 1951),[11] a visual artist,[12] and John Shipton, an anti-war activist and builder.[13] The couple had separated before Assange was born.[13]

When he was a year old, his mother married Richard Brett Assange,[14][15][16] an actor, with whom she ran a small theatre company.[17] They divorced around 1979, and Christine Assange then became involved with Leif Meynell, also known as Leif Hamilton, a member of the Australian New Age group the Family, with whom she had a son before the couple broke up in 1982.[9][18][19] Assange had a nomadic childhood, and had lived in over thirty[20][21] different Australian towns by the time he reached his mid-teens, when he settled with his mother and half-brother in Melbourne, Victoria.[14][22]

He attended many schools, including Goolmangar Primary School in New South Wales (1979–1983)[17] and Townsville State High School,[23] as well as being schooled at home.[15] He studied programming, mathematics, and physics at Central Queensland University (1994)[24] and the University of Melbourne (2003–2006),[14][25] but did not complete a degree.[26]

Hacking

In 1987 Assange began hacking under the name Mendax.[15][27] He and two others—known as "Trax" and "Prime Suspect"—formed a hacking group they called the International Subversives.[15] During this time he hacked into the Pentagon and other US Department of Defense facilities, MILNET, the US Navy, NASA, and Australia's Overseas Telecommunications Commission; Citibank, Lockheed Martin, Motorola, Panasonic, and Xerox; and the Australian National University, La Trobe University, and Stanford University's SRI International.[28] He is thought to have been involved in the WANK (Worms Against Nuclear Killers) hack at NASA in 1989, but he does not acknowledge this.[29][30]

In September 1991, Assange was discovered hacking into the Melbourne master terminal of Nortel, a Canadian multinational telecommunications corporation.[15] The Australian Federal Police tapped Assange's phone line (he was using a modem), raided his home at the end of October,[31] and eventually charged him in 1994 with 31 counts of hacking and related crimes.[15] In December 1996, he pleaded guilty to 25 charges (the other six were dropped), was ordered to pay reparations of A$2,100 and released on a good behaviour bond,[29][32] avoiding a heavier penalty due to the perceived absence of malicious or mercenary intent and his disrupted childhood.[33][34][35][36] After the trial, Assange lived in Melbourne, where he survived on single-parent income support.[32]

Programming

In 1993 Assange gave technical advice to the Victoria Police Child Exploitation Unit and assisted with prosecutions.[37] In the same year he was involved in starting one of the first public Internet service providers in Australia, Suburbia Public Access Network.[14][38] He began programming in 1994, authoring or co-authoring the Transmission Control Protocol port scanner strobe.c (1995);[39][40] patches to the open-source database PostgreSQL (1996);[41][42] the Usenet caching software NNTPCache (1996);[43] the Rubberhose deniable encryption system (1997),[44][45] which reflected his growing interest in cryptography;[46] and Surfraw, a command-line interface for web-based search engines (2000).[47] During this period he also moderated the AUCRYPTO forum;[46] ran Best of Security, a website "giving advice on computer security" that had 5,000 subscribers in 1996;[48] and contributed research to Suelette Dreyfus's Underground (1997), a book about Australian hackers, including the International Subversives.[27][49] In 1998, he co-founded the company Earthmen Technology.[35]

In 1999 Assange registered the domain leaks.org, but, as he put it, "I didn't do anything with it."[35][unreliable source?] He did, however, publicise a patent granted to the National Security Agency in August 1999 for voice-data harvesting technology: "This patent should worry people. Everyone's overseas phone calls are or may soon be tapped, transcribed and archived in the bowels of an unaccountable foreign spy agency."[46] Systematic abuse of technology by governments against fundamental freedoms of world citizens remained an abiding concern — more than a decade later in the introduction to Cypherpunks (2012) Assange summarized "the Internet, our greatest tool for emancipation, has been transformed into the most dangerous facilitator of totalitarianism we have ever seen".[50]

WikiLeaks

Main article: WikiLeaks
Assange, c. 2006

After his period of study at the University of Melbourne, Assange and others established WikiLeaks in 2006. Assange is a member of the organisation's advisory board[51] and describes himself as the editor-in-chief.[52] From 2007 to 2010, Assange travelled continuously on WikiLeaks business, visiting Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.[15][21][53][54][55]

WikiLeaks published secret information, news leaks,[56] and classified media from anonymous sources.[57] By 2015 WikiLeaks had published more than 10 million documents and associated analyses, and was described by Assange himself as "a giant library of the world's most persecuted documents".[58] The published material between 2006 and 2009 attracted various degrees of publicity,[59] but it was only after it began publishing documents supplied by Chelsea Manning that Wikileaks became a household name.[60] The Manning material included the Collateral Murder video (April 2010)[61] which showed US soldiers shooting dead 18 people from a helicopter in Iraq, [62] the Afghanistan war logs (July 2010), the Iraq war logs (October 2010), a quarter of a million diplomatic cables (November 2010), and the Guantánamo files (April 2011).

