James Bond

"007" redirects here; for other uses, see 007 (disambiguation).
For other uses of "James Bond", see James Bond (disambiguation).
For information about the character, see James Bond (character).

File:007.svg

The James Bond 007 gun logo

James Bond 007 is a fictional British agent created by writer Ian Fleming in 1952. Fleming wrote numerous novels and short stories based upon the character and, after his death in 1964, further literary adventures were written by Kingsley Amis (pseudonym Robert Markham), John Pearson, John Gardner, Raymond Benson and Charlie Higson. In addition, Christopher Wood wrote two screenplay novelisations and other authors have also written various unofficial permutations of the character.

Although initially made famous through the novels and books, James Bond is now best known from the EON Productions film series. Twenty-one films have been made (as of 2006) as well as two that were independently produced and one American television adaptation of Fleming's first novel under legal licence. The EON films are generally referred to as the 'official' films (although its origin is unclear, this terminology is used throughout this article). Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli and Harry Saltzman produced most of these up until 1975, when Broccoli became the sole producer. From 1995, his daughter, Barbara Broccoli, and his stepson, Michael G. Wilson, jointly continued production duties.

To date, six actors have portrayed James Bond in the official series. They are:

• Sean Connery (1962–1967; 1971)
• George Lazenby (1969)
• Roger Moore (1973–1985)
• Timothy Dalton (1987–1989)
• Pierce Brosnan (1995–2002)
• Daniel Craig (2006–present)

In addition and generally considered "unofficial", Barry Nelson portrayed Bond in an Americanised television episode adaptation of Casino Royale in 1954. Bob Holness portrayed James Bond in a South African radio adaptation of Moonraker in 1956. Roger Moore acted the role in an episode of a TV comedy show called Mainly Millicent (starring Millicent Martin and guest stars) in summer 1964. This episode is included as a special feature (named Roger Moore as James Bond, Circa 1964) in the newly published Live and Let Die Ultimate Edition DVD. David Niven played the role of James Bond in a non-EON production of Casino Royale in 1967, and Connery reprised the character in another non-EON film, Never Say Never Again in 1983, an update of 1965's Thunderball, in which he also starred. The 1973 BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing Bond in selected scenes from the original novels.

The twenty-first official film, Casino Royale, with Daniel Craig as James Bond, premiered on 14 November 2006, with the film going on general release in Asia and the Middle East the following day.

Broccoli and Saltzman's family company, Danjaq, LLC, has owned the James Bond film series, through EON, since the start. It became co-owner with United Artists Corporation since the mid-1970s, when Saltzman sold UA his share of Danjaq. Currently, Columbia Pictures and MGM (United Artists' parent) co-distribute the franchise.

In addition to novels and films, Bond is a prominent character in many computer and video games, comic strips and comic books, and has been the subject of many parodies.

Overview

Fleming's commissioned impression of 007 used as an example to aid the Daily Express comic strip artists.

Ian Fleming's creation and inspiration

Main articles: James Bond (character) and Inspirations for James Bond

Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR is an agent of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) (more commonly known as MI6). He was created in February 1952 by Ian Fleming while on holiday at his Jamaican estate called Goldeneye. The hero of Fleming's tale, James Bond, was named after an American ornithologist of the same name who was an expert on Caribbean birds and had written a definitive book on the subject: Birds of the West Indies. Fleming, a keen birdwatcher, owned a copy of Bond's field guide at Goldeneye. Of the name, Fleming once said, "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting like 'Peregrine Maltravers.' Exotic things would happen to and around him but he would be a neutral figure – an anonymous blunt instrument wielded by a Government Department."

Bond's parents are named as Andrew Bond, a Scotsman, and Monique Delacroix from Canton de Vaud in Switzerland (these nationalities had previously been established in On Her Majesty's Secret Service). Bond's Scottish heritage was partly a result of Fleming being impressed with Sean Connery's screen portrayal of his character, whereas Bond's mother was named for a Swiss girl to whom Fleming was once engaged. A novel that was planned but never written would have revealed that Bond's mother was also Scottish. In his fictional biography of Bond, John Pearson gave his birthdate as 11 November (Armistice Day) 1920, although there is no evidence for this in Fleming's novels. Fleming was inspired by a real spy - Dušan Popov, a Serb double agent for both the British and Germans, who was also known as a bit of a "playboy".

After completing the manuscript for what would later be titled Casino Royale, Fleming allowed his friend William Plomer, a poet and later Fleming's editor, to read it. Plomer liked it enough that he gave the manuscript to Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much, but published it anyway in 1953 due to the fact that Ian was the younger brother of Peter Fleming, an established travel writer who also put in a good word for Ian.

