Jump to content

List of informally named dinosaurs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 68.4.252.105 (talk) at 02:19, 3 August 2019 (Unicerosaurus already redirected to Xiphactinus given that the Unicerosaurus fossil was recognized as a vertebra of Xiphactinus). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Nurosaurus" mounted skeleton

This list of informally named dinosaurs is a listing of dinosaurs (excluding Aves; birds and their extinct relatives) that have never been given formally published scientific names. This list only includes names that were not properly published ("unavailable names") and have not since been published under a valid name. The following types of names are present on this list:

  • Latin for "naked name" (Nomen nudum): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be.
  • Latin for "manuscript name" (Nomen manuscriptum): A name that appears in manuscript of a formal, but not-peer-reviewed, publication that has no scientific backing. A nomen manuscriptum is equivalent to a nomen nudum for everything except the method of publication, and description.
  • Nicknames or descriptive names given to specimens or taxa by researchers or the press.

A

Airakoraptor

"Airakoraptor" is an informal name given to a genus of dromaeosaurian theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. The nomen nudum was accidentally created by Perle et al. in their 1992 in a citation for a paper called "Morphology Dromaeosaurian dinosaur-Airakoraptor from the upper cretaceous of Mongolia".[1][2] As the journal and volume of the listed paper contain no such publication, the actual title for the work likely being "New dromaeosaur material from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" by the same authors as listed, there is no verifiable publication for this taxon name. The proper publication described three specimens, one of which is not referred to by a specimen number, and most likely corresponds to the material "Airakoraptor" was to be named for. This specimen, IGM 100/981, was found in Khulsan and is referrable to Dromaeosauridae while likely distinct from Velociraptor.[2]

Andhrasaurus

"Andhrasaurus" is an informal genus of extinct armored ornithischian dinosaur from the Kota Formation of India. Ulansky (2014) coined the name for skull elements, about 30 osteoderms, and the extremities of vertebrae and limbs, all preserved in the collections of the GSI and assigned to Ankylosauria by Nath et al. (2002).[3] In 2016, Peter Malcolm Galton and Kenneth Carpenter noted that "Andhrasaurus" did not meet ICZN requirements and therefore declared it a nomen nudum, listing it as Thyreophora indet., while noting that the jawbones described by Nath et al. (2002) belonging to crocodylomorphs.[4] The dermal armor informally named "Andhrasaurus" was redescribed by Galton (2019).[5]

Angloposeidon

Pneumatic structures of "Angloposeidon"

"Angloposeidon" is the informal name given to a sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight in southern England.[6] It was a possible brachiosaurid but has not been formally named. Darren Naish, a notable vertebrate palaeontologist, has worked with the specimen and has recommended that this name only be used informally and that it not be published.[7] However, he published it himself in his book Tetrapod Zoology Book One from 2010.[8] The remains consist of a single cervical vertebra (MIWG.7306), which indicate it was a very large animal, 20 metres or greater in length.[9]

Amargastegos

"Amargastegos" is an informally named genus of extinct stegosaurid ornithischian dinosaur known from the La Amarga Formation of Argentina on the basis of MACN N-43 (some dorsal osteoderms, the cervical and caudal vertebrae, and one skull bone). In 2016, Peter Malcolm Galton and Kenneth Carpenter declared it a nomen dubium, establishing it as Stegosauria indet.[4]

Archaeoraptor

Main article: Archaeoraptor
The "Archaeoraptor" fossil

"Archaeoraptor" is the informal generic name for an important fossil from China that was later discovered to be a fake. The name was created in an article published in National Geographic magazine in 1999, where the magazine claimed that the fossil was a "missing link" between birds and terrestrial theropod dinosaurs. Even prior to this publication there had been severe doubts about the fossil's authenticity. Further scientific study showed it to be a forgery constructed from rearranged pieces of real fossils from different species. Zhou et al. found that the head and upper body actually belong to a specimen of the primitive fossil bird Yanornis, and another 2002 study found that the tail belongs to a small winged dromaeosaur, Microraptor, named in 2000.[10][11] The legs and feet belong to an as yet unknown animal.[12][13]

Archbishop

"The Archbishop" in multiple views

"The Archbishop" is a giant brachiosaurid sauropod dinosaur similar to Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan. It was long considered a specimen of Brachiosaurus (now Giraffatitan) brancai due to being found in the same formation in Tendaguru, Tanzania. However, the "Archbishop" shows significant differences including a unique vertebral morphology and a proportionally longer neck, that indicates it is a different, previously unknown genus and species.[14] It was discovered by Frederick Migeod in 1930. "The Archbishop" is a nickname that functions as a placeholder – the specimen currently has no scientific name. The specimen is currently housed in the Natural History Museum in London, and will eventually be re-described by Dr. Michael P. Taylor of Bristol University.[15] In May 2018, Taylor started to work on describing the Archbishop.[16]

B

Bakesaurus

"Bakesaurus" is an informal name for an ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China. It is based on a maxilla assigned to Bactrosaurus in 2001.[17] The nomen nudum was created and pictured in the Chinese book The Dinosaur Egg Fossils in Nanyang, China by Zhou S. (2005).[18]

Bayosaurus

"Bayosaurus" is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of dinosaur. The name was coined by paleontologists Rodolfo Coria, Philip J. Currie, and Paulina Carabajal in 2006. It apparently was an abelisauroid from the Turonian Cerro Lisandro Formation of Neuquén, Argentina, around 4 m (13 ft) long. The specimen is MCF-PVPH-237, including dorsal and sacral vertebrae, a fragmentary pelvis, and other partial bones. The name was used in a phylogenetic analysis to indicate the position of MCF-PVPH-237.[19]

Beelemodon

"Beelemodon" is the informal name given to an undescribed theropod genus from the Late Jurassic, possibly belonging to a coelurosaur. The fossils include two teeth found in Wyoming, United States. The name appeared in print in 1997, when paleontologist Robert T. Bakker mentioned it in a symposium for the Academy of Natural Sciences.[20][21] The teeth are most similar to Compsognathus, but have no unique features and also share similarities with Protarchaeopteryx and dromaeosaurids.[21]

Bihariosaurus

"Bihariosaurus" (meaning "Bihor lizard") is an invalid genus of iguanodontian dinosaur from Late Cretaceous Romania. The type species, "Bihariosaurus bauxiticus", was named but not described by Marinescu in 1989. It was similar to Camptosaurus, and was an iguanodont. The original publication of the taxon did not include sufficient description, and the illustrations cannot distinguish it from any other ornithopod.[22][23]

C

Capitalsaurus

"Capitalsaurus" vertebra

"Capitalsaurus" is the informal genus name given to the species formerly known as Creosaurus potens and Dryptosaurus potens, a dinosaur from the Arundel Formation of North America. The only known specimen was discovered in Washington, D.C. It was a theropod, and it lived during the Cretaceous. It is a nomen nudum, the name having never been formally published. "Capitalsaurus" was discovered in January 1898 at the intersection of First and F Streets S.E., in the District of Columbia – an intersection now designated as Capitalsaurus Court. It was not uncovered by any paleontological activity, but as a by-product of sewer work. The only known specimen of "Capitalsaurus" consists of part of a single vertebra. Some paleontologists feel that this is insufficient justification for a name that suggests an entire genus, and that "Capitalsaurus" is merely an undetermined theropod.[24] Others note that this is hardly the only dinosaur with a common name that does not helpfully reflect its taxonomy.[25] The "Capitalsaurus" is the official dinosaur of the District of Columbia.[26]