Opinions of Assange at this time were divided. Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard described his activities as "illegal,"[63] but the police said that he had broken no Australian law.[64] US Vice President Joe Biden and others called him a "terrorist."[65][66][67][68][69] Some called for his assassination or execution.[70][71][72][73] Support came from people including the Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva,[74][75] Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa,[76] Russian President Dmitry Medvedev,[77][78] Britain's Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn,[79] Spain's Podemos party leader Pablo Iglesias,[80] UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay,[81] Argentina's ambassador to the UK Alicia Castro,[82] and activists and celebrities including Tariq Ali,[83] John Perry Barlow,[84] Daniel Ellsberg,[85][86] Mary Kostakidis,[87] John Pilger,[88][89] Ai Weiwei,[90] Michael Moore,[91] Noam Chomsky,[90] Vaughan Smith,[92][93] and Oliver Stone.[94]

The year 2010 culminated with the Sam Adams Award, which Assange accepted in October,[95] and a string of distinctions in December—the Le Monde readers' choice award for person of the year,[96][97] the Time readers' choice award for person of the year (he was also a runner-up in Time's overall person of the year award),[98][99] a deal for his autobiography worth at least US$1.3 million,[100][101][102] and selection by the Italian edition of Rolling Stone as "rockstar of the year."[103][104]

Assange announced that he would run for the Australian Senate in March 2012 under the newly created WikiLeaks Party,[105][106] had his own talk show on Russia Today in April–July and Cypherpunks[50] was published in November. In the same year, he analysed the Kissinger cables held at the US National Archives and released them in searchable form.[107][108] On 15 September 2014, he appeared via remote video link on Kim Dotcom's Moment of Truth town hall meeting held in Auckland.[109]

The following February he won the Sydney Peace Foundation Gold Medal for Peace with Justice, previously awarded to only three people—Nelson Mandela, the Dalai Lama, and Buddhist spiritual leader Daisaku Ikeda.[110] Two weeks later he filed for the trademark "Julian Assange" in Europe, which was to be used for "Public speaking services; news reporter services; journalism; publication of texts other than publicity texts; education services; entertainment services."[111][112][113] For several years a member of the Australian journalists' union and still an honorary member,[114][115][116] he was awarded the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism in June,[117][118] and the Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism in November,[119][120] having earlier won the Amnesty International UK Media Award (New Media) in 2009.[121]

US criminal investigation

Assange speaks on the steps of St Paul's Cathedral in London, 16 October 2011

After WikiLeaks released the Manning material, US authorities began investigating WikiLeaks and Assange personally with a view to prosecuting them under the Espionage Act of 1917.[122] In November 2010 US Attorney-General Eric Holder said there was "an active, ongoing criminal investigation" into WikiLeaks.[123] It emerged from legal documents leaked over the ensuing months that Assange and others were being investigated by a federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia.[124][125][126] An email from an employee of intelligence consultancy Strategic Forecasting, Inc. (Stratfor) leaked in 2012 said, "We have a sealed indictment on Assange."[127] The US government denies the existence of such an indictment.[128][129]

In December 2011 prosecutors in the Chelsea Manning case revealed the existence of chat logs between Manning and an alleged WikiLeaks interlocutor they claimed to be Assange;[130][131] he denied this,[132][133] dismissing the alleged connection as "absolute nonsense."[134] The logs were presented as evidence during Manning's court-martial in June–July 2013. The prosecution argued that they show WikiLeaks helping Manning reverse-engineer a password.[135][136] The evidence that the interlocutor was Assange is circumstantial, however, and Manning insists she acted alone.[126][136]

Assange was being examined separately by "several government agencies" in addition to the grand jury, most notably the FBI.[137] Court documents published in May 2014 suggest that Assange was still under "active and ongoing" investigation at that time.[138]

Moreover, some Snowden documents published in 2014 show that the United States government put Assange on the "2010 Manhunting Timeline",[139] and in the same period they urged their allies to open criminal investigations into the editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks.[140] In the same documents there was a proposal by the NSA to designate WikiLeaks as a "malicious foreign actor", thus increasing the surveillance against it.