Since the fictional James Bond's creation, hundreds of reports by various news outlets have suggested names for Ian Fleming's inspiration of Bond. Usually these people have a background of some kind in espionage or other covert operations. Although some names share similarities with Bond, none has ever been confirmed by Fleming, Ian Fleming Publications or any of Ian Fleming's biographers such as Fleming's assistant and friend, John Pearson. James Bond may have had its origin in Toronto, Ontario. British Naval Intelligence Commander Ian Fleming was invited by Sir William Stephenson, codename Intrepid, to observe and participate in the SOE subversive warfare training Syllabus at STS-103. Fleming had a private residence located on Avenue Road in Toronto, Canada because the camp was full. On Avenue Road, there was the St. James-Bond Church (Toronto) and the address of the military building (the church was at 1066 Avenue Road) was 1107 Avenue Road (Double ones 0 and 7 thus the number 007). The building no longer exists, but where it once stood is Marshall McLuhan Catholic Secondary School. Marshall McLuhan CSS was built by Bondfield Construction and completed in 2001.

Most researchers agree that James Bond is a highly romanticised version of Fleming himself; the author was known for his jet-setting lifestyle and reputation as a womaniser. Both, for the most part, went to the same schools, like the same foods (e.g., scrambled eggs, pork), have the same habits (e.g., drinking and smoking), share the same view on women (e.g., how they should look and how they should dress), and have similar education and military careers both rising to the rank of Commander. Although the character of Bond is not known to be based on anyone but Fleming himself, the look of James Bond, famed for being "suave and sophisticated", is based on a young Hoagy Carmichael. In Casino Royale the character Vesper Lynd says of Bond, "He reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Other characteristics of Bond's look are said to be based on Fleming, such as his height, his hairstyle and his eye colour.

Fleming did, however, admit to being inspired by true or partially-true events that took place during his career at the Naval Intelligence Division of the Admiralty. Most notably, and the basis for Casino Royale, was a trip to Lisbon that Fleming and the Director of Naval Intelligence, Admiral Godfrey, took during World War II en route to the United States. While there they went to the Estoril Casino in Estoril, which, due to the neutral status of Portugal had a number of spies of warring regimes present. Fleming claimed that while there he was cleaned out by a "chief German agent" at a table playing Chemin de Fer; however, Admiral Godfrey tells a different story, that Fleming only played Portuguese businessmen and that afterwards Ian had fantasised about them being German agents and the excitement of cleaning them out. His references to 'Red Indians' in relation to Bond (In Casino Royale, four times, twice on last page) was direct link to his own 30 Assault Unit.

Novels

Main article: James Bond (novels)

In February 1952, Ian Fleming began work on his first James Bond novel. At the time, Fleming was the Foreign Manager for Kemsley Newspapers, an organisation owned by the London Sunday Times. Upon accepting the job, Fleming asked that he be allowed two months vacation per year. Between 1953 and his death in 1964, Fleming published 12 full-length novels and one short story collection (a second collection appeared after his death). Later, continuation novels were written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham), John Gardner and Raymond Benson; the last of these books was published in 2002. In 2005 Young Bond, a new series of novels featuring the adventures of Bond as a teenager began, written by Charlie Higson.

Films

Eon Films

The James Bond film series from EON Productions has a number of its own traditions, many of which date back to the very first movie in 1962.

Gun barrel sequence

Since Dr. No, each film has begun with what is known as the James Bond gun barrel sequence, which introduces Agent 007. Appearing to be filmed through a rifled gun barrel, as if from a bullet's perspective, the scene is a side-on view of Bond walking, then quickly turning and shooting. The scene then reddens (signifying the spilling of the would-be assassin's blood); the gun barrel dissolves to a white circle.

File:Kleinman gunbarrel.jpg

Pierce Brosnan as James Bond in the gun barrel sequence

Teaser sequence

After this introduction, every film (with the exception of Dr. No) would start with a pre-credits teaser, also popularly known as the "opening gambit". Usually the scene features 007 finishing up a previous mission before taking on the case from the film, and does not always relate to his main objective. Some of the teasers tie in with the plot (as in Live and Let Die). Since The Spy Who Loved Me in 1977, they have often involved attention-grabbing action sequences, which have tended to become larger and more elaborate with each film. The World Is Not Enough (1999) holds the record for the longest, running more than 15 minutes, whereas most run about seven to ten minutes.