Changdusaurus

"Changdusaurus" (also known as "Changtusaurus") is the informal name given to a genus of dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Period. It lived in what is now China. "Changdusaurus" is classified as a stegosaurid. The type species was named "Changdusaurus laminoplacodus" by Zhao in 1986,[27] but it has never been formally described, and remains a nomen nudum. One source indicates the fossils have been lost.[28]

Comanchesaurus

"Comanchesaurus" is an informal name for fossilized remains from the Late Triassic of New Mexico that were initially interpreted as belonging to a theropod dinosaur. The remains, NMMNH P-4569, consist of a partial skeleton including vertebral centra and hindlimb bones, and came from the Norian-age Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation of Guadalupe County. Adrian Hunt, in his unpublished dissertation, proposed the name "Comanchesaurus kuesi" for the specimen, but the name was never adopted, and was first referred to in the scientific literature in a 2007 redescription of Late Triassic North American material thought to belong to dinosaurs (Nesbitt, Irmis, and Parker, 2007). In the redescription, the authors found the material to belong to a "possible indeterminate saurischian".[29]

D

Dachongosaurus

"Dachongosaurus" is the informal name given to an undescribed genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of China. It is known from fossils including at least a partial articulated skeleton from the Dark Red Beds of the Lower Lufeng Series (Sinemurian stage) in Yunnan.[30] Possibly a cetiosaur, the "type species" is "Dachongosaurus yunnanensis", coined by Zhao in 1985. An alternate spelling is "Dachungosaurus". As with other informal names coined by Zhao in 1985 and 1983, nothing has since been published, and the remains may have been redescribed under another name.[31]

Damalasaurus

"Damalasaurus" (meaning "Damala lizard") is the informal name given to a genus of herbivorous dinosaur from the Early Jurassic. It was a sauropod, though its exact classification within the clade is unknown. Fossils of "Damalasaurus", including a rib, have been found in the Middle Daye Group of Tibet. Species attributed to this genus include "Damalasaurus laticostalis" and "D. magnus".[30]

Duranteceratops

"Duranteceratops" is a possible taxon of chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Hell Creek Formation.[32] In 2012, a new unidentified species of chasmosaur ceratopsian with noticeable differences from Triceratops was unearthed in South Dakota by a fossil hunter named John Carter.[33][34][32] Though it has yet to be published, according to the Prehistoric Times issue no. 121 from Spring 2017, the specimen is to be named "Duranteceratops".

E

EK troodontid

The "EK troodontid" (specimen SPS 100/44) is an unnamed genus of troodontid dinosaur discovered in Mongolia. In the scientific literature it is referred to as the "EK troodontid", after the Early Cretaceous sediments in which it was found. SPS 100/44 was discovered by S.M. Kurzanov during the 1979 Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition. It was found in deposits of the Barunbayaskaya Svita at the Khamareen Us locality, Dornogov (southeastern Gobi Desert), in the Mongolian People's Republic. SPS 100/44 was described by Rinchen Barsbold and colleagues in 1987.[35]

Its fossil remains include an incomplete skeleton consisting of the braincase, posterior parts of the lower mandibles, a maxillary fragment with teeth, parts of five cervical vertebrae, an articulated right manus with partial semilunate, left manus phalanx I-1, distal end of the left femur, and fragmentary left and right pedes. Barsbold pointed out that the specimen was smaller and from older sediments than other known troodontids, but it had some features of the skull that could have made it a juvenile. Barsbold also indicated the high degree of fusion of the bones of the skull and the unusual foot morphology to indicate that it might be an adult of an unknown taxon. Barsbold took the conservative position and did not name this specimen because it was not complete enough to rule out the possibility that it was a juvenile of a known genus of troodontid. Barsbold also noted that the naturally articulated manus of SPS 100/44 showed no signs of an opposable third digit, as was suggested for Troodon by Russell and Seguin in 1982. Turner and colleagues, in 2007, found the EK troodontid to be a distinct basal genus of troodontid, in a polytomy with Jinfengopteryx and a clade of more derived troodontids.[36]

Eugongbusaurus

"Eugongbusaurus" is the informal name (nomen nudum) proposed for a neornithischian found in the Oxfordian-age Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, China. The intended type species, "Gongbusaurus" wucaiwanensis, was described by Dong Zhiming in 1989 for two partial skeletons as a second species of the poorly known tooth taxon Gongbusaurus. Fragmentary skeleton IVPP 8302, the type specimen for the new species, included a partial lower jaw, three tail vertebrae, and a partial forelimb. Second specimen IVPP 8303 consisted of two hip vertebrae, eight tail vertebrae, and two complete hind limbs. Dong estimated it as around 1.3 to 1.5 meters (4.3 to 4.9 ft) long, and considered it to be a strong runner. He assigned the genus Gongbusaurus to the Hypsilophodontidae, a paraphyletic grade of small herbivorous bipedal dinosaurs.[37] Because dinosaur teeth are generally not distinctive enough to hold a name, it is unsurprising that other paleontologists have suggested removing "G." wucaiwanensis from Gongbusaurus and giving it its own genus.[38] The possible replacement name "Eugongbusaurus"[39] leaked out accidentally and remains informal.

F

Fendusaurus

Fendusaurus is a nomen ex dissertationae proposed by Fedak (2007) FGM998GF13-II, which includes a skull and was formerly labeled as cf. Ammosaurus.[40] Other specimens are also assigned to Fendusaurus, FGM998GF13-I, FGM998GF13-III, FGM998GF69, FGM998GF9, and FGM998GF18, all found by a crew from the Princeton University.[41] All the specimens include femora and coracoids, and although they each share slightly different features, the differences are credited to intra-specific variation. The femora and coracoids also help identify different individuals, and Timothy J. Fedak, the described of the specimens, found that each block represented about one individual.[40] Fendusaurus is from the formation is from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) McCoy Brook Formation of Wasson Bluff, Nova Scotia. As five specimens of Fendusaurus are from the McCoy Brook Formation, the formation is the richest prosauropod site in North America. The formation is also similar to other formations of North America and Asia, as it lacks any remains presently assigned to Anchisaurus.[40]

The specimens of Fendusaurus include mostly crushed vertebrae, along with appendicular elements.[41] They are distinguishable from Ammosaurus by the morphology of both the ilium and sacral vertebrae. However, in some specimens, the morphology of the femora and coracoids are quite different, which led Fedak to speculate that more than one species may have been present.[40] Fendusaurus, according to Fedak, can be distinguished from all closely related sauropodomorphs by the extreme elongation of the cervical vertebrae; a four vertebrae sacrum that includes a dorsosacral and caudosacral; the elongate postacetabular process of the ilium; and an expanded anterior distal process of the tibia.[40] Marsh found that the features are possibly present, but that Fendusaurus requires a reassessment to prove that it can be distinguished from other genera.[41]

Fedak places Fendusaurus as a genus of the family Massospondylidae.[40] Previously, the specimens were assigned to the derived sauropodomorphs Anchisaurus or cf. Ammosaurus.[40] Marsh misinterpreted the classification of Fendusaurus, stating that Fedak classified it as a plateosaurid, related to both Lufengosaurus, and Massospondylus.[41]

Futabasaurus

"Futabasaurus" is an informal name for a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Japan, known only from a partial shin bone discovered in the Coniacian-age Ashizawa Formation of the Futaba Group.[42] It was coined by David Lambert in 1990 as a conversion from the Japanese nickname "Futaba-ryu", for an undescribed theropod.[43] Dong Zhiming and coauthors briefly discussed the fossil shin bone it was based on that same year, publishing a photograph. They considered the bone to belong to an indeterminate tyrannosaurid.[44] If the specimen is eventually described and named, it will require a different name, because the name Futabasaurus has since been used for a genus of plesiosaur.[45]

