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2017–2018 Iranian protests

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2017–18 Iranian protests
File:29 December 2017 protests in Kermanshah, Iran (full).jpg
Protests in Kermanshah, 29 December 2017
Date28 December 2017 – ongoing (2421 days)
Location
Iran
Caused by
Economic and financial issues
Religious and human rights issues
GoalsRegime change [6][7][8][9][7][10]
MethodsDemonstrations, riots, civil disobedience
StatusOngoing
Parties

Protesters

Lead figures

No known leaders yet

Number
Thousands[17]
Casualties and losses

21+ dead[18]

450+ arrested[18]
1 dead[19]

The 2017–18 Iranian protests (Persian: تظاهرات ۱۳۹۶ ایران) are a series of protests occurring throughout Iran. Beginning 28 December 2017 in Mashhad, Iran's second largest city by population, protests focused on the economic polices of the government of Iran; however, as protests spread throughout the country, their scope has expanded to include political opposition to the theocratic regime of Iran and its Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei.[20]

The protests mark the most intense challenge to the Iranian government since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests.[21] However, these protests differ from the Green movement in participants, causes, goals, and chants.[22][23] While some analysts suggest the protests are a result of unfavorable economic policies adopted by Iranian President Rouhani's administration, other analysts point to the population's high dissatisfaction with the theocratic regime and Supreme Leader as the actual cause of the unrest.[24][5]

Protests turned violent in some parts of the country by attacking police stations, military and installations and burning cars and starting fires.[25] As of 2 January 2018, at least 21 protesters and 1 security force member have been killed. Additionally, 450 demonstrators have been arrested.[18]

Background

The current government of Iran came into power following the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the Pahlavi dynasty overthrown in favor of a theocratic Islamic Republic led by Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini. Since then, Iran has followed a conservative, religious approach towards domestic and international affairs.

In response to increasing tensions with Saudi Arabia and Israel, two other regional powers, Iran sought the development of its own missile and nuclear program. Following a comprehensive, international sanctions regime led by the United States, Iran negotiated a deal with the great powers of the world in exchange for economic relief.

The sanctions brought a destabilizing effect upon Iran's currency which in turn, resulted in high inflation, rising unemployment, and a rise in the price of staple goods. Many Iranians hoped relief from sanctions would result in economic prosperity; however, benefits have not seemed to improve the life of the average Iranian.[26] Recent economic hardships have appeared to incite economic protests and shine light on government corruption.[27]

Causes

Conservative Iranian politician and economist Ahmad Tavakkoli blamed the protests on Rouhani administration's neglect of economic demands of the poor, and added "these developments were predictable because the implementation of violent policies of International Monetary Fund, despite the objection of well-intended experts, had already resulted in social unrest back in 1990s," and that Rouhani government is pursuing the same policies. He also criticized the Rouhani government's failure to address the problems caused by non-regulated financial institutions for the average depositors.[24]

Iranian author Majid Mohammadi posits three causes for the 2017 protests: government corruption, economic hardships, and religious authoritarianism. In his opinion, religious authoritarianism is the most salient target of 2017 protests since protesters have come to believe that the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist is bent on preserving the status-quo and not susceptible to reform.[28] The 2017 events are the largest protest in Iran since the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests.[21]

Seyyed Ali Khorram, an Iranian professor of International law, drew parallels and lessons from the 2007-08 global financial crisis and criticized Rouhani government's failure to learn from the 2007-08 crisis and support the depositors against the wrongdoings of the unregulated financial institutions before the depositors' grievance turn to public protests. "Didn't Donald Trump and Rex Taylor vow to fight the establishment by reinforcing internal dissatisfaction? Didn't Israel and Saudi Arabia vow to take the war into the streets of Tehran? Why then the real demands of the people are not honored so that they turn into pawns in foreigners' plans? Our enemies can only exploit our internal social divides then why do we exacerbate these divides [by our own mismanagement]?" he said.[29]