Title credits from GoldenEye representing the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

Opening credits

After the teaser sequence, the opening credits begin, during which an arty display of scantily clad and even (discreetly) naked females can be seen doing a variety of activities from dancing, jumping on off-screen trampolines, to shooting weapons. This title sequence is a trademark and a staple of the series. The best known of the Bond title designers is Maurice Binder, who created them for fourteen films from 1962 to 1989. Since Binder's death in 1991, Daniel Kleinman has designed the credits and has introduced CG elements not present during his predecessor's era. While the credits run, the main theme of the film is usually sung by a popular artist of the time. Until GoldenEye, which featured motifs such as a two headed 'Janus' figure, the backdrop was unrelated to the plot of the film, although the design may reflect an overall theme (e.g., You Only Live Twice uses a Japanese motif as well as images of a volcano, both of which are elements of the movie itself). Goldfinger uses short glimpses of the film projected onto women's bodies, and On Her Majesty's Secret Service uses clips from all of the five preceding films shown running through an hourglass. For Your Eyes Only begins with Sheena Easton singing the title song on-screen. Die Another Day's titles are unusual in that the images advance the storyline by depicting Bond's torture following his capture by the North Koreans. Casino Royale's credits are also atypical in that, instead of presenting the traditional display of silhouetted and scantily clad females, the sequence is a very colourful and animated display, using many symbols from playing cards such as the four suits and the face cards, and depicting violent fighting between coloured silhouettes of men. The credits for GoldenEye depict the fall of the Soviet Union and thus provide a transition from the pre-fall era of the opening sequence to the post-fall setting of the rest of the narrative, which is set nine years later. The Bond films are unusual in retaining full opening and closing credits: since the late 1990s it has become common for most blockbuster films to save detailed credits for the end, with only the title shown at the beginning.

Countries James Bond visited in the films

"Bond, James Bond"

Agent 007's famous introduction, "Bond, James Bond", became a catchphrase after it was first uttered (with a cigarette in the corner of his mouth) by Sean Connery in Dr. No. Since then, the phrase has entered the lexicon of Western popular culture as the epitome of polished, understated machismo. On June 21, 2005 it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the American Film Institute as part of their 100 Years Series. To promote the release of Tomorrow Never Dies, trailers were released featuring the character as portrayed by Pierce Brosnan saying, "Bond. You know the rest." Goldeneye in 1995 similarly drew on public familiarity with Bond, when its promotional posters simply read "You know the name. You know the number."

Drinks

Bond's customary beverage order, "Vodka martini. Shaken, not stirred", which was first uttered by him in Goldfinger (although it is actually first said on screen by the villain in Dr. No, and referenced even earlier in the same film), was also honoured as #90 on the same list. However, in "Casino Royale", Craig portrayed the incomplete development of the younger Bond by retorting to a bartender "Do I look like I give a damn?" after being asked if he wanted his martini shaken or stirred. Casino Royale also featured the martini recipe from the Ian Fleming book: 3 parts gin, 2 parts vodka, 1 part Lillet Blanc.

"James Bond will return.."

"Every film, except Dr. No (1962) and Thunderball (1965), has the line: "James Bond will return..." or "James Bond will be back" during or after the final credits. Up until Octopussy (1983), the end-credit line would also name the next title to be produced ("James Bond will return in..."). Over the years, the sequel has been incorrectly named three times. The first, 1964's Goldfinger, announced in early prints that Bond would return in On Her Majesty's Secret Service. However, the producers changed their minds shortly after release and subsequently corrected future editions of the film. In 1977, The Spy Who Loved Me stated that 007 would be back in For Your Eyes Only, but EON Productions decided to instead take advantage of the Star Wars craze and release Moonraker, whose plot was changed to involve outer space (unlike Goldfinger, however, EON chose not to correct the credits of The Spy Who Loved Me, so the error remains). Thirdly, Octopussy incorrectly states the next film as being From a View to a Kill, the original literary title of A View to a Kill. In the most recent Bond films, the title of the next film has been omitted, saying simply 'James Bond will return'. The liner-notes of a 'Best of Bond' music compilation CD stated that this was because the early films all used titles from Fleming's novels; having outpaced the novels with the current Bond films, the abbreviated form is used instead.

File:Bonds-6.jpg

Top:Sean Connery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore
Above:Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan, Daniel Craig

American actor James Brolin was once a leading contender to play Bond in the 1983 film Octopussy until Roger Moore finally agreed to return. Brolin's three screentests were publicly released for the first time as a special feature named James Brolin: The Man Who Would Be Bond in the Octopussy Ultimate Edition DVD.

Every actor who auditions for the Bond role must always perform a scene from From Russia With Love, where he hears a noise and investigates, only to discover a beautiful stranger on his bed.

There is also lively debate on the best Bond movie, with most major film critics giving the top mark to either From Russia with Love (Connery's favourite, as he re-asserted in a 2002 ABC interview with Sam Donaldson) or its brassy follow-up, Goldfinger. Despite George Lazenby's short tenure in the tuxedo, some reviewers have also warmed to On Her Majesty's Secret Service – Leonard Maltin's TV Movies (a.k.a. Leonard Maltin’s Movie & Video Guide) review book states it might have been the best Bond film ever had Connery appeared in it; Raymond Benson concurs in The James Bond Bedside Companion. Casino Royale, the latest Bond, is at present the highest-rated on the IMDb, with 8.0 out of 10.