G

Gadolosaurus

Skeleton of Gadolosaurus

"Gadolosaurus" is an informal name given to an undescribed hadrosauroid from the Bayan Shireh Formation of Baishan Tsav, Mongolia.[46] The name "Gadolosaurus" was first used in a 1979 book by Japanese paleontologist Tsunemasa Saito, in a caption for a photo of a juvenile dinosaur skeleton.[47] This small individual was only about a meter long (39 inches). The skeleton was part of a Soviet exhibition of fossils in Japan. Apparently, the name comes from a Japanese phonetic translation of the Cyrillic word gadrosavr, or hadrosaur, and was never meant by the Russians to establish a new generic name.[48]

Despite being merely a mistranslation of gadrosavr, it appeared in many popular dinosaur books, with varying identifications. Donald F. Glut in 1982 reported it as either an iguanodont or hadrosaur, with no crest or boot on the ischium (the lack of which are both characteristics of the crested lambeosaurine duckbills), and suggested it could be the juvenile of a previously named genus like Tanius or Shantungosaurus.[49] David Lambert in 1983 classified it as an iguanodont,[50] but changed his mind by 1990, when it was listed as a synonym of Arstanosaurus without comment.[43] What may be the same animal is mentioned but not named by David B. Norman and Hans-Dieter Sues in a 2000 book on Mesozoic reptiles from Mongolia and the former USSR; this material, from the Soviet-Mongolian expeditions of the 1970s, had been listed as Arstanosaurus in the Russian Academy of Sciences, and was found in the Cenomanian-age Bayan Shireh Formation of Baishin Tsav.[51]

Gspsaurus

"Gspsaurus" (a nome manuscriptum) is a titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Vitakri Formation of Sulaiman Basin of Pakistan.[52] It is represented by cranial and postcranial remains.[citation needed]

Grusimimus

"Grusimimus" (or "Tsurumimus") is an informal name for an undescribed genus of ornithomimid from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian–Barremian) aged Shinekhudag Formation of Mongolia. Known from a skeleton including all regions except the skull, "Grusimimus" was given an invalid name in 1997 by Rinchen Barsbold, who also suggested the species name "tsuru". The specimen (GIN 960910KD) was found in 1996 and examined by Barsbold before he suggested the informal name, a nomen nudum. An abstract and poster were presented on the taxon by Kobayashi & Barsbold in 2002, and the former published a thesis paper on the specimen (referred to as "Ornithomimosauria indet.") which found the taxon to be close to Harpymimus phylogenetically but possible more derived.[53]

H

Hanwulosaurus

"Hanwulosaurus" is the informal name given to an as-yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It was an ankylosaur around 9 meters (29.3 feet) long, which is long for an ankylosaur. Its fossils were found in Inner Mongolia, China. Much of a skeleton, including a complete skull, vertebrae, ribs, a scapula, an ulna, femorae, bones from the shin, and armor, was discovered; this may be the most complete ankylosaurian skeleton yet found in Asia, according to early reports. Zhao Xijin, who has studied it, suggests that it may belong to its own subgroup within the Ankylosauria. The name first surfaced in news reports in 2001.[citation needed]

Heilongjiangosaurus

"Heilongjiangosaurus" (meaning "Heilongjiang lizard") is the informal name given to an as-yet undescribed genus of duckbilled dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It possibly was a lambeosaurine, and may in fact be the same animal as Charonosaurus. The fossils were found in Maastrichtian-age rocks in Heilongjiang, China. As a nomen nudum, it is unclear what material it was intended to be based on, but might be connected to the nomen nudum "Mandschurosaurus" jiainensis,[54] informally named in a 1983 publication.[55]

The "type species" is "H. jiayinensis", and it was coined in 2001 in a faunal list by Li and Jin.[56]

Hironosaurus

"Hironosaurus" (meaning "Hirono lizard") is the informal name given to an as-yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. Found in Hirono, Fukushima, Japan, it was probably a type of hadrosaur, although no subfamily identification has been made. The fossils are quite fragmentary, and consist of teeth and a vertebra, possibly from the tail. Since the fossils have never been fully described in a scientific paper, "Hironosaurus" is considered a nomen nudum. It was first mentioned by Hisa in an obscure 1988 publication[57] and was later (1990) brought to a wider audience by David Lambert.[43] Dong Zhiming, Y. Hasegawa, and Y. Azuma regarded the material as belonging to a hadrosaurid, but lacking any characteristics to allow more precise identification (thus indeterminate).[44]

Hisanohamasaurus

"Hisanohamasaurus" (meaning "Hisano-hama lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It is a nomen nudum known only from teeth that first appeared in a general-audience dinosaur book by David Lambert in 1990. Although initially identified a diplodocid,[58] it later re-identified as a nemegtosaurid similar to Nemegtosaurus.[59] As its name suggests, its fossils were found in Japan. The location is part of Iwaki, Fukushima.

I

Ichabodcraniosaurus

"Ichabodcraniosaurus" is an informal name for theropod fossils were first discovered within the Gobi Desert in China. The remains consist of a partial skeleton without a head (IGM 100/980), from which its name refers to the fictional character Ichabod Crane, a character in the history of Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, where he was pursued by a headless horseman. Fossils include a hyoid bone, cervical vertebrae, a supposed skull and a supposed jaw bone. "Ichabodcraniosaurus" was named by Novacek in 1996.[60] This specimen may belong to Velociraptor mongoliensis, but Norell and Makovicky concluded that it was not complete enough to say for sure, and it awaits a formal description.[61]

J

K

Kagasaurus

"Kagasaurus" (meaning "Kaga lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It was a theropod which lived in what is now Japan. The type species was named by Hisa in 1988, but is known from only two teeth. Since "Kagasaurus" has never been formally described, it is considered a nomen nudum. Unlike "Kitadanisaurus" and Katsuyamasaurus, it is unlikely that "Kagasaurus" is synonymous with Fukuiraptor, and may instead be a dromaeosaurid.[citation needed]

Katsuyamasaurus

"Katsuyamasaurus" is an informal name for a genus of intermediate theropod known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of the Kitadani Formation, Japan. Known from a single middle caudal vertebra and an ulna, the taxon was informally called "Katsuyama-ryu", until Lambert (1990) made it into an invalid genus name, "Katsuyamasaurus". The caudal vertebra was suggested to belong to an ornithopod by Chure (2000), and Olshevsky (2000) suggested the material was a synonym of Fukuiraptor. However, the ulna differs from Fukuiraptor, and the large olecranon suggests the taxon falls outside Maniraptoriformes.[62]

Koreanosaurus

For the valid ornithischian, see Koreanosaurus.

"Koreanosaurus" (meaning "Korean lizard") is the informal name given to an as-yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It was a possible dromaeosaur (or similar theropod) which lived in what is now Korea, although at times it has been referred to the Tyrannosauridae and Hypsilophodontidae. Based solely on a femur, the name was coined by Kim in 1979, but by 1993 Kim decided that it was a species of Deinonychus, and created the informal name "D." "koreanensis".[63]

Kunmingosaurus

"Kunmingosaurus" is an informally named primitive sauropod which lived during the Early Jurassic. Its fossils were found in Yunnan Province, China in 1954. The type and only species is "Kunmingosaurus wudingensis", invalidly coined by Zhao in 1985. It is known from fossils found in the Fengjiahe Formation (or the Lower Lufeng Series), including pelvic, hind limb, and vertebral material.[30][64][65][66]

L

Lancanjiangosaurus

"Lancanjiangosaurus" (alternative spelling "Lanchanjiangosaurus"; meaning "Lancangjiang lizard", named after the Lancangjiang River of China) is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. The "type species", "L. cachuensis", was coined by Zhou in 1985, but remains a nomen nudum. It is known from the Dapuka Group of Tibet.[30]

Liassaurus

"Liassaurus" is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Warwickshire, England. It was a probable ceratosaur which lived in what is now Europe. The type species, "L. huenei", was coined by Welles, H.P. Powell, and Stephan Pickering in 1995 and was approximately 6 meters long. The name "Liassaurus" comes from "Lias", another name for the Early Jurassic, in reference to the Blue Lias, which dates to the Sinemurian stage. The species name honors well-known paleontologist Friedrich von Huene,[67] who in 1932 referred "Liassaurus" to Sarcosaurus; Carrano and Sampson (2004) treated it as cf. Sarcosaurus woodi pending discovery of better material.[68][69] Although mentioned in papers as far back as 1995, "Liassaurus" has never been formally described; it is thus a nomen nudum.

