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Jewish religious clothing

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Bus stop (talk | contribs) at 18:56, 2 April 2019 (Joe Lieberman is a religious Jew. If he has dressed himself with deliberation then his clothing is religious in accordance with the subject area of this article. The identity of clothing in this instance would follow from the identity of the individual wearing the clothing. Religious Jews commonly wear business suits to synagogue or for other religious functions such as Shabbos and Jewish weddings.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Joe Lieberman, a religious Jew, with President Ronald Reagan in 1984
Hasidic men in Borough Park, Brooklyn, the man on the left wearing a tallit and the other man traditional Chassidic garb
Jewish Yemenite women and children in a refugee camp near Aden in 1949

Jewish religious clothing has been influenced by Biblical commandments, modesty requirements, and the contemporary styles of clothing worn in the many societies in which Jews have lived. In Judaism, clothes are also a vehicle for religious ritual.[1]

Historical background

The Torah set forth rules for dress that set Jews apart from the communities in which they lived.[citation needed]

Classical Greek and Roman sources, that often ridicule many aspects of Jewish life, do not remark on their clothing and subject it to caricature, as they do when touching on Celtic, Germanic and Persian peoples and mock their different modes of dress.[2]

At 2 Maccabees 4:12 it is said that the Maccabees slaughtered Jewish youths guilty of Hellenizing in wearing caps typical of Greek youths.

In Islamic countries many different local regulations emerged to make Christian and Jewish dhimmis look distinctive in their public appearance. In 1198, the Almohad emir Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur decreed that Jews must wear a dark blue garb, with very large sleeves and a grotesquely oversized hat. His son altered the colour to yellow, a change that may have influenced Catholic ordinances some time later.[3] German ethnographer Erich Brauer (1895–1942) noted that in Yemen of his time, Jews were not allowed to wear clothing of any color besides blue.[4] Earlier, in Jacob Saphir's time (1859), they would wear outer garments that were "utterly black".

Men's clothing

Many Jewish men historically wore turbans, tunics, cloaks, and sandals.[citation needed]

Tallit, tzitzit, and tallit katan

The tallit is a Jewish prayer shawl worn while reciting morning prayers as well as in the synagogue on Shabbat and holidays. In Yemen, the wearing of such garments was not unique to prayer time alone, but was worn the entire day.[5] In many Ashkenazi communities, a tallit is worn only after marriage. The tallit has special twined and knotted fringes known as tzitzit attached to its four corners. It is sometimes referred to as arba kanfot (lit. 'four corners') although the term is more common for a tallit katan, an undergarment with tzitzit. According to the Biblical commandments, tzitzit must be attached to any four-cornered garment, and a thread with a blue dye known as tekhelet is supposed to be included in the tzitzit. Jewish men are buried in a tallit in addition to tachrichim (burial garments).

A Jewish woman praying with a tallit and tefillin

Since they are considered by Orthodox tradition to be a time-bound commandment, only men are required to wear them.[clarification needed] Authorities have differed as to whether women are prohibited, permitted or encouraged to wear them. Medieval authorities tended toward leniency, with more prohibitive rulings gaining in precedence since the 16th century.[6] Conservative Judaism regards women as exempt from wearing tzitzit, not as prohibited,[7] and the tallit has become more common among Conservative women since the 1970s.[8][9] Some progressive Jewish women choose to take on the obligations of tzitzit and tefillin,[10] and it has become common for a girl to receive a tallit when she becomes bat mitzvah.[9][11][12]

Kippah

A kippah or yarmulke (also called a kappel or skull cap) is a thin, slightly-rounded skullcap traditionally worn at all times by Orthodox Jewish men, and sometimes by both men and women in Conservative and Reform communities. Its use is associated with demonstrating respect and reverence for God.[13] Jews in Arab lands did not traditionally wear yarmulkes, but rather larger rounded hats, without brims.[citation needed]

Kittel

A kittel (Yiddish: קיטל) is a white, knee-length, cotton robe worn by Jewish prayer leaders and some Orthodox Jews on the High Holidays. In some families, the head of the household wears a kittel at the Passover seder,[14] while in other families all married men wear them.[15][16] In many Orthodox circles it is customary for the groom to wear a kittel under the wedding canopy.