Title	Year	James Bond	Director	Total Box Office	Total Admissions	Budget
Dr. No	1962	Sean Connery	Terence Young	$59,567,035	72.1 million	$1,000,000
From Russia with Love	1963	Sean Connery	Terence Young	$78,898,765	95.3 million	$2,500,000
Goldfinger	1964	Sean Connery	Guy Hamilton	$129,881,062	130.1 million	$3,500,000
Thunderball	1965	Sean Connery	Terence Young	$141,195,658	166 million	$11,000,000
You Only Live Twice	1967	Sean Connery	Lewis Gilbert	$111,584,787	81.7 million	$9,500,000
On Her Majesty's Secret Service	1969	George Lazenby	Peter R. Hunt	$81,974,493	62.4 million	$7,000,000
Diamonds Are Forever	1971	Sean Connery	Guy Hamilton	$116,019,547	70.3 million	$7,200,000
Live and Let Die	1973	Roger Moore	Guy Hamilton	$161,777,836	91.6 million	$7,000,000
The Man with the Golden Gun	1974	Roger Moore	Guy Hamilton	$97,572,000	51.6 million	$7,000,000
The Spy Who Loved Me	1977	Roger Moore	Lewis Gilbert	$185,438,673	84.0 million	$14,000,000
Moonraker	1979	Roger Moore	Lewis Gilbert	$189,908,099	85.1 million	$34,000,000
For Your Eyes Only	1981	Roger Moore	John Glen	$195,312,802	72.9 million	$28,000,000
Octopussy	1983	Roger Moore	John Glen	$255,393,619	59.5 million	$27,500,000
A View to a Kill	1985	Roger Moore	John Glen	$152,427,960	44.5 million	$30,000,000
The Living Daylights	1987	Timothy Dalton	John Glen	$191,185,897	48.9 million	$40,000,000
Licence to Kill	1989	Timothy Dalton	John Glen	$156,167,015	39.1 million	$42,000,000
GoldenEye	1995	Pierce Brosnan	Martin Campbell	$352,194,034	81.2 million	$60,000,000
Tomorrow Never Dies	1997	Pierce Brosnan	Roger Spottiswoode	$333,011,068	75.5 million	$110,000,000
The World Is Not Enough	1999	Pierce Brosnan	Michael Apted	$361,832,400	77.1 million	$135,000,000
Die Another Day	2002	Pierce Brosnan	Lee Tamahori	$431,971,116	78.6 million	$142,000,000
Casino Royale	2006	Daniel Craig	Martin Campbell	$417,226,042*		$130,000,000
Bond 22	2008	Daniel Craig
TOTALS	Films 1-21			$4,167,398,693**	1,567,500,000	$796,200,000

* Still in theatrical release in most countries; this figure is expected to increase substantially as it is released in 24 more countries over the next two months, and is likely to surpass Die Another Day as the highest grossing Bond film of all time.
** Figure as of Tuesday, December 19th, 9PM AEST (source - BoxOfficeMojo.com)

Non-Eon Films, Radio and Television Programmes

In 1954, CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 USD for the rights to adapt Casino Royale into a one hour television adventure as part of their Climax! series. The episode featured American Barry Nelson in the role of "Jimmy Bond", an agent for the fictional "Combined Intelligence" agency. The rights to Casino Royale were subsequently sold to producer Charles K. Feldman who turned Fleming's first novel into a spoof in 1967 featuring David Niven as Sir James Bond and five other actors (like Peter Sellers) as faked "James Bond"s. The instrumental theme music was a hit for Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass. For more information, see the history of Casino Royale.

Bob Holness portrayed James Bond in a South African radio adaptation of Moonraker in 1956, which is the only radio Bond programme known as of today.

Before his first appearance in the EON Bond film Live and Let Die in 1973, Roger Moore played the role in an episode of a TV comedy show called Mainly Millicent (starring Millicent Martin and guest stars) in summer 1964. This episode is included as a special feature (named Roger Moore as James Bond, Circa 1964) in the newly published Live and Let Die Ultimate Edition DVD.

When plans for a James Bond film were scrapped in the late 1950s, a story treatment entitled Thunderball, written by Ian Fleming, Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham, was adapted as Fleming's ninth Bond novel. Initially the book was only credited to Fleming. McClory filed a lawsuit that would eventually award him the film rights to the title in 1963. Afterwards, he made a deal with EON Productions to produce a film adaptation starring Sean Connery. The deal specifically stated that McClory couldn't produce another adaptation until a set period of time had elapsed, and he did so in 1983 with Never Say Never Again, which featured Sean Connery for a seventh time as 007. Since it was not made by Broccoli's production company, EON Productions, it is therefore not considered a part of the official film series. A second attempt by McClory to remake Thunderball in the 1990s with Sony Pictures was halted by legal action which resulted in the studio abandoning its aspirations for a rival James Bond series. To this day, McClory claims to own the film rights to Thunderball, though MGM and EON assert they have expired. For more in-depth information, see the controversy over Thunderball.