On 26 January 2015, WikiLeaks revealed that three members of the organisation received notice that "Google had handed over all their emails and metadata to the United States government".[141] In the notifications, there was the list of possible charges that originated the warrant to Google and that the secret grand jury intends to use against WikiLeaks and likely Assange too. They were espionage, conspiracy to commit espionage, theft or conversion of property belonging to the United States government, violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and general conspiracy. They carry up to a minimum of 45 years in prison, if they amount to one charge per these five types; otherwise, even more years could be added.

The United States investigation confirmed its ongoing proceedings against WikiLeaks in a 15 December 2015 court submission.[142]

Swedish sexual assault allegations

Demonstration in support of Assange in front of Sydney Town Hall, 10 December 2010
See also: Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority

In November 2010 Assange was alleged to have committed several crimes against two different women during a visit to Sweden that August. He was wanted for questioning in Sweden over two counts of sexual molestation, one count of unlawful coercion and one count of "lesser-degree rape" (mindre grov våldtäkt). Assange denies the allegations.[2][143]

After 18 August 2015, Assange could no longer be charged for all three of the less serious allegations, as the Swedish prosecutors did not succeed in interviewing Assange before the statute of limitations for these alleged crimes ran out. However, he is still wanted for questioning over the allegation of rape. The preliminary investigation still continues as the statute of limitations here will only expire in 2020.[144][145][146][147][148]

Political asylum and life at the Ecuadorian embassy

Julian Assange on a balcony in the Ecuadorian embassy in London

On 19 June 2012, Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño announced that Assange had applied for political asylum, that his government was considering the request, and that Assange was at the Ecuadorian embassy in London.[149][150][151][152]

Assange and his supporters claim he is concerned not about any proceedings in Sweden as such, but that his deportation to Sweden could lead to politically motivated deportation to the United States, where he could face severe penalties, up to the death sentence, for his activities related to WikiLeaks.[62]

Ecuadoran Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño met with Julian Assange in the Ecuadorian Embassy on 16 June 2013

On 16 August 2012, Foreign Minister Patiño announced that Ecuador was granting Assange political asylum because of the threat represented by the United States secret investigation against him and several calls for assassination from many American politicians.[153][154][155][156] In its formal statement, Ecuador reasoned that "as a consequence of [Assange's] determined defense to freedom of expression and freedom of press… in any given moment, a situation may come where his life, safety or personal integrity will be in danger".[157] Latin American states expressed support for Ecuador.[158][159][160][161] Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa confirmed on 18 August that Assange could stay at the embassy indefinitely,[162][163][164] and the following day Assange gave his first speech from the balcony.[165][166][167][168] Assange's supporters forfeited £293,500 in bail[169] and sureties.[169][170] His home since then has been an office converted into a studio apartment, equipped with a bed, telephone, sun lamp, computer, shower, treadmill, and kitchenette.[171][172][173]

Just before Assange was granted asylum, the UK Government wrote to Foreign Minister Patiño stating that the police were entitled to enter the embassy and arrest Assange under UK law.[174] Patiño criticised what he claimed to be an implied threat, stating that "such actions would be a blatant disregard of the Vienna Convention". Officers of the Metropolitan Police Service were stationed outside the building from June 2012 to October 2015 in order to arrest Assange for extradition and for breach of bail, should he leave the embassy. The police guard was withdrawn on grounds of cost in October 2015, but the police said they would still deploy "a number of overt and covert tactics to arrest him". The cost of the policing for the period was reported to have been £12.6 million.[175]

In April 2015, during a video conference to promote the documentary Terminal F about Edward Snowden, Bolivia's ambassador to Russia, María Luisa Ramos Urzagaste, accused Assange of putting the life of Bolivian president Evo Morales at risk by intentionally providing the United States with false rumours that Snowden was on the president's plane when it was forced to land in Vienna in July 2013. "It is possible that in this wide-ranging game that you began my president did not play a crucial role, but what you did was not important to my president, but it was to me and the citizens of our country. And I have faith that when you planned this game you took into consideration the consequences," the ambassador told Assange. Assange stated that the plan "was not completely honest, but we did consider that the final result would have justified our actions. We weren't expecting this outcome. The result was caused by the United States' intervention. We can only regret what happened."[176] Later, in an interview[177] with Democracy Now, Assange explained the story of the grounding of Morales' plane, claiming that after the United States cancelled Snowden's passport, WikiLeaks thought about other strategies to take him to Latin America, and they considered private presidential jets of those countries which offered support. The appointed jet was that of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, but Assange stated that "our code language that we used deliberately swapped the presidential jet that we were considering for the Bolivian jet [...] and in some of our communications, we deliberately spoke about that on open lines to lawyers in the United States. And we didn’t think much more of it. [...] We didn’t think this was anything more than just distracting." Eventually, the plan was not pursued and, under Assange's advice, Snowden sought asylum in Russia.