Likhoelesaurus

"Likhoelesaurus" (meaning "Li Khole lizard") is the name given to an as yet undescribed genus of archosauriform, either a dinosaur or rauisuchian, from the Late Triassic of what is now South Africa. The name was coined by Ellenberger in 1970, and the "type species" is "Likhoelesaurus ingens".[70] It is named after the town in Lesotho where the fossils were found. The only fossils recovered have been teeth, from the late Carnian–early Norian-age Lower Elliot Formation.[71] Ellenberger (1972) regarded the genus as a giant carnosaur, and Kitching and Raath (1984) treated it as possibly referable to Basutodon.[72][73] Knoll listed "Likhoelesaurus" as a rauisuchian, also he noted that could also be a rauisuchian.[74]

M

Madsenius

"Madsenius" (meaning "Madsen's", for James Henry Madsen, Jr., a paleontologist who among other work produced a major monograph on Allosaurus in 1976) is the name given to remains from Dinosaur National Monument assigned to Allosaurus from the Late Jurassic of North America, from the Morrison Formation. It was a theropod which may have been closely related to Allosaurus, or even a species of Allosaurus. The informal name was coined by David Lambert in 1990. Reportedly, it is based on remains referred Allosaurus and Creosaurus (a synonym of Allosaurus), and was to be described by well-known paleontologist Bob Bakker as "Madsenius trux".[75]

Magulodon

"Magulodon" is the name given to an as yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian to Albian stages, approximately 112 million years ago). It was a possible ornithischian, either an ornithopod or basal ceratopsian, which lived in what is now Maryland, in the United States. The type species, "Magulodon muirkirkensis", was coined by Kranz in 1996.[76] It is a tooth taxon, based solely on a single tooth. Since it has not been formally described, it is also a nomen nudum. It was considered to be an indeterminate specimen in a paper which cited the intended type specimen but avoided using the name to prevent taxonomic clutter.[77]

Maojandino

"Moajandino" is a Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous red muds of the Vitakri Formation of Sulaiman Basin, Pakistan. The dinosaur shared a habitat with other sauropod dinosaurs including Khetranisaurus barkhani, Sulaimanisaurus gingerichi, Pakisaurus, Gspsaurus pakistani, Saraikimasoom vitakri, and Nicksaurus razashahi.[78]

Megacervixosaurus

"Megacervixosaurus" (meaning "big neck lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of herbivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It was a titanosaur sauropod which lived in what is now China. The type species, "Megacervixosaurus tibetensis", was coined by Chinese paleontologist Zhao Xijin in 1985. "Megacervixosaurus" has never been formally described, and remains a nomen nudum.[79]

Merosaurus

Knee-joint and a claw of Merosaurus

"Merosaurus" is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian stage, around 190 million years ago). It was a tetanuran theropod which lived in what is now England. The type species, "Merosaurus newmani", was coined by paleontologists Samuel Welles, H.P. Powell, and A. Pickering in 1995, and is based solely on some leg bones (a knee joint) once thought to belong to Scelidosaurus.[80][81]

Microcephale

"Microcephale" (meaning "tiny head") is the informal name of a genus of very small pachycephalosaurid dinosaur, otherwise known as the "North American dwarf species", which lived during the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils were found in the late Campanian-age Dinosaur Park Formation, in Alberta, Canada. Not much is known about this dinosaur, as it has not yet been fully described; it is therefore a nomen nudum. The fossils of "Microcephale", including tiny skull caps, were first mentioned by paleontologist Paul Sereno in 1997, in a list of pachycephalosaurids. These skull caps measure less than 5 cm (2 in) each. No potential species name was given.

Microdontosaurus

"Microdontosaurus" (meaning "tiny-toothed lizard") is the name given to an as yet undescribed genus of sauropod dinosaur from China. It was named from fossils from the Middle Jurassic-age Dapuka Group of Xinjiang. The intended type species is "M. dayensis."[30] As with other informal names created by Zhao in 1985 or 1983, it has not been used since then, and may have been redescribed under another name.[82]

Mifunesaurus

"Mifunesaurus" (meaning 'Mifune lizard') is a dubious genus of extinct non-avian theropod dinosaur from Cenomanian rocks of Japan. Mifunesaurus is only known from a few bones, among which are a tibia, a phalanx, a metatarsus and a single tooth. The genus was named by Hisa in 1985. No species has been designated yet.[83]

Moroccoraptor

"Moroccoraptor" (meaning "robber from Morocco") is the name given to undescribed isolated Dromaeosauridae-teeth of the Kem Kem Formation (Morocco, Cenomanium). The teeth can possible belongs to more than 1 species of Dromaeosaurs or Abelisaurids.[84]

Moshisaurus

The "Moshisaurus" humerus

Hisa (1985) used "Moshisaurus" (or "Moshi-ryu") for sauropod remains from the Early Cretaceous Miyako Group of Japan. Dong et al. (1990) and Hasegawa et al. (1991) referred them to Mamenchisaurus, but Azuma & Tomida (1998) and Barrett et al. (2002) assigned them to Sauropoda indet.[85][86][87]

Mukawaryu

Restoration of "Mukawaryu"

"Mukawaryu" is the informal name of a yet to be formally described dinosaur discovered in Late Cretaceous marine deposits in the Hobetsu district of Mukawa Town, Hokkaido in Japan. An estimated 60% of the bones have been found making it one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons found in Japan. No intended type species was given when the name was announced in 2017.

N

"Navajoceratops sullivani" is the informal name given to a species of ceratopsid dinosaur from New Mexico. The holotype specimen SMP VP-1500 is known from various skull bones including the parietal, squamosal, and jugal. It was collected from the Campanian Hunter Wash Member of the Kirtland Formation. In a phylogenetic analysis, "Navajoceratops" was found to be a stem-taxa between Pentaceratops-grade chasmosaurines and more derived genera such as Anchiceratops. It is notable that this species is more basal than "Terminocavus," another informally named dinosaur named in the same thesis. The specimen is considered nomen manuscriptum due to it being named in a thesis.[88]

Newtonsaurus

Illustration of the "Newtonsaurus" dentary mold in internal and external views

"Newtonsaurus" is an informally named genus erected for the theropod dinosaur species Zanclodon cambrensis. It was probably a ceratosaur, which lived in what is now the United Kingdom. The taxon was reassigned to Megalosaurus due to the taxonomic difficulties associated with Zanclodon. It is based on a mold of a dentary from Rhaetian-age beds in Wales (hence the species name), and is one of the relatively few dinosaurs known from the time near the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.[89]

Paleontologists have avoided using the name "Newtonsaurus" since its appearance in 1999 in private publications, although "Zanclodon" cambrensis or Megalosaurus cambrensis have both been used for this taxon.[90][91]

Ngexisaurus

"Ngexisaurus" is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Dapuka Group of Tibet, China. The type species, "Ngexisaurus dapukaensis", was coined by Zhao in 1983.[92][93][94]

Nicksaurus

Nurosaurus

A close-up of the head of "Nurosaurus qaganensis".