Women's clothing

Married Orthodox Jewish women wear a scarf (tichel or mitpahat), snood, hat, beret, or sometimes a wig (sheitel) in order to conform with the requirement of Jewish religious law that married women cover their hair.[17][18]

Jewish women were distinguished from others in the western regions of the Roman Empire by their custom of veiling in public. The custom of veiling was shared by Jews with others in the eastern regions.[19] The custom petered out among Roman women, but was retained by Jewish women as a sign of their identification as Jews. The custom has been retained among Orthodox women.[20] Evidence drawn from the Talmud shows that pious Jewish women would wear shawls over their heads when they would leave their homes, but there was no practice of fully covering the face.[21] In the medieval era, Jewish women started veiling their faces under the influence of the Islamic societies they lived in.[22] In some Muslim regions such as in Baghdad, Jewish women veiled their faces until the 1930s. In the more lax Kurdish regions, Jewish women did not cover their faces.[23]

Jewish vs. gentile customs

Based on the rabbinic traditions of the Talmud, the 12th century philosopher Maimonides forbade emulating gentile dress and apparel when those same items of clothing have immodest designs, or that they are connected somehow to an idolatrous practice, or are worn because of some superstitious practice (i.e. "the ways of an Amorite").[24]

A question was posed to 15th-century Rabbi Joseph Colon (Maharik) regarding "gentile clothing" and whether or not a Jew who wears such clothing transgresses a biblical prohibition that states, "You shall not walk in their precepts" (Leviticus 18:3). In a protracted responsum, Rabbi Colon wrote that any Jew who might be a practising physician is permitted to wear a physician's cape (traditionally worn by gentile physicians on account of their expertise in that particular field of science and their wanting to be recognized as such), and that the Jewish physician who wore it has not infringed upon any law in the Torah, even though Jews were not wont to wear such garments in former times.[25] He noted that there is nothing attributed to "superstitious" practice by their wearing such a garment, while, at the same time, there isn't anything promiscuous or immodest about wearing such a cape, neither is it worn out of haughtiness. Moreover, he has understood from Maimonides (Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim 11:1) that there is no commandment requiring a fellow Jew to seek out and look for clothing which would make them stand out as "different" from what is worn by gentiles, but rather, only to make sure that what a Jew might wear is not an "exclusive" gentile item of clothing. He noted that wearing a physician's cape is not an exclusive gentile custom, noting, moreover, that since the custom to wear the cape varies from place to place, and that, in France, physicians do not have it as a custom to wear such capes, it cannot therefore be an exclusive Gentile custom.[25]

According to Rabbi Colon, modesty was still a criterion for wearing gentile clothing, writing: "...even if Israel made it as their custom [to wear] a certain item of clothing, while the Gentiles [would wear] something different, if the Israelite garment should not measure up to [the standard established in] Judaism or of modesty more than what the Gentiles hold as their practice, there is no prohibition whatsoever for an Israelite to wear the garment that is practised among the Gentiles, seeing that it is in [keeping with] the way of fitness and modesty just as that of Israel."[26]

