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List of political self-immolations

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This is a list of notable self-immolations done for political reasons. Non-political self-immolations are not included in the list. Self-immolation has become an increasingly used protest tactic among Tibetans protesting rule of Tibet by China[1] and Arabs against various Arab governments.[2]

List

1960s

Date Name Age Country Protesting Notes and references
June 11, 1963 Thích Quảng Đức 66  South Vietnam Persecution of Buddhists by government of Ngô Đình Diệm Led to several other monks and nuns committing the same act before Diệm was toppled. The photo, photographed by Malcolm Browne, became well-associated with his political protest.
January 25, 1964 Chinnasami 27  India For preservation of the Tamil language Inspired 5 other self-immolations.[3]
March 16, 1965 Alice Herz 82  United States Vietnam War Women Strike for Peace.
November 2, 1965 Norman Morrison 31  United States Vietnam War Committed act in front of preschool-aged daughter.[4]
November 9, 1965 Roger Allen LaPorte 22  United States Vietnam War Catholic Worker.[5]
July 12, 1966 Liangqing 70  China Destruction of the Famen Temple Buddhist monk[6]
May 16, 1967 Nhất Chi Mai 34  South Vietnam Vietnam War [7]
October 15, 1967 Florence Beaumont 55  United States Vietnam War [8]
November 12, 1967 Yui Chunoshin [eo] 73  Japan Vietnam War Esperantist.[9][10][11]
September 8, 1968 Ryszard Siwiec 59  Poland Poland's participation in Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) Died in hospital four days later.
November 5, 1968 Vasyl Makukh 40  Soviet Union Soviet rule in Ukraine [12]
January 16, 1969 Jan Palach 20  Czechoslovakia Communist rule in Czechoslovakia Student. Inspired a number of self-immolations in protest of Soviet satellite states.
January 20, 1969 Sándor Bauer 17  Hungary Communist rule in Hungary [13]
February 25, 1969 Jan Zajíc 19  Czechoslovakia Communist rule in Czechoslovakia Student.
April 2, 1969 Evžen Plocek 39  Czechoslovakia Communist rule in Czechoslovakia Businessman.
April 9, 1969 Eliyahu Rips 20  Soviet Union Communist rule in Czechoslovakia Survived, became professor of mathematics.
May 30, 1969 Bruce Mayrock 20  United States Genocide against Biafra in the Nigerian Civil War Columbia University student. Died in hospital several hours later.

1970s

Date Name Age Country Protesting Notes and references
February 13, 1970 Márton Moyses 28  Romania Communist rule in Romania
May 10, 1970 George Winne, Jr. 23  United States Vietnam War Student at the University of California, San Diego. Died the next day.[14]
September 19, 1970 Kostas Georgakis 22  Greece Military rule in Greece Student at the University of Genoa
September 19, 1970 Joseba Elosegi 54  Spain Bombing of Guernica in 1937 Survived
November 13, 1970 Jeon Tae-il 22  South Korea For more robust labour laws and the government's opposition to reform
May 14, 1972 Romas Kalanta 19  Soviet Union Communist rule in Lithuania Inspired largest post-war riots in occupied Lithuania and USSR, and 13 other self-immolations
June 6, 1972 Huguette Gaulin 28  Canada [15]
August 10, 1976 Antanas Kalinauskas 19  Soviet Union Communist rule in Lithuania In Soviet Army barracks in Gulbene, Latvia. Died next day.
August 22, 1976 Oskar Brüsewitz 46  East Germany Communist rule in East Germany Lutheran pastor
February 10, 1977 Alain Escoffier 27  France Communism Member of the Party of New Forces, a neo-fascist political party.
November 16, 1977 Hartmut Gründler 37  West Germany Atomic policy
January 21, 1978 Oleksa Hirnyk 65  Soviet Union Communist rule in Ukraine
June 23, 1978 Musa Mamut 46  Soviet Union Persecution of Crimean Tatars Died after five days[16]
October 3, 1978 Lynette Phillips 24   Switzerland Social protest Lynette Phillips had previously planned to burn herself to death outside the British Houses of Parliament in London, but upon receiving word of this, British authorities deported her. She changed her plan and decided to self-immolate outside the United Nations headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. She protested against "inhumanity, injustice and irrationality prevalent in our society". She died on the spot.[17]