Paris newspaper Le Monde in its edition of 3 July 2015 published an open letter from Assange to French President François Hollande in which Assange urged the French government to grant him refugee status.[178] Assange wrote that "only France now has the ability to offer me the necessary protection against, and exclusively against, the political persecution that I am currently the object of."[179] In the letter Assange wrote, "By welcoming me, France would fulfill a humanitarian but also probably symbolic gesture, sending an encouragement to all journalists and whistleblowers ... Only France is now able to offer me the necessary protection ... France can, if it wishes, act."[178][179]

In a statement issued by the Élysée Palace on 3 July 2015 in response to this letter, the French President said: “France cannot act on his request. The situation of Mr Assange does not present an immediate danger.”[180]

On 4 July 2015, in response to the denial of asylum by France, a spokesman for Assange denied that Assange had actually "filed" a request for asylum in France. Speaking on behalf of Assange, Baltasar Garzón, head of his legal team, said that Assange had sent the open letter to French president Francois Hollande; but Assange had only expressed his willingness "to be hosted in France if and only if an initiative was taken by the competent authorities".[179]

UNWGAD ruling

On 5 February 2016, the UN's Working Group on Arbitrary Detention decided that Assange had been subject to arbitrary detention by the UK and Swedish Governments since 7 December 2010, including his time in prison, on conditional bail and in the Ecuadorian embassy. According to the group, Assange should be allowed to walk free and be given compensation.[181][182]

The UK and Swedish governments rejected the ruling,[183] as did the UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Philip Hammond, and the UK and Swedish prosecutors.[184][185] The UK maintained it would arrest Assange should he leave the Ecuadorian embassy.[186] Mark Ellis, executive director of the International Bar Association, stated that the ruling is "not binding on British law."[187] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad al Hussein has said that the ruling is based on binding international law.[188]

US Presidential Elections 2016

Assange wrote on WikiLeaks in February 2016: "I have had years of experience in dealing with Hillary Clinton and have read thousands of her cables. Hillary lacks judgement and will push the United States into endless, stupid wars which spread terrorism. ... she certainly should not become president of the United States."[189]

On May 11, 2016, Michael Ratner, Assange's attorney in New York died of complications from cancer.[190]

On the 4th of July 2016 during the primary elections for the candidate nominee for the democratic party, WikiLeaks released information and content of emails sent or received by candidate Hillary Clinton from a private email server, when she was Secretary of State.[191]

On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks released emails and documents from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) seemingly presenting ways to undercut Bernie Sanders and showing apparent favouritism towards Clinton, leading to the resignation of party chairman Debbie Wasserman Schultz.[192][193] The New York Times reported that "Assange accused Mrs. Clinton of having been among those pushing to indict him..." and that he had timed the release to coincide with the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[194] In an interview with Robert Peston of ITV News Assange suggested that he saw Hillary Clinton as a personal foe.[195][196]

On July 25th, following the Republican National Convention (RNC), Assange was interviewed by Amy Goodman and was quoted saying: "Choosing Between Trump or Clinton is Like Picking Between Cholera or Gonorrhea... Personally, I would prefer neither."[197][198]

In late August 2016 Assange showed that Clinton had received information about a Parkinson’s disease drug, leading to theories in the media about Clinton's health issues.[199]

On August 16, 2016, Assange's lawyer in the UK, John Jones, was found dead, according to the first reports after being hit by a train in an apparent suicide.[200] An inquest into his death found that the lawyer was accepted since March to a private psychiatric hospital with several issues of mental health including bipolar disorder, and CCTV cameras showed no-one was near him when he jumped before the train.[201] The death of both lawyers in such a short time span sparked conspiracy theories, and a tweet by WikiLeaks on August 21 claimed that an inquest rules it was not suicide (implying that he was assasinated)[202] On the same day, the New York Times wrote that Clinton is accusing Assange of being a Russian agent, but that he probably is working without their concent and the Russians are only exploiting the information leaks for their own interests.[203]