The 1973 BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters (e.g. Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond), including James Bond in dramatised scenes from Goldfinger - notably featuring the hero being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the film's laser beam - and Diamonds Are Forever.

• Barry Nelson (TV)
  Barry Nelson (TV)
• Bob Holness (Radio)
  Bob Holness (Radio)
• Roger Moore (TV)
  Roger Moore (TV)

• David Niven
  David Niven
• Christopher Cazenove (TV)
  Christopher Cazenove (TV)
• Sean Connery
  Sean Connery

Title	Year	James Bond	Total Box Office	Total Admissions	Budget
Casino Royale — TV episode	1954	Barry Nelson	not applicable	not applicable	unknown
Moonraker — Radio programme	1956	Bob Holness	not applicable	not applicable	unknown
Mainly Millicent — TV comedy show	1964	Roger Moore	not applicable	not applicable	unknown
Casino Royale — Film spoof	1967	David Niven	$44,400,000	36.4 million	$12,000,000
Omnibus: The British Hero — TV documentary/dramatised scenes	1973	Christopher Cazenove	not applicable	not applicable	unknown
Never Say Never Again	1983	Sean Connery	$160,000,000	50.8 million	$36,000,000

Dealing with the changing actor

Main article: James Bond (character) § Alternative biographies and theories

The Bond films rarely explicitly acknowledge the changes in cast members which have affected several of the recurring characters including Blofeld, Felix Leiter, M, Miss Moneypenny and Q. However, there are a few instances of reference to this, including:

• In the early scenes of the 1967 Casino Royale, David Niven's retired Bond berates M for giving his number and his name to a brash new agent; the description he gives fits Sean Connery's Bond.
• In On Her Majesty's Secret Service, when Tracy leaves George Lazenby's Bond alone on the beach, he complains, "This never happened to the other fella."
• In GoldenEye, one of Bond's allies comments on how "the new M" is a woman. However, since M is a title, not a name, the actor change is rather less obtrusive.
• In The World Is Not Enough (1999) Major Boothroyd's Q (played by Desmond Llewelyn) is preparing to retire, introducing his assistant, (jokingly referred to by Bond as "R"), played by John Cleese. Boothroyd has clearly retired by the time of Die Another Day (2002), when Cleese's character is presented as Q. (Llewelyn himself had died in 1999).

James Bond's influence on movies and television

Main article: James Bond parodies

James Bond has long been a household name and remains a huge influence within the spy genre. The Austin Powers series by writer and actor Mike Myers and other parodies such as Johnny English (2003), the "Flint" series starring James Coburn as Derek Flint, the "Matt Helm" movies starring Dean Martin, and Casino Royale (1967) are testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.

1960s TV imitations of James Bond such as I Spy, Get Smart, The Wild Wild West, and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. went on to become popular successes in their own right, the latter having enjoyed contributions by Fleming towards its creation: the show's lead character, "Napoleon Solo", was named after a character in Fleming's novel Goldfinger; Fleming also suggested the character name April Dancer, which was later used in the spin-off series The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. A reunion television movie, The Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1983), is notable for featuring a cameo by George Lazenby as James Bond in tribute to Fleming (for legal reasons, the character was credited as "JB").

In The Avengers, some time after the departure of the character Cathy Gale (played by actress Honor Blackman), the character of John Steed (played by Patrick Macnee) receives a Christmas card from her. He comments, "It's from Mrs Gale! I wonder what she's doing in Fort Knox?" – the intended destination for Honor Blackman's Pussy Galore in Goldfinger. In further coincidence, this comment is made to Emma Peel – played by Diana Rigg who would later appear as Tracy Bond in On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Macnee himself, a friend of Roger Moore, would later appear as Sir Godfrey Tibbett in A View to a Kill. Joanna Lumley (Purdey in the late Avengers serie) can also be seen in On Her Majesty's Secret Service in a little role with only one or two words.

A story line in The Beverly Hillbillies has Jethro (Max Baer, Jr.) forsaking his lifelong ambition to become a brain surgeon in favour of "double-naught spy". He outfits the Clampetts' truck with various Q-inspired gadgetry, none of which work according to plan.

In an apparent homage to the 'James Bond will return in...' credits, each of the season-ending episodes to date in the new (2005-present) series of Doctor Who has featured the ending credit, 'Doctor Who will return in...' followed by the title of the next episode (in each case, a Christmas special).

