Sonny Rollins

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Sonny Rollins
Rollins performing in October 2011
Rollins performing in October 2011
Background information
Birth nameWalter Theodore Rollins
Also known asNewk, Colossus
Born (1930-09-07) September 7, 1930 (age 93)
New York City, New York, United States
GenresJazz, hard bop
Occupation(s)Musician, composer, bandleader
Instrument(s)Tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone
Years activeLate 1940s – present
LabelsPrestige, Blue Note, Contemporary, RCA Victor, Impulse!, Milestone, Doxy
Websitesonnyrollins.com

Walter Theodore[1][2] "Sonny" Rollins (born September 7, 1930)[3] is an American jazz tenor saxophonist, widely recognized as one of the most important and influential jazz musicians.[3] In a six-decade career, he has recorded at least sixty albums as leader, and a number of his compositions, including "St. Thomas", "Oleo", "Doxy", "Pent-Up House", and "Airegin", have become jazz standards.

Early life

Rollins was born in New York City to parents from the United States Virgin Islands.[4] The youngest of three siblings, he grew up in central Harlem and on Sugar Hill,[5] receiving his first alto saxophone at the age of seven or eight.[6] He attended Edward W. Stitt Junior High School and graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School in East Harlem.[7] He has said that a concert by Frank Sinatra at his high school, accompanied by a plea for racial harmony, changed his life.[8] Rollins started as a pianist, changed to alto saxophone, and finally switched to tenor in 1946. During his high school years, he played in a band with other future jazz legends Jackie McLean, Kenny Drew, and Art Taylor.

Later life and career

1949–56

After graduating from high school in 1947, Rollins began performing professionally; he made his first recordings in early 1949 as a sideman with the bebop singer Babs Gonzales (J. J. Johnson was the arranger of the group). Within the next few months, he began to make a name for himself, recording with Johnson and appearing under the leadership of pianist Bud Powell on a seminal "hard bop" session.

In early 1950, Rollins was arrested for armed robbery and spent ten months in Rikers Island jail before being released on parole; in 1952, he was re-arrested for violating the terms of his parole by using heroin. Between 1951 and 1953, he recorded with Miles Davis, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Charlie Parker, and Thelonious Monk. A breakthrough arrived in 1954 when he recorded his famous compositions "Oleo", "Airegin", and "Doxy" with a quintet led by Davis that also featured pianist Horace Silver.

In 1955, Rollins entered the Federal Medical Center, Lexington, at the time the only assistance in the U.S. for drug addicts.[9] While there, he volunteered for then-experimental methadone therapy and was able to break his heroin habit, after which he lived for a time in Chicago, briefly rooming with the trumpeter Booker Little.[10] Rollins initially feared sobriety would impair his musicianship, but then went on to greater success.

Rollins briefly joined the Miles Davis Quintet in the summer of 1955.[11][12] Later that year, he joined the Clifford Brown–Max Roach quintet; studio albums documenting his time in the band are Clifford Brown and Max Roach at Basin Street and Sonny Rollins Plus 4. After the deaths of Brown and the band's pianist, Richie Powell, in a June 1956 automobile accident, Rollins continued playing with Roach and began releasing albums under his own name on Prestige Records, Blue Note, Riverside, and the Los Angeles label Contemporary.

His widely acclaimed album Saxophone Colossus was recorded on June 22, 1956, at Rudy Van Gelder's studio in New Jersey, with Tommy Flanagan on piano, former Jazz Messengers bassist Doug Watkins, and his favorite drummer, Roach. This was Rollins's sixth recording as a leader and it included his best-known composition "St. Thomas", a Caribbean calypso based on a tune sung to him by his mother in his childhood, as well as the fast bebop number "Strode Rode", and "Moritat" (the Kurt Weill composition also known as "Mack the Knife").[3]

Sonny Rollins "St. Thomas" (1956)
Improvisation from St. Thomas starting immediately after the melody
Problems playing this file? See media help.