The next day, on August 22nd a man scaled the embassy's walls but was caught by the embassy's security.[204]

On August 26 Assange spoke to Fox News and claimed that Clinton was causing "hysteria about Russia". The claim was parroted in the Russian media outlet RT.[205]

On October 4, 2016, in a WikiLeaks anniversary meeting in Berlin with Assange teleconferencing from his refuge in the Ecuador embacy in London, reporters spoke of a supposed promise to reveal further information against Hilary Clinton which would bring her candidacy down, calling this information "The October Surprise". Assange said he would release this information in the future, but "not at 3am". Assange was asked whether he endorsed Donald Trump, who had previously chosen anti-liberal rhetoric including calls to build up the US military nuclear power, and to persecute the Guantanamo Bay prisoners. Assange waved the claim aside, but continued to promise anti Hillary material.[199]

During the second debate between the two presidential candidates, on October 9, 2016, Hillary Clinton accused Russian hackers for the leak of information to WikiLeaks, presumably working under the orders of Vladimir Putin: "...But you know, let's talk about what's really going on. Because our intelligence community said the Kremlin, meaning Putin and the Russian government, are directing the attacks, the hacking, on American accounts to influence our election... And believe me, they're not doing it to get me elected. They're doing it to try to influence the election for Donald Trump..."

Writings

Assange is an advocate of information transparency and market libertarianism.[206] He has written a few short pieces, including "State and terrorist conspiracies" (2006),[207] "Conspiracy as governance" (2006),[208] "The hidden curse of Thomas Paine" (2008),[209] "What’s new about WikiLeaks?" (2011),[210] and the foreword to Cypherpunks (2012).[50] He also contributed research to Suelette Dreyfus's Underground (1997),[27] and received a co-writer credit for the Calle 13 song "Multi_Viral" (2013).

Cypherpunks is primarily a transcript of the The World Tomorrow episode eight two-part interview between Assange, Jacob Appelbaum, Andy Müller-Maguhn, and Jérémie Zimmermann.

Assange's book, When Google Met WikiLeaks, was published by OR Books on 18 September 2014.[211] The book recounts when Google CEO Eric Schmidt requested a meeting with Assange, while he was under house arrest in rural Norfolk, UK. Schmidt was accompanied by Jared Cohen, director of Google Ideas; Lisa Shields, vice-president of the Council on Foreign Relations; and Scott Malcomson, the communications director for the International Crisis Group. Excerpts were published on the Newsweek website, while Assange participated in a Q&A event that was facilitated by the Reddit website and agreed to an interview with Vogue magazine.[212][213][214]

Personal life

While in his teens, Assange married a woman named Teresa, and in 1989 they had a son, Daniel Assange, now a software designer.[14][26][215] The couple separated and initially disputed custody of the child.[15] Assange was Daniel's primary carer for much of his childhood.[216] In an open letter to French President François Hollande, Assange stated his youngest child lives in France with his/her mother. He also claimed that his family had faced death threats and harassment due to his work, forcing them to change identities and reduce contact with him.[217]

Work

Bibliography

Filmography

Producer
As himself

Honours and awards

Works about Assange

Wikinews has news related to:

Books

Essays

Films

See also

References

  1. ^ "WikiLeaks Founder on History's Top Leaks". Time Video. New York. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  2. ^ a b Nick Davies (17 December 2010). "10 days in Sweden: the full allegations against Julian Assange". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  3. ^ "What next for Julian Assange?". 5 February 2016 – via www.bbc.com.
  4. ^ "Britain 'sets dangerous precedent' by defying UN report on Assange". The Guardian (London). 24 February 2016.
  5. ^ "Q&A: Julian Assange and the law". 13 March 2015 – via www.bbc.com.
  6. ^ "Julian Assange should be allowed to go free, UN panel finds". BBC News. 5 February 2016.
  7. ^ Hammond calls U.N. Assange report 'ridiculous', Reuters
  8. ^ Wikileaks: Julian Assange's internet access 'cut', BBC
  9. ^ a b Glenda Kwek "Magnet for trouble: how Assange went from simple island life to high-tech public enemy number one," The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 December 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  10. ^ "Wikileaks founder Julian Assange a born and bred Queenslander," The Courier-Mail, 29 July 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  11. ^ "Family notices," The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 March 1951. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  12. ^ David Leigh and Luke Harding, WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy (London: Guardian Books, 2011; rev. edn. Guardian Books / Faber and Faber, 2013), p. 34.
  13. ^ a b Richard Guilliatt, "For John Shipton, the Wikileaks Party isn't just a political cause," The Australian, 15 June 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  14. ^ a b c d e Robert Manne (March 2011). "The cypherpunk revolutionary: Julian Assange". The Monthly. Retrieved 16 March 2014. By the time he was addressing audiences worldwide, his 'father'—which Assange informed me is an amalgam of Brett Assange and John Shipton, created to protect their identities
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Raffi Khatchadourian, "No secrets: Julian Assange's mission for total transparency," The New Yorker, 7 June 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  16. ^ "The secret life of Julian Assange," CNN, 2 December 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  17. ^ a b Dominic Feain, "WikiLeaks founder's Lismore roots," Northern Star, 29 July 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  18. ^ Guy Rundle, "Assange bio: not a manuscript anyone would intend to publish," Crikey, 23 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  19. ^ Leigh and Harding, WikiLeaks, pp. 37–38.
  20. ^ Massimo Calabresi, "WikiLeaks' war on secrecy: truth's consequences,". Time, 2 December 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  21. ^ a b Hans Ulrich Obrist, "In conversation with Julian Assange, Part I," e-flux, May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  22. ^ Andrew O'Hagan, "Ghosting: Julian Assange," London Review of Books, vol. 36, no. 5 (6 March 2014), pp. 5–26. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  23. ^ "Jeremy Geia first Australian to interview Assange," Gilimbaa, 24 October 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  24. ^ Frazer Pearce, "Assange studied at CQU,", The Morning Bulletin, 18 December 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  25. ^ "Meet the Aussie behind Wikileaks," Stuff, 7 August 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2014. First published in The Sydney Morning Herald.
  26. ^ a b Sarah Whyte, "Driven to dissent—like father, like son," The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 December 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  27. ^ a b c Suelette Dreyfus, Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier, with research by Julian Assange (Sydney: Random House, 1997).
  28. ^ Weinberger, Sharon (7 April 2010). "Who is behind WikiLeaks?". AOL. Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ a b Bernard Lagan, "International man of mystery," The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 April 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  30. ^ Leigh and Harding, WikiLeaks, p. 42.
  31. ^ Richard Guilliatt, "Rudd Government blacklist hacker monitors police," The Australian, 30 May 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  32. ^ a b David Leigh and Luke Harding, "Julian Assange: the teen hacker who became insurgent in information war," The Guardian, 30 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  33. ^ Adrian Lowe, "For lonely teenager Assange, a computer was his only friend," The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 January 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  34. ^ Lauren Wilson, "Assange's hacking offences laid bare," The Australian, 17 January 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  35. ^ a b c Stuart Rintoul and Sean Parnell, "Julian Assange, wild child of free speech," The Australian, 11 December 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  36. ^ Leigh and Harding, WikiLeaks, pp. 44.
  37. ^ Steve Butcher, "Assange helped our police catch child pornographers," The Age, 12 February 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  38. ^ Suburbia Public Access Network. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  39. ^ Julian Assange, "Strobe v1.01 super optimised TCP port surveyor," Seclists.org, 9 March 1995. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  40. ^ "Strobe 1.06: A super optimised TCP port surveyor," HP-UX Porting and Archive Centre. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  41. ^ "Contributor profiles," Postgresql.org. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  42. ^ "PostgreSQL commits," Git.postgresql.org. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  43. ^ NNTPCache Mailing List. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  44. ^ Ryan Singel, "Immune to critics, secret-spilling WikiLeaks plans to save journalism ... and the world," Wired, 3 July 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  45. ^ Suelette Dreyfus, The Idiot Savants' Guide to Rubberhose. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  46. ^ a b c Suelette Dreyfus, "Network: This is just between us (and the spies)," The Independent, 15 November 1999.
  47. ^ Surfraw: Shell Users' Revolutionary Front Rage Against the Web. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  48. ^ Leigh and Harding, WikiLeaks, p. 45.
  49. ^ Annabel Symington, "Exposed: Wikileaks' secrets," Wired, 1 September 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  50. ^ a b c Julian Assange, Jacob Appelbaum, Andy Müller-Maguhn, and Jérémie Zimmermann, Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet (New York and London: OR Books, 2012).
  51. ^ WikiLeaks' Advisory Board. Wikileaks. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  52. ^ "Julian Assange answers your questions," The Guardian, 3 December 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  53. ^ Hans Ulrich Obrist, "In conversation with Julian Assange, Part II," e-flux, 30 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Assange&oldid=744966200"