Similarly, four episodes of the TV series Arrested Development (For British Eyes Only, Forget-Me-Now, Notapusy and Mr. F) referenced the James Bond films. The spoofing of the Bond films is evident in the episode titles, vocal and instrumental music cues, and the gun barrel shot at the end of the episode accompanied by the subtitle "Michael Bluth will return in..."

George Lucas has said on multiple occasions that Sean Connery's portrayal of the Bond character was one of the primary inspirations for the Indiana Jones character, a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana's father in the third film of that series.

In the episode "A Head in the Polls" of the animated television show Futurama, the robot Bender asks for a martini from a bartender, who pours the ingredients directly into a hole in the top of Bender's head. Bender then makes the comment "Shaken, not stirred."

Music

Main article: James Bond music

"The James Bond Theme" was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years. However, in 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from the British paper The Sunday Times, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.

Barry did go on to compose the scores for eleven Bond films in addition to his uncredited contribution to Dr. No, and is credited with the creation of "007", which was used as an alternate Bond theme in several films, and the popular orchestrated theme "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". Both "The James Bond Theme" and "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" have been remixed a number of times by popular artists, including Art of Noise, Moby, Paul Oakenfold, and the Propellerheads. The British/Australian string quartet also named bond (name purposely in lower case) recorded their own version of the theme, entitled "Bond on Bond".

Barry's legacy was followed by David Arnold, in addition to other well-known composers and record producers such as George Martin, Bill Conti, Michael Kamen, Marvin Hamlisch, and Eric Serra. Arnold is the series' current composer of choice, and recently completed the score for his fourth consecutive Bond film, Casino Royale.

The Bond films are known for their theme songs heard during the title credits sung by well-known popular singers (which have included Tina Turner, Paul McCartney and Wings and Tom Jones, among many others). Shirley Bassey performed three themes in total, and is the only singer to have been associated with more than one film. On Her Majesty's Secret Service is the only Bond film with a solely instrumental theme, though Louis Armstrong's ballad "We Have All the Time in the World", which serves as Bond and his wife Tracy's love song and whose title is Bond's last line in the film, is considered the unofficial theme. The main theme for Dr. No is the "James Bond Theme", although the opening credits also include an untitled bongo interlude, and concludes with a vocal Calypso-flavoured rendition of "Three Blind Mice" entitled "Kingston Calypso" that sets the scene. From Russia with Love also opens with an instrumental version over the title credits (which then segues into the "James Bond Theme"), but Matt Monro's vocal version also appears twice in the film, including the closing credits; the Monro version is generally considered the film's main theme, even though it doesn't appear during the opening credits. The only singer, to date, to appear within the titles is Sheena Easton, who sang the theme for For Your Eyes Only. The only singer of a title song to appear within the film itself as a character, to date, is Madonna, who appeared (uncredited) as a fencing instructor, Verity, as well as contributing the theme for Die Another Day. Chris Cornell performs "You Know My Name" in Casino Royale. He is the first male lead vocalist to perform a 007 song since a-ha in 1987 for "The Living Daylights". This is also the first Bond theme song since 1983's Octopussy to use a different title than the film. Although many of the theme songs were successful hits, the only theme song to hit #1 in the U.S. was Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill" which hit the top of the Billboard HOT 100 chart in 1985.

In 1998, Barry's music from You Only Live Twice was adapted into the hit song Millennium by British recording artist Robbie Williams. The music video features Williams parodying James Bond, and references other Bond films such as Thunderball and From Russia With Love. It should also be noted that the video was filmed at Pinewood Studios, where most of the Bond films have been made.

Video games

Main article: James Bond games

Everything or Nothing was Pierce Brosnan's last appearance as James Bond

In 1983, the first Bond video game, developed and published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari 2600, the Atari 5200, the Atari 800, the Commodore 64, and the Colecovision. Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines.

Bond video games, however, didn't reach their popular stride until 1997's GoldenEye 007 by Rare for the Nintendo 64. Subsequently, virtually every Bond video game has attempted to copy GoldenEye 007's accomplishment and features to varying degrees of success – even going so far as to have a game entitled GoldenEye: Rogue Agent that had little to do with either the video game GoldenEye or the film of the same name. Bond himself plays only a minor role in which he is "killed" in the beginning during a 'virtual reality' mission, which served as a tutorial for the game.

Since acquiring the licence in 1999, Electronic Arts has released 8 games, 5 of which have original stories (i.e., not based on a film) including the popular Everything or Nothing, which broke away from the first-person shooter trend that started with GoldenEye 007 and went to a third-person perspective. It was also the first game to feature well known actors including Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum and Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, although several previous games have used Brosnan's likeness as Bond. In 2005, Electronic Arts released another game in the same vein as Everything or Nothing, this time a video game adaptation of From Russia with Love, which allowed the player to play as Bond with the likeness of Sean Connery. This was the second game based on a Connery Bond film (the first was a 1980s text adventure adaptation of Goldfinger) and the first to use the actor's likeness as agent 007. Connery himself recorded new voiceovers for the game, the first time the actor played Bond in 22 years.