1980s

Date Name Age Country Protesting Notes and references
March 21, 1981 Per-Axel Arosenius 60  Sweden Taxes
August 10, 1982 Artin Penik 61  Turkey ASALA attack at Esenboğa International Airport
November 2, 1983 Sebastián Acevedo  Chile Kidnapping of his children by the Chilean police during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet [18]
March 2, 1989 Liviu Cornel Babeş 47  Romania Communist rule in Romania [19] Set himself on fire on ski slope, died at hospital two hours later.
March 2, 1989 Vytautas Vičiulis 37  Soviet Union Communist rule in Lithuania
March 24, 1989 Kailash Pawar  India To draw attention to plight of Bhopal gas victims and protest public indifference [20] Original story published in The Hindu, March 26, 1990.
April 7, 1989 Cheng Nan-jung 41  Taiwan For freedom of speech and Taiwan independence
May 19, 1989 Chan I-hua 32  Taiwan For freedom of speech and Taiwan independence During funeral procession of Cheng Nan-jung[21]

1990s

Date Name Age Country Protesting Notes and references
April 26, 1990 Stanislovas Žemaitis 52  Soviet Union Communist rule in Lithuania Protesting Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania. Died next day in Moscow hospital.
April 29, 1990 Sunghee Park 19  South Korea Political situation in South Korea Self-immolated during students' protest against the South Korean regime. Died May 19, 1991.
May 9, 1990 Rimantas Daugintis 55  Soviet Union Communist rule in Lithuania Lithuanian sculptor self-immolated on Hungarian-Soviet border. Died after a few days.
September 19, 1990 Rajiv Goswami 19  India Reservation in India Survived.[22]
October 14, 1990 Thanawut Klingchuea 20  Thailand Government of Chatichai Choonhavan Ramkhamhaeng University student[23]
February 18, 1991 Gregory Levey 30  United States Gulf War Amherst Common, MA.[24]
September 21, 1991 Giorgi Abesadze 35  Georgia Looming civil war in Georgia Physician[25]
April 29, 1993 Graham Bamford 48  United Kingdom War in Bosnia and Herzegovina 'The British army must not be a guard of honor at a mass funeral. Bosnian babies, children, and womenfolk are waiting for the politicians to do what they know they should - give them military protection.'[26]
February 21, 1994 Homa Darabi 54  Iran Women's rights after the Iranian Revolution Biography Rage Against the Veil written by sister Parvin Darabi
April 25, 1995 Reinhold Elstner 75  Germany "Slander and demonization" of German soldiers after World War II Wehrmacht veteran. Died in a Munich hospital 12 hours later.
September 3, 1995 Sabine Kratze 25  Vietnam Trial of six Buddhist monks
October 22, 1996 Kathy Change 46  United States For directly democratic community-based self-government
January 13, 1998 Alfredo Ormando 29  Italy Roman Catholic Church's condemnation of homosexuality
April 27, 1998 Thupten Ngodup 60  India Political situation in Tibet Ex-monk. In protest of police interference with unto-death hunger-strike in Delhi. Died two days later in hospital after visit by the Dalai Lama.[27][28][29]
February 16, 1999 Necla Coşkun 14  United Kingdom Arrest of Abdullah Öcalan Survived.[30]

2000s

Date Name Age Country Protesting Notes and references
January 21, 2001 various –  China See Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident [31]
April 2, 2001 Shahraz Kayani 48  Australia Government refusal to grant entry to his wife and daughters Pakistani refugee[32]
June 23, 2003 Neda Hassani 26  United Kingdom Raid on and arrest of members of the People's Mujahedin of Iran In front of the French embassy in London. Died on the spot. There were at least 4 other self-immolations protesting the same.[33]
July 21, 2004 Mordehai (Hamimo) Cohen 30  Israel Rejection of work license Set himself on fire during a City Hall assembly[34]
August 17, 2005 Yelena Businov 54  Israel Protest against Israel's unilateral disengagement plan [35]
August 31, 2005 Baruch Ben Menahem 21  Israel Protest against Israel's unilateral disengagement plan [36]
March 28, 2006 El ieftheriya Fortulaki  Greece Treatment of Kurds in Turkey [37]
November 3, 2006 Malachi Ritscher 52  United States War in Iraq Died at the scene.[38]
June 11, 2006 Pravin Joshi 30  India Screening of Fanaa Died 9 days later.[39]
October 31, 2006 Roland Weisselberg 73  Germany Spread of Islam Former Lutheran pastor self-immolated in a former monastery in Erfurt. Died the following day.[40]
March 7, 2007 Uddhav Bhandari 40  United Kingdom Asylum policy Nepali asylum seeker[41]
April 1, 2007 Heo Se-uk 54  South Korea South Korea – United States Free Trade Agreement [42]
October 1, 2008 Ramiro Guillén Tapia 65  Mexico Local government in the city of Xalapa [43]
January 29, 2009 Kumar Muthukumar 26  India Killing of the Sri Lankan Tamils Inspired several other self-immolations[44]
February 12, 2009 Murugathasan Varnakulasingham 26   Switzerland Killing of the Sri Lankan Tamils Inspired several other self-immolations[45]
February 27, 2009 Tapey mid-20s  China Political situation in Tibet Monk, Kirti Monastery, Ngaba. Shot[46] by Chinese police while on fire, and then taken away by them. Status unknown.[46]
November 13, 2009 Tang Fu-zhen 47  China Forced demolition of her home Died on November 29.[47]
December 3, 2009 Kasoju Srikanth Chary 24  India For statehood of Telangana Died on December 4.[48]