According to Trita Parsi, the founder and current president of the National Iranian American Council, the main participants in these protests are different with 2009 Iranian presidential election protests. These are people who have not believed in Iran reform movement or lost hope in it. Iranian Reformists have been surprised by these protests and the participants do not promote Iranian Green Movement slogans and ideas.[23]

Timeline

Cities by day first affected by protests:
  Red: 28 December
  Orange: 29 December
  Yellow: 30 December

The demonstrations were started by crowds protesting across Iran, including in Mashhad, the second-most populous city. Protest spread to several other cities including Neyshabour, Kashan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kashmar, Rasht, Esfahan, Arak, Bandar Abbas, Ardabil, Qazvin, Hamedan, Sari, Babol, Amol, Shahinshahr, Shahrekord, Shiraz, Khorramabad, Zanjan, Gorgan, Zahedan, Urmia, Dorud, Yazd and Shahroud.[30]

In many protests throughout the country people also chanted "bless your soul" and other slogans praising Reza Shah,[31][32][33][34] whose dynasty was deposed in the Iranian Revoluton in which the modern Islamic republic was established. Protestors also shouted slogans praising Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,[35] and his son and former heir-apparent, the exiled Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran.[13] The protesters called for longtime leader Ali Khamenei to step down,[6][32] as well as torn down,[8] and set fire to Khamenei's posters in Tehran.[36] Protesters also shouted: “Khamenei, shame on you, leave the country alone!”[32] and “death to the dictator.”[10]

28 December

The protests in Iran erupted on 28 December 2017. Several crowds were seen protesting across Iran, including in Mashhad, the second most populous city, as well as a several hundred person protest in Tehran, the capital. There were also protests in Neyshabour, Kashmar, Yazd and Shahroud.[30] The protests were allegedly organised on social media messaging apps. Crowds were seen chanting "We don’t want an Islamic Republic!", "death to Rouhani", as well as "death to the dictator".[37]

The protests were initially for economic woes, against the high price of goods and commodities, but has "quickly changed" to protesting Iranian involvement in the Middle East, as well as the government itself.[30][37][38][39][33][excessive citations]

The AP reported that Tehran police chief Gen. Hossein Rahimi was quoted saying that “Those who do not observe the Islamic dress code will no longer be taken to detention centers, nor will judicial cases be filed against them.”[40]

29 December

Demonstrations continued on Friday past sunset. Protests spread to several major cities including Rasht, Isfahan, Ahvaz, Qom, Sari, Zahedan, and Qazvin.[41] A small number of people were arrested in Tehran.[42]

30 December

File:A Footage of Iranian protests in Dorud, Lorestan - 30 December 2017.ogg
Footage of protests in Dorud on 30 December 2017. Gunshots heard. Three injured.

On 30 December the protests escalated, as three were killed and others wounded in shooting by Revolutionary Guards during night protests in central Iran.[43] As Saturday coincided with the anniversary of December 30, 2009 pro-government rally in Iran, some 4000 people attended a pro-government rally in Tehran.[44] According to state television, pro-government rallies were held in 1200 towns and cities in all.[45] At the same time, anti-government riots spread to Tehran for the first time, where students in Tehran University chanted anti-government slogans before getting dispersed by riot police.[45] Posters of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei were torn down at Tehran University.[8] Internet access was shut down in parts of the country, including many areas in Tehran.[46]

Pro-government 'anti-protests' also did occur, with government claiming that around 1,200 pro-government rallies were staged across the country.[47][better source needed]

The governorate of Loerstan though issued a public statement stating that no bullets were shot at the people by the military, police and security forces and that they were aiming to end the protests without violence but the presence of "takfiri and belligerent groups among the protestors who were directed by intelligence services of foreigners" resulted in two deaths and three injuries. The statement also said that peace was restored to the city by cooperation of the people.[48]