In 2006 Activision secured the licence to make Bond-related games, currently shared with EA. The deal will become exclusive in September 2007.

Comic strips and comic books

Main articles: James Bond comic strips and James Bond comic books

In 1957 the Daily Express, a newspaper owned by Lord Beaverbrook, approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips. After initial reluctance by Fleming who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed and the first strip Casino Royale was published in 1958. Since then many illustrated adventures of James Bond have been published, including every Ian Fleming novel as well as Kingsley Amis's Colonel Sun, and most of Fleming's short stories. Later, the comic strip produced original stories, continuing until 1983.

Titan Books is presently reprinting these comic strips in an ongoing series of graphic novel-style collections; by the end of 2005 it had completed reprinting all Fleming-based adaptations as well as Colonel Sun and had moved on to reprinting original stories.

Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years, as well as numerous original stories.

Bond characters

Main articles: List of James Bond allies, List of James Bond villains, and Bond girl

The James Bond series of novels and films have a plethora of interesting allies and villains. Bond's superiors and other officers of the British Secret Service are generally known by letters, such as M and Q. In the novels (but not in the films), Bond has had two secretaries, Loelia Ponsonby and Mary Goodnight, who in the films typically have their roles and lines transferred to M's secretary, Miss Moneypenny. Occasionally Bond is assigned to work a case with his good friend, Felix Leiter of the CIA. In the films, Leiter appeared regularly during the Connery era, only once during Moore's tenure, and in both Dalton films; however, he was only played by the same actor twice. Absent from the Brosnan era of films, Felix returned in Craig's first James Bond film Casino Royale in 2006.

Bond's women, particularly in the films, often have double entendre names, leading to coy jokes, for example, "Pussy Galore" in Goldfinger (a name invented by Fleming), "Plenty O'Toole" in Diamonds Are Forever, and "Xenia Onatopp" (a villainess sexually excited by strangling men with her thighs) in GoldenEye.

Throughout both the novels and the films there have only been a handful of recurring characters. Some of the more memorable ones include Bill Tanner, Rene Mathis, Felix Leiter, Jack Wade, Jaws and recently Charles Robinson.

Vehicles and gadgets

Main articles: List of James Bond vehicles, List of James Bond gadgets, and List of James Bond firearms

The Aston Martin DB5 is probably the most famous and recognised Bond car

Exotic espionage equipment and vehicles are very popular elements of James Bond's literary and cinematic missions; these items often prove critically important to Bond removing obstacles to the success of his missions.

Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as From Russia with Love's booby-trapped attaché case; in Dr. No, Bond's sole gadgets were a Geiger counter and a wristwatch with a luminous (and radioactive) face. The gadgets, however, assumed a higher, spectacular profile in the 1964 film Goldfinger; its success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to 007. Some films, in the opinion of many critics and fans, have had excessive amounts of gadgets or extremely outlandish gadgets and vehicles; specifically, 1979's science fiction-oriented Moonraker and 2002's Die Another Day -- in which Bond's Aston Martin could actually become invisible, due to a technology Q refers to as adaptive camouflage. Since Moonraker, subsequent productions struggled with balancing gadget content against the story's capacities, without implying a technology-dependent man, to mixed results.

Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5 seen in Goldfinger, Thunderball, GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies and Casino Royale. The films have used a number of different Aston Martin DB5s on film and for publicity; one of them was sold in January 2006 at an auction in Arizona for $2,090,000 (USD) to an unnamed European collector. That specific car was originally sold for £5,000 in 1970.

In Fleming's books, Bond had a penchant for "battleship grey" Bentleys, while Gardner awarded the agent a modified Saab 900 Turbo nicknamed the Silver Beast and later a Bentley Mulsanne Turbo.

Bond's weapon of choice in the beginning of Dr. No is a Beretta in 6.35mm Browning caliber, also called "Lilliput", which was then replaced by the German made Walther PPK in 7.65mm Browning. The PPK was used until the ending of Tomorrow Never Dies, when Bond required extra fire power and upgraded to the Walther P99. He used the pistol in The World Is Not Enough and Die Another Day, and continued to use it in Casino Royale.

Trivia

Ian Fleming's opinions

• While initially sceptical about Connery being chosen to play Bond (at one point dismissing him as an "overgrown stuntman"), Fleming liked his portrayal so much that he eventually added background to the character in the novels so that Bond's father was Scottish.
• Accounts vary wildly in regards to which actor was Fleming's initial choice for the film version of his creation. Sources have suggested that the author favoured Roger Moore, James Mason, and Cary Grant, among others.