2010s

Date Name Age Country Protesting Notes and references
February 20, 2010 Siripur Yadaiah 19  India For statehood of Telangana Student. Self immolated at the main gate of Osmania University, Hyderabad. Died the next day in hospital.[49][50]
July 31, 2010 Eshan Reddy 20's  India For statehood of Telangana Student; set himself on fire as an offering for a deity for the cause of statehood.[51]
September 10, 2010 Ye Zhongcheng 79  China Forced demolition of their home Zhongcheng self-immolated with two family members and died on September 18.[52]
December 17, 2010 Mohamed Bouazizi 26  Tunisia Corruption in government Inspired the Tunisian revolution leading to ouster of President Ben Ali and further revolutions of the Arab Spring. Died January 4, 2011.[53]
January 16, 2011 Venugopala Reddy 20's  India For statehood of Telangana MCA student immolated himself near his university auditorium,died on the spot.[54]
January 16, 2011 Mohsen Bouterfif –  Algeria Unemployment and housing Inspired by Bouazizi's self-immolation in Tunisia.[55]
January 16, 2011 Bhavani 18  India For statehood of Telangana [56]
January 17, 2011 Yacoub Ould Dahoud 43  Mauritania Political situation in Mauritania [57]
February 21, 2011 Mohd Mustafa 40  India For statehood of Telangana [58]
March 16, 2011 Rigzin Phuntsog 21  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Beaten by police before they extinguished the flames. Died in hospital.[59][60][61]
June 15, 2011 Thomas James Ball 58  United States Father's rights and family court injustice Self immolated on the steps of a family courthouse in New Hampshire. Died on the spot.[62]
August 15, 2011 Tsewang Norbu 29  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Nyitso monastery in Kham Tawu. In Tawu. Died soon afterwards.[59][61][63]
August 28, 2011 Senkodi 27  India Convictions in the Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi case A Tamil woman immolated herself in front of a tahsil office at Kanchipuram to protest death sentences of A. G. Perarivalan, V. Sriharan (alias Murugan), and T. Suthendraraja (alias Santhan). She died the same day.[64]
September 16, 2011 Apostolos Polyzonis 55  Greece European sovereign-debt crisis Man set himself on fire in front of a bank in Thessaloniki.[65]
September 26, 2011 Lobsang Kunchok 18  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Set fire to himself, together with Lobsang Kelsang.[61][66]
September 26, 2011 Lobsang Kelsang 18  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Set fire to himself, together with Lobsang Kunchok.[61][67]
October 3, 2011 Kelsang Wangchuk 17  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Beaten and taken away by security personnel.[68]
October 7, 2011 Kayang 17  China Political situation in Tibet Former monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Clasped hands with Choepel; died.[61][69]
October 7, 2011 Choepel 19  China Political situation in Tibet Former monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Clasped hands with Kayang; died.[61][70] China Daily reported they were "slightly injured".[71]
October 15, 2011 Norbu Damdrul 19  China Political situation in Tibet Former monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Kicked and removed from scene by authorities. Current status unknown.[61][72]
October 17, 2011 Tenzin Wangmo 20  China Political situation in Tibet Nun of Mame Dechen Chokorling. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died.[61][73]
October 21, 2011 Wang 42  China Legal inequalities in China At Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Taken to hospital by police; evidence at scene erased immediately.[61][74]
October 26, 2011 Dawa Tsering 38  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kardze Monastery. In Kardze, Amdo. Current status unknown.[61][75]
November 3, 2011 Palden Choetso 35  China Political situation in Tibet Nun in Tawu, Kardze. Reported deceased by Xinhua.[61][76][77]
November 4, 2011 Sherab Tsedor 25  China Political situation in Tibet Layperson. Outside Chinese embassy in New Delhi. Overpowered by police and hospitalized with minor burns.[78][79][80]
November 11, 2011 Yenesew Gebre 29  Ethiopia Corruption of dictatorship government Inspired by Bouazizi's self-immolation in Tunisia.[81]
December 1, 2011 Tenzin Phuntsok 46[82]  China Political situation in Tibet Ex-monk, Karma Monastery, Chamdo.[83][84] Died on December 6, 2011, in Chamdo Hospital in Tibet[82] Reported in China Daily, as a "farmer" who "is considered eccentric".[85]