"Nurosaurus" (Nur-o-saw-rus, meaning "Nur lizard") is the informal name for a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China. It is known from a partial skeleton that has often been seen in traveling exhibitions under various misspellings. "Nurosaurus" had a length of 25 meters (80 ft), and a weight of 22.7 tonnes (25 tons). The proposed binomial name is "Nurosaurus qaganensis" (Dong, 1992). "Nurosaurus" was one of the largest Chinese long-necked plant eaters. It may have been related to the North American Camarasaurus. This is seen because "Nurosaurus" has as a similar head and body shape. Photographs also show it had similarly-split neural spines on its back vertebrae. Several name variants of "Nurosaurus" are known, the most common being "Nuoerosaurus" (Dong and Li, 1991). The fossil has traveled under this name under some North American tours. The specific name has been spelled either "qaganensis" or "chaganensis".[citation needed]

O

Orcomimus

"Orcomimus" (Pronounced or-coh-MEEM-us) is the name given to an as yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period 66 million years ago. The dinosaur was an ornithomimid which lived in what is now South Dakota, in the United States. The type was coined by Michael Triebold in 1997, but has never been formally described and is currently a nomen nudum. "Orcomimus" was a bipedal theropod, but the dinosaur is known from only a pelvis and a hindlimb. "Orcomimus" is thought to be relatively advanced for other ornithomimids at the time, although this is hard to tell from the limited amount of specimens found of the dinosaur.[95]

Oshanosaurus

"Oshanosaurus" (meaning "Oshan lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic period of Yunnan, China. Its fossils were found in the Lower Lufeng Series. The intended "type species", "Oshanosaurus youngi", was coined by Zhao in 1985.[30] It has sometimes been associated with heterodontosaurids, which appears to be due to the juxtaposition of a species of Dianchungosaurus (formerly thought to be a heterodontosaurid) in the text of Zhao (1985).[96]

P

Q

R

Ronaldoraptor

Cast of "Ronaldoraptor"

"Ronaldoraptor" is an undescribed oviraptorid from Mongolia[97] and is currently officially listed as "Oviraptor sp."[98]

S

Saldamosaurus

"Saldamosaurus" is an informal genus of stegosaurid dinosaur known from a complete braincase discovered in the Early Cretaceous Saldam Formation of Siberia,Russia. The type species, "Saldamosaurus tuvensis", was named in 2014 but according to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and is hence a nomen nudum,.[99][100]

Saltillomimus

Skeleton of "Saltillomimus"

"Saltillomimus" is an informal name for an ornithomimid theropod from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) of the Cerro del Pueblo Formation in Mexico. It is known from a partial tail, most of a hindlimb, and forelimb bones that was given the name "Saltillomimus rapidus" by Martinez in 2010. Named in his thesis, the taxon name is an invalid nomen ex dissertationae.[53]

Sanchusaurus

"Sanchusaurus" (meaning "Lizard from Sanchu") is an informal name for an ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous period of Asia. It is only known by a partial tail vertebra,[44] found in Nakasato, Japan.[101] Dong (1990) [44] considered it synonymous with Gallimimus but the large discrepancy in both age and location between the two species renders this opinion untenable. The genus has not been formally described and is considered a nomen nudum. It was first mentioned by Hisa in 1985.[102]

Saraikimasoom

"Saraikimasoom" (meaning 'Innocent one') is an invalid species of titanosaur dinosaur from the Vitakri Formation in Pakistan. The type species, Saraikimasoom vitakri, was described by Sadiq Malkhani in 2015, in a paper describing multiple Pakistani dinosaurs, such as "Gspsaurus", "Nicksaurus" and "Maojandino".[103] Saraikimasoom is currently recognised as a nomen manuscriptum.

Shake-N-Bake theropod

The "Shake-N-Bake theropod" is an undescribed species of coelophysoid from the Kayenta Formation.[104][105]

Siamodracon

"Siamodracon" is an extinct genus of invalid stegosaurid dinosaur known from a single dorsal vertebra found in Thailand's Phu Kradung Formation. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[106][99]

Sidormimus

Suciasaurus

The upper femur of "Suciasaurus"

A fossil theropod nicknamed "Suciasaurus rex" was discovered in 2012 at Sucia Island State Park in San Juan County of the U.S. State of Washington. It was the first dinosaur discovered in Washington state.[107][108] The finding was announced when Burke Museum paleontologists published a discovery paper in PLoS ONE.[109][110] Prompted by a petition from students at an elementary school at Parkland, near Tacoma, the Washington State Legislature introduced a bill in 2019 to make it the official state dinosaur.[107][108][111]

Sugiyamasaurus

"Sugiyamasaurus" (meaning "Sugiyama lizard") is the informal name given to a few spatulate teeth belonging to a titanosauriform, possibly Fukuititan, which lived in Japan during the Early Cretaceous. The name was first printed by David Lambert in 1990 in the Dinosaur Data Book, and also appears in Lambert's Ultimate Dinosaur Book and in many on-line lists of dinosaurs. Since it has not been formally described, "Sugiyamasaurus" is a nomen nudum. Remains were found near Katsuyama City and were initially referred to Camarasauridae, but might belong to Fukutitan because they were unearthed in the same quarry as the Fukuititan material.[112][113][114]

T

Terminocavus

"Terminocavus sealeyi" is the informal name given to specimen NMMNH P-27468, a ceratopsid dinosaur discovered from the Campanian Hunter Wash Member of the Kirtland Formation of New Mexico. It is known from an incomplete skull, including the parietals, the right squamosal, and left jugal. "Terminocavus" derives its name from "closing cavity," after how the parietal embayment found in closely related but more basal species is nearly gone, while "sealeyi" honors Paul Sealey, the man who discovered specimen NMMH P-27468. The specimen was published in the PhD thesis of Denver Fowler. Due to its being named in a thesis, this name is considered nomen manuscriptum. The thesis's phylogenetic analysis found "Terminocavus" to be a "stratigraphic intermediate" between older forms of chasmosaurine ceratopsid such as Pentaceratops and more derived species, such as Anchiceratops. It should be notes that this species was found to be more derived than "Navajoceratops," another informally named dinosaur found in the thesis.[88]

Tiantaisaurus

"Tiantaisaurus", alternatively spelled "Tiantaiosaurus", is the name given to a specimen of therizinosaur from the Aptian age Laijia Formation of Zhejiang Province, China. According to correspondence through the Dinosaur Mailing List, the former name (from a 2012 study) was the one intended to be use for an official description. After being discovered in 2005, it was first mentioned named in an unpublished manuscript written in 2007. The given species was name was "T. sifengensis". The specimen consists of an ischium, an astragalus, a tibia, a femur, an incomplete pubis and ilium, and a large number of vertebrae from across the body.[115][116]

Thotobolosaurus

"Thotobolosaurus" or "Kholumolumosaurus" is the name given to an as yet not formally described genus of dinosaur. It lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian stage). "Thotobolosaurus" lived in what is present-day Lesotho, and is believed to have been a prosauropod or early sauropod. The suggested "type species", "Thotobolosaurus mabeatae", was coined by Paul Ellenberger in 1970. Although the fossils have been referred to in scientific literature since the 1970s, this African dinosaur has never been formally described, and is considered a nomen nudum. The name "Thotobolosaurus" comes from Sesotho South African, Thotobolo for "trash heap", referring to where the fossil remains were found, in 1955 by paleontologist Paul Ellenberger, in the immediate vicinity of a refuse pile a few meters from native huts in the Village of Maphutseng, western Lesotho. The specific name, "T. mabeatae", is named after an elderly woman and local resident of the western Lesotho village of Maphutseng whose name was 'Mabeata (from Sesotho, meaning "Mother of Beata"). Remains of the type fossil were found by the author and party in the immediate vicinity of 'Mabeata's refuse pile, located close by her hut. Mabeatae is a feminine proper name in the Latin genitive case.[citation needed]