31 December

Iran's interior minister Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli warned that those who "disrupt the order and break the law must be responsible for their behavior and pay the price." Rahmani Fazli said in a statement on state television that "fear and terror will definitely be confronted."[49] VOA Persian's service identified the victims as Hamzeh Lashni and Hossein Reshno after a reporter spoke to the victims' families.[49]

Anti-government protests continued for a fourth day. Some scattered demonstrations in Tehran and families of arrested protesters gathering outside Evin prison.[49] 200 people were arrested in Tehran on Sunday, and another 10 were arrested in West Azerbaijan province.[50]

Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, in his first comments after days of anti-government demonstrations said people have the right to protest but stressed violence, vandalism and inflammatory political slogans must be avoided as these only worsen the conditions of the people.[49]

According to Iran's State media, some armed demonstrators tried to take control of police stations and military bases but were repulsed by security forces.[51] It has confirmed that 10 people have been killed during clashes Sunday night.[52]

1 January

Protests continued on Monday in Tehran and other cities throughout the country.[53] State media reported that one member of its security forces was shot and killed during protests on 1 January.[19]

2 January

Clashes overnight between protesters and security forces killed nine people. State television reported that six of these deaths occurred after rioters tried to storm a police station in Qahdarijan with the intention of stealing weapons.[54] Additionally, an 11-year-old boy and a 20-year-old man were killed in the town of Khomeinishahr, and a Revolutionary Guard member was killed in Najafabad. All three were killed with hunting rifles.[18] 450 people have been arrested since the start of protests.[55]

Casualties

  • From 28 December - 31 December, a total of 12 protesters were killed in clashes with security forces.[52]
  • On 1 January, State media reported the death of a security force member after being shot by a hunting rifle in Tehran.[19]
  • By 2 January, a total of 21 protesters have been killed following a failed raid on a police station were six armed demonstrators were killed.[54]

Damage to public property

File:Around Ferdowsi sq, Tehran - 30 December 2017.jpg
Damage to the public property amid the protests in Tehran.

According to the report of the Tehran mayor, Mohammad Ali Najafi, the damage to the public properties in Tehran "was not that serious" and only same of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and garbage cans have been burned.[56] According to Rouhani there wasn’t any connivance in behavior with people who damaged public property and disturb public order.[57]

On 31 December 2017, video captured by closed circuit cameras at a fire station in Dorud shows rioters entering the station, attacking the staff and damaging fire trucks.[58] On 1 January 2017, also in Dorud, rioters attacked an on service fire truck and took off the driver and set the truck in neutral status on a Bridge. The truck then moved down the road's slope and collides with a car killing a father and a son on board.[59][undue weight? – discuss]

Government reactions

Media censorship

Further information: Censorship in Iran

In statements by the Iranian Minister of Interior Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli, he said that the improper use of social media was "causing violence and fear", further stating that "such behavior will be smashed".[60] Iranian state news channel Islamic Republic of Iran News Network was banned from covering the protests.[61]

Internet

Further information: Internet censorship in Iran

In some regions, Iran’s internet service providers, that are either directly owned by or closely tied to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard which reports directly to the Supreme Leader of Iran, have blocked internet access in several cities as protests continue.[62] Previously, several satellite networks in Iran were jammed, and internet and telephone in some areas were cut.[63]

According to OpenDNS's BGP Stream, on January 1, 2018 Iran's internet traffic dropped close to 50%.[64][65]

Telegram

Messaging service Telegram played a vital part in organizing the protests.[66]

On 30 December, the Iranian government requested the closing of a Telegram channel operated by Roohollah Zam which called for use of handmade explosives against the security forces. The request was honored by Telegram, and its CEO Pavel Durov received criticism for complying with the request. The channel was reinstated on the next day after the admin who published the post calling for violence was dismissed.[67] On 31 December Iranian government blocked access to Telegram after it refused to ban another channel.[68] Telegram CEO Pavel Durov tweeted that "Iranian authorities are blocking access to Telegram for the majority of Iranians after our public refusal to shut down telegram.me/sedaiemardom and other peacefully protesting channels."[69]