December 7, 2011 Sondang Hutagalung 22  Indonesia Disputed [86]
January 6, 2012 Tennyi Around 20  China Political situation in Tibet [87]
January 6, 2012 Tsultrim Around 20  China Political situation in Tibet [88]
January 8, 2012 Sopa Tulku/Sonam Wangyal 42  China Political situation in Tibet [89][90]
May 21, 2013 Dominique Venner 78  France Foreign Invasion of Europe
January 14, 2012 Jamyang Losang 20s  China Political situation in Tibet Former monk of Andu monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Deceased.[91]
February 3, 2012 Tsaptai Tsering, Kyarel, and unknown name 60, 30, unknown  China Political situation in Tibet Three laypersons. In Serthar. Incident published in several places, but unconfirmed.[92][93]
February 8, 2012 Rigzin Dorje (Rinzin) Around 18  China Political situation in Tibet Former monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died February 21 in hospital.[94]
February 9, 2012 Sonam Rabyang 30s  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Lab Monastery. In Tridu town, Yushu County, Kham. Taken to hospital; condition unclear.[95]
February 11, 2012 Tenzin Choedron 18  China Political situation in Tibet Nun of Mame Dechen Chokorling. In Ngaba, Amdo. Taken away by soldiers and police, and died shortly afterward.[96][97]
February 13, 2012 Lobsang Gyatso 19  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Current status unknown.[98][99]
March 4, 2012 Rinchen 32  China Political situation in Tibet Occupation unknown. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died on the spot.[100]
March 5, 2012 Dorje (Dorjee) 18  China Political situation in Tibet Occupation unknown. In Ngaba, Amdo. Deceased.[101]
March 10, 2012 Gapey (Gepey) 18  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died on the spot.[102]
March 13, 2012 Jamyang Palden 30s  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Rongpo monastery, Rebkong, Amdo. Current status unknown.[103]
March 16, 2012 Lobsang Tsultrim 20  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died in custody.[104]
March 17, 2012 Sonam Thargyal (Dargye, Dhargay) 44  China Political situation in Tibet Farmer in Rebkong, Amdo. Died on the spot.[105][106]
March 24, 2012 L Bhoja Naik 21  India For statehood of Telangana MBA student set himself on fire in front of his college. Died on the spot.[107]
March 26, 2012 Jampel Yeshi 20  India Political situation in Tibet Layperson in Delhi. Died 2 days later in hospital.[108][109]
March 26, 2012 Rajmouli 40  India For statehood of Telangana [110][111]
March 26, 2012 B.R. Goud n/a  India For statehood of Telangana [110]
March 27, 2012 Pallavi 17  India For statehood of Telangana Later died in hospital.[112]
March 27, 2012 Kalakanchi Ilaiah 30  India For statehood of Telangana Scrap dealer.[113]
March 28, 2012 K Uppalaiah 30  India For statehood of Telangana [114]
March 28, 2012 Lobsang Sherab 20  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Kirti Monastery.[115] In Ngaba, Amdo. Died on the spot.[116][117]
March 28, 2012 Sripuram Srikanth 23  India For statehood of Telangana Died on March 30 at the Osmania General Hospital.[118]
March 30, 2012 Tenpa Dhargyal (Darjey) 22  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Tsodun monastery, Barkham, Amdo. Forcibly removed to hospital by Chinese security forces. Current status unknown.[119][120]
March 30, 2012 Chimey Palden (Chime) 21  China Political situation in Tibet Monk of Tsodun monastery, Barkham, Amdo. Forcibly removed to hospital by Chinese security forces.[120][121] Died later that day around midnight.[122]
March 30, 2012 Shyamapuri Shankar 24  India For statehood of Telangana [123]
March 30, 2012 Bandavath Suresh 25  India For statehood of Telangana Suffered 50% burns.[124]
May 27, 2012 Dorjee Tseten and Dargye 19 & 25  China Political situation in Tibet In front of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa[125]
July 14, 2012 Moshe Silman 57  Israel Social justice march in Tel Aviv Social justice activist, suffered 90% burns.[126] Died of his wounds on July 20 in an Israeli hospital.[127]
July 16, 2012 Zion Vaknin[128] 46  Israel Social injustice protest At Beersheba's city hall, in protest of debts.[129]
July 18, 2012 Valentina Gerasimovna 57  Russia A woman attempted self-immolation at the public reception center of the ruling United Russia party in Novosibirsk. She earlier addressed the party's public reception center for legal advice as an apartment buyer.[130][131] Died in a hospital.[132]