Tonouchisaurus

"Tonouchisaurus" (meaning "Tonouchi lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Period. It was a theropod which lived in what is now Mongolia. The suggested "type species", "Tonouchisaurus mongoliensis", was coined by Barsbold in 1994. It was notably small: less than three feet in length. It may have been a tyrannosaurid, judging by the known skeletal elements, which include only limb bones. These limb bones include "a complete didactyl manus and complete pes, as well as other limb bones" (Olshevsky 1996).[117]

U

V

W

Wyomingraptor

"Wyomingraptor" (meaning 'Wyoming Thief') is the name unofficially ascribed to an allosaurid dinosaur from the Morrison Formation of the Late Jurassic. The few remains unearthed are labeled as Allosaurus in the Tate Museum. Robert Bakker, who discovered the fossils in 1997, has proposed the new name. However, there has been no official description of the remains and the name cannot be used until scientific scrutiny suggests they represent a separate genus. Until such a time, "Wyomingraptor" must remain a nomen nudum.[118]

X

Xinghesaurus

Skeletal mount of "Xinghesaurus" from a Japanese fossil expo

"Xinghesaurus" was the name given to a species of sauropod dinosaur, possibly a titanosauriform, in 2009, in the guidebook for the dinosaur expo "Miracle of Deserts". No species name was given for the genus.[119][120]

Y

Yibinosaurus

"Yibinosaurus" (meaning "Yibin lizard") is the informal name given to an as yet undescribed genus of herbivorous dinosaur from the Early Jurassic. It was a sauropod which lived in what is now Sichuan, China. The suggested "type species", "Yibinosaurus zhoui", has not been formally described yet, but the formal publication is forthcoming, from Chinese paleontologist Ouyang Hui. "Yibinosaurus" was only briefly mentioned in the Chongqing Natural History Museum guidebook (2001) and is thus a nomen nudum.[121][122]

Yuanmousaurus

"Yuanmousaurus" is an informally named genus of carnosaurian dinosaurs which existed in what is now southern China during the Lower Jurassic period. Its fossils were found at Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province. The specimen has been classified under the code ZLJ0115.[123]

Yunxianosaurus

"Yunxianosaurus" is the provisional name for a genus of titanosaurian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of what is now Hubei Province, China. The type species, "Yunxianosaurus hubeinensis", was proposed by Chinese paleontologist Li Zhengqi in 2001. The fossils of "Yunxianosaurus" were found near the Nanyang Prefecture. Li stated that the name "Yunxianosaurus" was a temporary label for ease of description, but that further field work and study of the fossils would be required before the genus could be given an official name.[124][125]