Instagram

Iran blocked Instagram on December 31, 2017. [70][71][72] This filtering have been impermanent.[73]

Media coverage

Reports by independent media organizations in Iran was restricted.[60] However, Iran's state media covered Hassan Rouhani's comments about the protests who said "people have the right to criticize" but the authorities would not tolerate antisocial behavior which is "different from violence and destroying pubic properties."[73]

Elliott Abrams, in an article titled "The Iran Protest and The New York Times" on 29 December 2017 criticized The New York Times for what he considers misleading coverage of Iran's protests, and that the news coverage diminishes the value of Iran's protests and limits it to the economic sphere. While in his view, judging by the slogans, the political dimension of the demonstrations is also significant.[74]

Reactions

National

  • On December 31, Iranian president, Hassan Rouhani, stated that Iranian people have an inalienable right to express their criticism against their country's problems but he added that violence and attacks on public properties must be avoided. He further said that protests should not be expressed in a manner that makes people feel their lives and the revolution have been threatened. He asked security forces to avoid the use of violence as they did so far. In reference to US President Trump expression of support for the protestors he said, "this man in the US who pretends to have sympathy for our people today should keep in mind that he was the one who called the Iranian nation terrorists months ago. This man who is against Iranians wholeheartedly has no right to feel sympathy for the people of Iran.”[75]
  • Iranian foreign ministry's spokesman, Bahram Qassemi, responded to Trump's tweets saying that "the Iranian people do not tolerate the opportunistic and hypocritical slogans of US officials," and insisted that "the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran establishes democratic structures for legal protection of the civil rights of the people and the possibility of pursuing these demands within the framework of the law is fully possible".[76][77]
  • The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps issued a statement and pledged that the organization will closely observe "future acts of sedition" and "in supporting the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, will allow no harm to be inflicted upon the country".[78]
  • The Communist Party of Iran announced in a communiqué that "workers and mass protests will inevitably expand their protests as the regime has no agenda for improving the lives and livelihoods of the people."
  • Former Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Hamid Reza Asefi, said Saudi Arabia is seeking to exploit and misuse of what he termed "civil rallies and freedom of expression" and claimed that Saudi regime is trying to incite chaos in Iran for their own political ends. He said Iranian people and the government would never let the Saudi government or any other country to take advantage of the protests and even interfere in Iran's domestic issues. He further said the protests are not being held against the government but against economic problems.[79][80]
  • Farah Pahlavi, the former Shahbanu of Iran, responded in support of the protests on her Instagram and Facebook accounts.[81] Reza Pahlavi, son of Iran's last Shah, posted a supportive message on his Telegram channel on the second day of protests.[76][77]

International

  •  United States – United States President Donald Trump responded in support of the protests on his Twitter account stating that "Many reports of peaceful protests by Iranian citizens fed up with regime’s corruption & its squandering of the nation’s wealth to fund terrorism abroad. Iranian govt should respect their people’s rights, including right to express themselves. The world is watching! #IranProtest".[82][83]
  •  Canada – The Canadian office of Global Affairs voiced its support for the protestors by releasing the statement: "Canada is encouraged by the Iranian people who are exercising their basic right to protest peacefully"[91]
  •  Germany – Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel tweeted, "[We] call upon the Iranian government to respect the protesters’ right to peacefully raise their voices. [...] After the confrontations of the past days it is important to take distance from violent acts."[92]
  •  Israel – Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised the protesters as "heroic" in their "noble quest for freedom".[92][93] He added, "I heard today Iran’s President [Hassan] Rouhani’s claim that Israel is behind the protests in Iran. It’s not only false. It’s laughable. And unlike Rouhani, I will not insult the Iranian people. They deserve better."[92][93]
  •  United Kingdom – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Boris Johnson tweeted that he's "watching events in Iran with concern" and emphasized citizens' right to peaceful demonstrations.[94]

See also

References

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Template:Ongoing protests Template:Anti-government protests in the 21st century

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