Rabbi Joseph Karo (1488–1575), following in the footsteps of Colon, ruled in accordance with Colon's teaching in his seminal work Beit Yosef on the Tur (Yoreh De'ah §178), and in his commentary Kessef Mishneh (on Maimonides' Mishne Torah, Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim 11:1), making the wearing of gentile clothing contingent upon three factors: 1) that they not be promiscuous clothing; 2) not be clothing linked to an idolatrous practice; 3) not be clothing that was worn because of some superstitious practice (or "the way of the Amorites"). Rabbi Moses Isserles (1530–1572) opines that to these strictures can be added one additional prohibition of wearing clothes that are a "custom" for them (the gentiles) to wear, that is to say, an exclusive gentile custom where the clothing is immodest.[27] Rabbi and posek Moshe Feinstein (1895–1986) subscribed to the same strictures.[28]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Atwan, Shachar (November 8, 2013). "When a Tel Aviv fashion house meets Women of the Wall". Haaretz.
  2. ^ Eric Silverman, A Cultural History of Jewish Dress, A&C Black, 2013, ISBN 978-0-857-85209-0 pp.xv, 24
  3. ^ Silverman p.48
  4. ^ Brauer, Erich (1934). Ethnologie der Jemenitischen Juden. Vol. 7. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Kulturgeschichte Bibliothek, I. Reihe: Ethnologische bibliothek., p. 79.
  5. ^ Yehuda Ratzaby, Ancient Customs of the Yemenite Jewish Community (ed. Shalom Seri and Israel Kessar), Tel-Aviv 2005, p. 30 (Hebrew)
  6. ^ Brody, Shlomo (October 15, 2010). "Why Do Orthodox Women Not Wear Tefillin or Tallit?". The Jerusalem Post.
  7. ^ Signs and Symbols
  8. ^ Rebecca Shulman Herz (2003). "The Transformation of Tallitot: How Jewish Prayer Shawls Have Changed Since Women Began Wearing Them". Women in Judaism: Contemporary Writings. 3 (2). University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17.
  9. ^ a b Gordan, Rachel (2013). Leonard Jay Greenspoon (ed.). Fashioning Jews: Clothing, Culture, and Commerce. Purdue University Press. pp. 167–176. ISBN 978-1-55753-657-0.
  10. ^ Halpern, Avigayil. "Women, Tefillin, and Double Standards". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  11. ^ Carin Davis (25 May 2010). Life, Love, Lox: Real-World Advice for the Modern Jewish Girl. Running Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7624-4041-2.
  12. ^ Debra Nussbaum Cohen (2001). Celebrating Your New Jewish Daughter: Creating Jewish Ways to Welcome Baby Girls Into the Covenant : New and Traditional Ceremonies. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-58023-090-2.
  13. ^ Kippah
  14. ^ Eider, Shimon. Halachos of Pesach. Feldheim publishers. ISBN 0-87306-864-5.
  15. ^ Eider, Shimon. Halachos of Pesach. Feldheim publishers. ISBN 0-87306-864-5.
  16. ^ Pesach - The Kittel, Four Cups, And Afikomen (PDF), Teaneck, New Jersey: Kof-K
  17. ^ Sherman, Julia (November 17, 2010). "She goes covered".
  18. ^ Schiller, Mayer (1995). ""The Obligation of Married Women to Cover Their Hair"" (PDF). The Journal of Halacha (30 ed.). pp. 81–108. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  19. ^ Shaye J. D. Cohen (17 January 2001). The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. University of California Press. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-0-520-22693-7.
  20. ^ Judith Lynn Sebesta; Larissa Bonfante (2001). The World of Roman Costume. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-299-13854-7.
  21. ^ James B. Hurley (3 July 2002). Man and Woman in Biblical Perspective. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-1-57910-284-5.
  22. ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass (17 March 2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Routledge. pp. 337–. ISBN 978-1-317-45167-9.
  23. ^ Reeva Spector Simon; Michael Laskier; Sara Reguer (8 March 2003). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. Columbia University Press. pp. 212–. ISBN 978-0-231-50759-2.
  24. ^ Maimonides, Mishne Torah (Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim 11:1)
  25. ^ a b Questions & Responsa of Rabbi Joseph Colon, responsum # 88
  26. ^ Questions & Responsa of Rabbi Joseph Colon, responsum # 88
  27. ^ Yoreh De'ah §178:1
  28. ^ Igrot Moshe (Epistles of Moshe)

Further reading

External links

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