Z

See also

References

  1. ^ Perle, A.; Norell, M.A.; Clark, J.M. (1999). "A new maniraptoran Theropod – Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae) – from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia". Contribution No. 101 of the Mongolian-American Paleontological Project: 1–105.
  2. ^ a b Mortimer, M. (2018). "Dromaeosaurs". TheropodDatabase. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  3. ^ Nath, T. T., Yadagiri, P., and Moitra, A. K., 2002, First record of armoured dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh: Journal of the Geological Society of India, v. 59, p. 575-577.
  4. ^ a b Galton, Peter M. & Carpenter, Kenneth, 2016, "The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen.", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 279(2): 185-208
  5. ^ Peter M. Galton (2019). "Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 291 (2): 205–219. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800.
  6. ^ Naish, Darren (2007-12-10). "World first: a peek inside "Angloposeidon"". Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  7. ^ Naish, Darren (15 Jul 2006). "Angloposeidon', the unreported story, part IV". Darren Naish: Tetrapod Zoology.
  8. ^ Naish, Darren (7 Oct 2010). "Tetrapod Zoology Book One is here at last". Archived from the original on 2012-05-08.
  9. ^ Naish, D.; Martill, D.M.; Cooper, D.; Stevens, K.A. (2004). "Europe's largest dinosaur? A giant brachiosaurid cervical vertebra from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 25 (6): 787–795. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2004.07.002.
  10. ^ Zhou, Z.; Clarke, J.A.; Zhang, F. (2002). "Archaeoraptor's better half". Nature. 420 (6913): 285. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..285Z. doi:10.1038/420285a. PMID 12447431.
  11. ^ Mayell, H. (2002-11-20). "Dino Hoax Was Mainly Made of Ancient Bird, Study Says". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-13. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Holden, C. (2000). "Florida Meeting Shows Perils, Promise of Dealing for Dinos". Science. 288 (5464): 238–239. doi:10.1126/science.288.5464.238a.
  13. ^ Rowe, T.; Ketcham, R.A.; Denison, C.; Colbert, M.; Xing, X.; Currie, P.J. (2001). "Forensic palaeontology: The Archaeoraptor Forgery". Nature. 410 (6828): 539–540. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..539R. doi:10.1038/35069145. PMID 11279483.
  14. ^ http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/pubs/svpca2005/abstract.html Specific features of the Archbishop that distinguish it from other brachiosaurs
  15. ^ "Just write the Archbishop description already!". svpow.com. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  16. ^ "Work on the Archbishop begins!". svpow.com. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  17. ^ Li, Z. (2001). "Distribution, burying and classification of dinosaur fossils in Upper Cretaceous strata at Meipu Town, Yunxian County of Hubei Province". Hubei Geology & Mineral Resources. 15 (4): 25–31.
  18. ^ Zhou, S.Q.D. (2005). The Dinosaur Egg Fossils in Nanyang, China. China University of Geosciences Press. pp. 1–145. ISBN 978-7-562-52033-7.
  19. ^ Coria, R.A; Currie, P.J.; Carabajal, A.P. (2006). "A new abelisauroid theropod from Northwestern Patagonia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 43 (9): 1283–1289. Bibcode:2006CaJES..43.1283C. doi:10.1139/e06-025.
  20. ^ Bakker, R. Raptor family values: Allosaur parents brought great carcasses into their lair to feed their young. In "Dinofest International", Proceedings of a Symposium, Academy of Natural Sciences, eds Wolberg, Sump and Rosenberg, 51 – 63 (1997).
  21. ^ a b Mortimer, M. (2001-01-31). "Details on "Beelemodon"". Dinosaur Mailing List Archives. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  22. ^ Posmoşanu, E. (2003). "Iguanodontian dinosaurs from the lower Cretaceous Bauxite site from Romania" (PDF). Acta Paleontologica Romaniae. 4: 431–439.
  23. ^ F. Marinescu. 1989. Lentila de bauxita 204 de la Brusturi-Cornet (Jud. Bihor), zacamint fosilifer cu dinozauri [Bauxite lens 204 from Brusturi-Cornet (Bihor Co.), fossil excavation with dinosaurs]. Ocrotirea Naturii si a Mediului Inconjurator 33(2):125-133
  24. ^ "Paleobiology - Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History". naturalhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  25. ^ "Re: Details on Capitalsaurus: Multiple musings..." dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  26. ^ "LexisNexis® Legal Resources". www.lexisnexis.com. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  27. ^ Chao, S. (1983). "Phylogeny and Evolutionary Stages of Dinosauria". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 28: 295–306.
  28. ^ Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Guangbiao Wei (2006). "A review of the Late Jurassic stegosaurs (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the People's Republic of China". Geological Magazine. 143 (5): 621–634. Bibcode:2006GeoM..143..621M. doi:10.1017/S0016756806002500. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  29. ^ Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Parker, William G. (2007). "A critical re-evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (2): 209–243. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002040.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Zhao, 1985. The reptilian fauna of the Jurassic in China. Pages 286–289, 347 in Wang, Cheng and Wang (eds.). The Jurassic System of China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing.
  31. ^ George Olshevsky (16 Nov 1999). "Re: What are these dinosaurs". Archives of the Dinosaur Mailing List at dml.cmnh.org. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  32. ^ a b O' Connell, Max. "Dinosaur skull found in Buffalo likely a new species". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  33. ^ Biles, Jan. "Rare dinosaur skull being prepared for exhibition". Topeka Capital-Journal.com. Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  34. ^ "Super-sized Ceratopsian Skull Might be New Species". Everything Dinosaur. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  35. ^ Barsbold, Rhinchen, Osmolska, Halszka, Kurzanov, S.M. (1987). "On a new troodontid (Dinosauria. Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32(1-2): 121-132
  36. ^ Turner, Alan H.; Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; and Norell, Mark (2007) "A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight" http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/317/5843/1378.pdf "Science" 317:1378–1381 doi=10.1126/science.1144066
  37. ^ Dong Zhiming (1989). "On a small ornithopod (Gongbusaurus wucaiwanensis sp. nov.) from Kelamaili, Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 27 (2): 140–146.
  38. ^ Norman, David B.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Witmer, Larry M.; Coria, Rodolfo A. (2004). "Basal Ornithopoda". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 393–412. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.
  39. ^ Knoll, Fabien (1999). "The family Fabrosauridae". In Canudo, J.I.; Cuenca-Bescós, G. (eds.). IV European Workshop on Vertebrate Palaeontology, Albarracin (Teruel, Spain), junio de 1999. Programme and Abstracts, Field guide. Servicio Publicaciones Universidad de Zaragoza. p. 54.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference fedak2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference marsh2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ Mortimer, Michael (2008). "Neotheropoda". The Theropod Database. Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2009-11-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ a b c Lambert, David; the Diagram Group (1990). The Dinosaur Data Book. New York: Avon Books. pp. 63–66, 250. ISBN 978-0-380-75896-8.
  44. ^ a b c d Dong, Zhiming; Y. Hasegawa; Y. Azuma (1990). The Age of Dinosaurs in Japan and China. Fukui, Japan: Fukui Prefectural Museum. p. 65 pp.
  45. ^ Sato, Tamaki; Hasegawa, Yoshikazu; Manabe, Makoto (2006). "A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Fukushima, Japan". Palaeontology. 49 (3): 467–484. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00554.x.
  46. ^ Tsogtbaatar, K., D. Weishampel, D. C. Evans, and M. Watabe. (In review). A New Hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous Baynshire Formation of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia). PLOS ONE
  47. ^ Saito, Tsunemasa (1979). Wonder of the World's Dinosaurs. Tokyo: Kodansha Publishers. late 71. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Barsboldia". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-89950-917-4.
  49. ^ Glut, Donald F. (1982). The New Dinosaur Dictionary. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-8065-0782-8.
  50. ^ Lambert, David; the Diagram Group (1983). A Field Guide to Dinosaurs. New York: Avon Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-380-83519-5.
  51. ^ Norman, David B.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2000). "Ornithopods from Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Siberia". In Benton, Michael J.; Shishkin, Mikhail A.; Unwin, David M.; Kurochkin, Evgenii N. (eds.). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 462–479. ISBN 978-0-521-55476-3.
  52. ^ Malkani, Sadiq (20 May 2019). "Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Pakistan". ResearchGate. Retrieved 20 May 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  53. ^ a b Mortimer, M. (2018). "Ornithomimosauria". TheropodDatabase. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  54. ^ Glut, Donald F. (2003). "Heilongjiangosaurus". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. 3rd Supplement. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 606. ISBN 978-0-7864-1166-5.
  55. ^ George Olshevsky. "Dinosaur Genera List update #180". Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  56. ^ Weirong, Li; Jidong, Jin (2001). "On the Upper Cretaceous Jiayin Group of Heilongjiang Province, China". In Deng Tao; Wang Yuan (eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (in Chinese and English). Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 65–74.
  57. ^ Hisa, K; Fukami, K; Murata, T; Shibuki, S; Haruyama, T; Tozawa, Y; Takeuchi, M; Sato, S; et al. (1988). "unknown" [A case of ileal hemorrhagic infarction of unknown origin (author's transl)]. Utan Scientific Magazine (in Japanese). 25 (8): 871–4. PMID 6968365. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  58. ^ Zhiming, Dong; Y. Hasegawa; and Y. Azuma (1990). The Age of Dinosaurs in Japan and China. Fukui, Japan: Fukui Prefectural Museum.
  59. ^ M. Matsukawa and I. Obata. 1994. Dinosaurs and sedimentary environments in the Japanese Cretaceous: a contribution to dinosaur facies in Asia based on molluscan palaeontology and stratigraphy. Cretaceous Research 15(1):101-125
  60. ^ Novacek, Michael J. (1996). Dinosaurs of the Flaming Cliffs. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-47774-0.