The Bond actor

• U.S. actors have been engaged to play Bond on two occasions, and approached several other times. Adam West was offered the chance to appear in On Her Majesty's Secret Service when Connery chose not to return, but turned it down. John Gavin was hired in 1970 to replace Lazenby, but Connery was lured back and he appeared in Diamonds Are Forever instead. Burt Reynolds was also asked in the early 1970s to replace Connery after Diamonds Are Forever, but turned it down. James Brolin was contracted in 1983 to replace Moore, and was preparing to shoot Octopussy when the producers convinced Moore to return. Several other American actors, including Robert Wagner, were offered the role only to decline it. To date, the only American to play the role is Barry Nelson, unofficially with the Americanised version of the character in the 1954 TV adaptation of Casino Royale. Irish actor Patrick McGoohan was also offered the role of James Bond.
• Dalton was originally contracted for three films, with the third film planned for release in 1991. Legal wrangling over ownership of the Bond franchise, however, led to a delay until 1994. Rumours persist that Dalton's third film was to have been titled The Property of a Lady; however, the story treatment and draft screenplays were titled simply as Bond 17.
• Pierce Brosnan is the only actor so far who has not starred in a Bond film named after one of Ian Fleming's novels.

Film titles and opening credits

• Five Ian Fleming titles have thus far never been used as film titles: The Property of a Lady, Quantum of Solace, Risico, The Hildebrand Rarity, and 007 in New York.
• Five Bond films have opening themes that do not mention the name of the film in the lyrics: the musical medley that opens Dr. No, the instrumental themes to From Russia With Love and On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and "All Time High" and "You Know My Name", the opening songs from Octopussy and the 2006 version of Casino Royale, respectively.

Locations

• Both Thunderball (1965) and Casino Royale (2006) were filmed at the casino resort on Paradise Island in the Bahamas.
• The Man With The Golden Gun (1974) was filmed in Bangkok and Phang Nga Bay in Thailand. The island in Pha Nga which is featured in the movie is a popular tourist destination, and has been nicknamed "James Bond Island" due to this association.

Other

• German disco group Dschinghis Khan performed a song called "James Bond' on their 1982 album Helden, Schurken und der Dudelmoser.
• English rock group Placebo performed a song called "Miss Moneypenny" on their 1997 single "Nancy Boy"
• Swiss rock group tunnelkid performed a song called "007“ on their 2006 album "hang me now or shoot me later"
• Swiss rock group blotch performed a song called "Roger Moore" on their 2004 album "passion, love and hurt"
• Desmond Dekker & the Aces had a UK Top 10 hit with the single "007" in 1967.
• On their second album "More Specials"# released in 1980, The Specials closed side 1 with the track "Sock It To 'Em, J.B." Taking the song title at face value, the obvious musical JB inspiration is James Brown. However as the lyric name checks all the pre-1980 movies, inspiration for the track lies elsewhere.

References

General references

• Benson, Raymond (1984). The James Bond Bedside Companion. Dodd, Mead. ISBN 1-4011-0284-0.
• Chapman, James (1999). Licence To Thrill: A Cultural History Of The James Bond Films. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-387-6.
• Cork, John (2002). James Bond: The Legacy. Boxtree/Macmillan. ISBN 0-8109-3296-2.
• Lindner, Christoph (2003). The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6541-0.
• Fleurier, Nicolas (2006). James Bond & Indiana Jones. Action figures. Histoire & Collections. ISBN 2-35250-005-2.
• Winder, Simon (2006). The Man Who Saved Britain. Picador. ISBN 0-330-43954-5.
• "Charlie Higson interview with CommanderBond.net". The Charlie Higson CBn Interview. Retrieved February 23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• Bond franchise Box Office numbers [1], Casino Royale Box Office numbers (1967), Box Office numbers + Inflation
• Inside Camp X by Lynn Philip Hodgson, with a foreword by Secret Agent 'Andy Durovecz (2003) - ISBN 0-9687062-0-7

See also

• Inspirations for James Bond
• James Bond (novels)
• James Bond Pun
• All things Bond in Wikipedia
• MI6.co.uk
• 9007 James Bond (Asteroid named after the character)

External links

Official sites

• James Bond Official Website
• Ian Fleming Publications Official Website
• Miss Moneypenny's Rolodex
• Young Bond Official Website

Fan sites

• 007 Bond Supplement
• 007 Magazine
• 007James.com
• Absolutely James Bond
• BondMovies.com
• Bondpedia - the James Bond encyclopedia. Wiki-based James Bond encyclopedia.
• CommanderBond.net
• 30 Commando Assault Unit - Ian Fleming's 'Red Indians'
• Double-Oh-Wiki - a wiki resource with information about the James Bond books, movies and games.
• MI6.co.uk
• Universal Exports - The Home of James Bond, 007