July 20, 2012 Akiva Mafi 45  Israel Social injustice protest Akiva Mafi[133] (45) Disabled IDF veteran sets himself on fire in Yehud, on behalf of wounded veterans.[134][135] Died August 1, 2012.[136] New agency established to prevent more cases.
July 30, 2012 Đặng Thị Kim Liêng 64  Vietnam Against 2011 crackdown on Vietnamese youth activists[137] Tạ Phong Tần's mother. Set herself on fire in the early morning, died en route to the hospital in the afternoon of the same Monday.[138]
February 18, 2013 Trayan Marechkov 26  Bulgaria Part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests Died on the spot, at a central crossroads, in front of the central office of a private bank in Veliko Tarnovo.[139][140]
February 20, 2013 Plamen Goranov 36  Bulgaria Part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests against the Borisov cabinet Protested corruption and monopolies,[141] and demanded the resignation of Varna's mayor Kiril Yordanov and the Municipal Council.[142] Mountain climber and photographer. Set himself alight in front of the Varna municipality. Died 11 days later in hospital.[143][144]
February 26, 2013 Ventzislav Vasilev 53  Bulgaria Part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests Father of five.[145] Set himself on fire in Radnevo. Died in hospital two weeks later.
March 13, 2013 Dimitar Dimitrov 51  Bulgaria Part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests Set himself on fire in front of the Presidential Palace in Sofia. Hospitalized with life-threatening injuries.[146][147]
March 20, 2013 Todor Yovchev 40  Bulgaria Part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests Died on March 22[148]
May 24, 2013 Bowatte Indarathana 30  Sri Lanka Against the slaughtering of cattle and forced conversion of Buddhists to other religions in Sri Lanka[149]
June 20, 2014 Thu Hoang 71  United States Apparent protest by a Vietnamese man of a Chinese state-owned oil rig being placed into waters contested by Vietnam in the South China Sea [150]
June 23, 2014 Charles R. Moore 79  United States Social injustice[151] Set himself alight in a strip mall parking lot, died upon arrival at hospital.
November 3, 2014 Lidia Petrova 38  Bulgaria Social injustice protest In Sofia. Her motives for self-immolation currently remains unknown. She died a few days later.
March 14, 2015 Younes Asakere 34  Iran Discrimination of Ahwazi Arabs Self-immolated after local authorities confiscated his vendor stall in Khorramshahr. Died on March 22.[152] Inspired a mass protest which resulted in arrests of some 1,000 people and further self-immolations.[153]
August 12, 2015 Choi Yeon-yeol 80  South Korea Japanese colonization of Korea and military conduct during WWII[154] Set himself on fire in a flower bed near the Japanese embassy in Seoul during an anti-Japan protest by "comfort women" (survivors of WWII Japanese military brothels). Injuries sustained were not life-threatening. Condition Pending.[155]
October 18, 2015 Khodayar Amini 30  Australia Australian refugee policy He self-immolated in Melbourne during a video call to his advocates.[156]
October 24, 2015 Erlan Bektibaev 20  Kazakhstan Social injustice protest Doused himself with gasoline and set himself on fire on October 24 in front of the Taraz headquarters of the ruling Nur Otan party in Taraz. Bektibayev was rushed to hospital, but later died of his burns.
April 27, 2016 Omid Masoumali 23  Nauru Australian refugee policy Iranian refugee self-immolated at an Australian refugee detention camp during a visit to the camp by representatives of a UNHCR fundraising arm (Australia For UNHCR) who told the refugees to expect to remain on Nauru for "another ten years".[157] After more than 24 hours without adequate medical attention he was airlifted by private contractor to Brisbane, Australia where he died on 29 April 2016 from his burns.[158]
May 2, 2016 Hodan Yasi 21  Nauru Australian refugee policy In Australian Refugee Detention camp. Woman from Somalia (variously referred to as Hadon/Hodan and Yasin/Yasi) was airlifted from Nauru to Brisbane[159] but her condition as at late May 2016 is shrouded in secrecy. It seems she may still be alive, since her death would have to be reported under Queensland Law and an inquest into her death held as she would be deemed to be a "Death in Custody" had she died.[citation needed]

See also

References

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  • "The Self Immolators" – a chronological list of biographies and last statements of known self immolators 1967 to 2013
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