  61. ^ Norell, Mark A.; Makovicky, Peter J. (1999). "Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis". American Museum Novitates. 3282: 1–45. hdl:2246/3025.
  62. ^ Mortimer, M. (2018). "Neotheropoda". TheropodDatabase. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
  63. ^ Kim, 1993. Journal of Natural History and Environments 1(1). World Society of Natural History and Environments:Pusan University, Pusan, Korea. ISSN 1225-6404.
  64. ^ Barrett, P M. 1999. A sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(4):785-787.
  65. ^ Dong, 1992. Dinosaurian Faunas of China. China Ocean Press (Beijing). 192 pp.
  66. ^ Mortimer, Mickey (2 January 2011). "The Theropod Database Blog: Sauropod Vertebrate Pictures Of the Year- Zhao's nomina nuda". theropoddatabase.blogspot.com. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  67. ^ "Dinosaur Genera List corrections #127". dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  68. ^ von Huene, F., 1932, Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte, Monographien zur Geologie und Palaeontologie 1(4) pp. 361.
  69. ^ Carrano and Sampson (2004). "A review of coelophysoids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Europe, with comments on the late history of the Coelophysoidea." N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Mh., 2004(9): 537-558.
  70. ^ Ellenberger, 1970. Les niveaux paléontologiques de première apparition des mammifères primoridaux en Afrique du Sud et leur ichnologie. Establissement de zones stratigraphiques detaillees dans le Stormberg du Lesotho (Afrique du Sud) (Trias Supérieur à Jurassique) [The paleontological levels of the first appearance of primordial mammals in southern Africa and their ichnology. Establishment of detailed stratigraphic zones in the Stormberg of Lesotho (southern Africa) (Upper Triassic to Jurassic). in Haughton (ed.). Second Symposium on Gondwana Stratigraphy and Paleontology, International Union of Geological Sciences. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria. 343-370.
  71. ^ Ellenberger and Ginsberg, 1966. Le gisement de Dinosauriens triasiques de Maphutseng (Basutoland) et l'origine des Sauropodes [The Triassic dinosaur locality of Maphutseng (Basutoland) and the origin of sauropods]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences à Paris, Série D. 262, 444-447.
  72. ^ Ellenberger, 1972. Contribution à la classification des Pistes de Vertébrés du Trias: Les types du Stormberg d'Afrique du Sud (I). Palaeovertebrata. 104, 152 pp.
  73. ^ Kitching and Raath, 1984. Fossils from the Elliot and Clarens Formations (Karoo Sequence) of the Northeastern Cape, Orange Free State and Lesotho, and a suggested biozonation based on tetrapods. Palaeontologia Africana. 25, 111-125.
  74. ^ Knoll, 2004. Review of the tetrapod fauna of the "Lower Stormberg Group" of the main Karoo Basin (southern Africa): Implication for the age of the Lower Elliot Formation. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 175(1), 73-83.
  75. ^ Lambert, D. (1990) The Dinosaur Data Book, Facts on File, Oxford, England: 320 pp.
  76. ^ Kranz, P. (1996). Notes on the sedimentary iron ores of Maryland and their dinosaurian faunas. Maryland Geological Survey Special Publications 3:87-115.
  77. ^ Chinnery, B.J., Lipka, T.R., Kirkland, J.I., Parrish, J.M., and Brett-Surman, M.K. (1998). Neoceratopsian teeth from the Lower Cretaceous of North America. In: Kirkland, J.I., and Estep, J.W. (eds.). Lower Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14:297-302.
  78. ^ Malkani, M. "Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Pakistan". ResearchGate. ReseachGate. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  79. ^ Zhao X. (1985). "Phylogeny and evolutionary stages of Dinosauria." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 28(1-2); 295-306.
  80. ^ Mortimer, M (2004) "The Theropod Database" Archived 2013-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. University of Washington. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
  81. ^ Pickering, S., 1995. "Jurassic Park: Unauthorized Jewish Fractals in Philopatry", A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project, 2nd revised printing, Capitola, California: 478 pp.
  82. ^ "Re: What are these dinosaurs?". dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  83. ^ Lambert, D., and the Diagram Group. (1990). The Dinosaur Data Book . Facts on File: Oxford, England, 320 p.
  84. ^ [1] Moroccoraptor Fossils of the Kem Kem Beds
  85. ^ Hasegawa Y, Manabe M, Hanai T, Kase T, Oji T. 1991. A diplodocoid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Miyako Group of Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series C 17: 1–9.
  86. ^ Barrett PM, Hasegawa Y, Manabe M, Isaji S, Matsuoka H. 2002. Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographical implications. Palaeontology 45: 1197–1217.
  87. ^ Azuma Y, Tomida Y. 1998. Japanese dinosaurs. In: Curie PJ, Padian K, eds. Encyclopaedia of dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press, 375–379.
  88. ^ a b Denver Warwick Fowler (April 2016). "Dinosaurs and time: chronostratigraphic frameworks and their utility in analysis of dinosaur paleobiology". scholarworks.montana.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  89. ^ Newton, E.T. (1899). On a megalosaurid jaw from Rhaetic beds near Bridgend (Glamorganshire). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 55:89-96.
  90. ^ "Dinosaur Genera List corrections #126". dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  91. ^ "Newtonsaurus et al". dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  92. ^ Zhao, X. (1983). "Phylogeny and evolutionary stages of Dinosauria." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 28(1-2); 295-306.
  93. ^ Zhao, X. (1985). [The Jurassic Reptilia]. [The Jurassic System of China. Stratigraphy of China, No. 11] 286-290.
  94. ^ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Middle Jurassic, Asia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd Edition, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 541–542. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  95. ^ Triebold, M. (1997). "The Sandy site: Small dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota." in Wolberg, D., Stump, E. and Rosenberg, G. (eds); Dinofest International: Proceedings of a Symposium. Arizona State University Academy of Natural Science. 245-48
  96. ^ Mortimer, Mickey (2011-01-02). "Sauropod Vertebrate Pictures Of the Year- Zhao's nomina nuda". Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  97. ^ Gee, H. & Rey, L. V. 2003. A Field Guide to Dinosaurs: The Essential Handbook for Travelers in the Mesozoic. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
  98. ^ page 9 of https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/11785/Jansenx2008x-xBeakxmorphologyxinxoviraptoridsxxbasedxonxextantxbirdsxandxturtlesxxCompressedxpicturesx.pdf?sequence=1
  99. ^ a b Peter M. Galton; Kenneth Carpenter (2016). "The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 279 (2): 185–208. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0551.
  100. ^ Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian].
  101. ^ "Sanchusaurus (Dino Kingdom)". Nakasato Dinosaur Kingdom. kanna Dinosaur Center. Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
  102. ^ Worth, Graeme. "SANCHUSAURUS". The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia 4.0. HyperWorks Reference Software. Archived from the original on October 4, 2007. Retrieved 2012-12-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  103. ^ Malkani, S.M. (2015). "Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Pakistan". Proceedings of the 12th Symposium of "Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12). Abstract volume: 93–98.
  104. ^ Tykoski, R. S. 1997. A new ceratosaurid theropod from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 (3, Supplement):81A.
  105. ^ Tykoski, R. S. 1998. The osteology of Syntarsus kayentakatae and its implications for ceratosaurid phylogeny. Master's thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 217 pp.
  106. ^ Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian]. PDF.
  107. ^ a b Chris Hansen (March 30, 2019), Lawmakers could hear proposal to name state's official dinosaur, iFiberOne News
  108. ^ a b Legislature weighs proposal for official state dinosaur, MyNorthwest.com (KIRO (AM)), March 25, 2019
  109. ^ Peecook, Brandon R.; Sidor, Christian A.; Evans, David C. (20 May 2015). "The First Dinosaur from Washington State and a Review of Pacific Coast Dinosaurs from North America". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0127792. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027792P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127792. PMC 4439161.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  110. ^ "Burke Museum paleontologists discover the first dinosaur fossil in Washington state". Seattle: Burke Museum . May 19, 2015.
  111. ^ Parkland 4th graders petitioned for 'Suciasaurus rex' to be Washington state dinosaur – If Washington gets a state dinosaur, residents can thank students from Parkland's Elmhurst Elementary., KING-TV, April 7, 2019
  112. ^ Dong, Hasegawa and Azuma, 1990. The Age of Dinosaurs in Japan and China. Fukui, Japan: Fukui Prefectural Museum. 65 pp.
  113. ^ Azuma, 1991. Early Cretaceous Dinosaur Fauna from the Tetori Group, central Japan. Research on Dinosaurs from the Tetori Group (1). Professor S. Miura Memorial Volume, 55-69.
  114. ^ "Macronaria". theropoddatabase.com. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  115. ^ "Therizinosauroidea". theropoddatabase.com. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  116. ^ "Re: Tiantai(o)saurus Dong et al. 2007, missed Chinese therizinosaur?". dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  117. ^ "Re: Tonouchisaurus". dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  118. ^ "Re: Raptor question". dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  119. ^ Olshevsky, George (December 4, 2000). "Dinosaur Genera List". Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  120. ^ Mortimer, Mickey (March 26, 2011). "The Theropod Database". Sauropodomorph cladogram. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  121. ^ Anonymous (2001). Chongqing Natural History Museum guidebook.
  122. ^ "Dinosaur Genera List corrections #171". dml.cmnh.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  123. ^ "Theropod – reptilianmonster". reptilianmonster. Retrieved 12 Jun 2019.
  124. ^ Li, Zhengqi. (2001). Distribution, burying and classification of dinosaur fossils in Upper Cretaceous strata at Meipu Town, Yunxian County of Hubei Province. Hubei Geology & Mineral Resources, 15(4)(Total No 37): 25-31. [2]
  125. ^ Zhou, S. (2005). The Dinosaur Egg Fossils in Nanyang, China. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, 145 pp.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_informally_named_dinosaurs&oldid=909098575"