In the solo for "St. Thomas", Rollins uses repetition of a rhythmic pattern, and variations of that pattern, covering only a few tones in a tight range, and employing staccato and semi-detached notes. This is interrupted by a sudden flourish, utilizing a much wider range before returning to the former pattern. (Listen to the music sample.) In his book The Jazz Style of Sonny Rollins, David N. Baker explains that Rollins "very often uses rhythm for its own sake. He will sometimes improvise on a rhythmic pattern instead of on the melody or changes."[13] Another solo on Saxophone Colossus, "Blue 7", was analyzed in depth by the composer and critic Gunther Schuller in a 1958 article.[14]

In 1956 he married the actress and model Dawn Finney.[5]

In 1956 he also recorded Tenor Madness, using Davis's group – pianist Red Garland, bassist Paul Chambers, and drummer Philly Joe Jones. The title track is the only recording of Rollins with John Coltrane, who was also a member of Davis's group.[3]

At the end of the year Rollins appeared as a sideman on Thelonious Monk's album Brilliant Corners and also recorded his own first album for Blue Note Records, entitled Sonny Rollins, Volume One, with Donald Byrd on trumpet, Wynton Kelly on piano, Gene Ramey on bass, and Roach on drums.

1957–spring 1959

In 1957, Rollins pioneered the use of bass and drums, without piano, as accompaniment for his saxophone solos,[15] a texture that came to be known as "strolling." Two early tenor/bass/drums trio recordings are Way Out West and A Night at the Village Vanguard. Way Out West was so named because it was recorded for California-based Contemporary Records (with Los Angeles drummer Shelly Manne), and because it included country and western songs such as "Wagon Wheels" and "I'm an Old Cowhand". The Village Vanguard album consists of two sets, a matinee with bassist Donald Bailey and drummer Pete LaRoca and an evening set with bassist Wilbur Ware and drummer Elvin Jones. Rollins used the trio format intermittently throughout his career, sometimes taking the unusual step of using his sax as a rhythm section instrument during bass and drum solos. Lew Tabackin cited Rollins's pianoless trio as an inspiration to lead his own.[15] Joe Henderson, David S. Ware, Joe Lovano, Branford Marsalis, and Joshua Redman have also led pianoless sax trios.[15]

While in Los Angeles in 1957, Rollins met alto saxophonist Ornette Coleman and the two of them practiced together.[16] Coleman, a pioneer of free jazz, stopped using a pianist in his own band two years later.

By this time, Rollins had become well known for taking relatively banal or unconventional songs (such as "There's No Business Like Show Business" on Work Time, "Toot, Toot, Tootsie, Goodbye" on The Sound of Sonny, and later "Sweet Leilani" on the Grammy-winning album This Is What I Do) and using them as vehicles for improvisation.

Sonny Rollins at the San Francisco Opera House Feb. 22, 1982.

1957's Newk's Time saw him working with a piano again, in this case Kelly, but one of the most highly regarded tracks is a saxophone/drum duet, "Surrey with the Fringe on Top" with Philly Joe Jones.[citation needed] Later in the same year he made his Carnegie Hall debut[17] and recorded again for Blue Note with Johnson on trombone, Horace Silver or Monk on piano and drummer Art Blakey (released as Sonny Rollins, Volume Two). That December, he and fellow tenor saxophonist Sonny Stitt were featured together on Dizzy Gillespie's album Sonny Side Up.

In 1958, he appeared in Art Kane's A Great Day in Harlem photograph of jazz musicians in New York;[18] as of 2016, he is one of only two surviving musicians from the photo (the other being Benny Golson).

The same year, Rollins recorded another landmark piece for saxophone, bass and drums trio: Freedom Suite. His original sleeve notes said, "How ironic that the Negro, who more than any other people can claim America's culture as his own, is being persecuted and repressed; that the Negro, who has exemplified the humanities in his very existence, is being rewarded with inhumanity."[19] The title track is a nineteen-minute improvised bluesy suite; the other side of the album features hard bop workouts of popular show tunes. Oscar Pettiford and Max Roach provided bass and drums, respectively. The LP was available only briefly in its original form, before the record company repackaged it as Shadow Waltz, the title of another piece on the record.

Following Sonny Rollins and the Big Brass (Sonny Rollins Brass/Sonny Rollins Trio), Rollins made one more studio album in 1958, Sonny Rollins and the Contemporary Leaders, before taking a three-year break from recording. This was a session for Contemporary Records and saw Rollins recording an esoteric mixture of tunes including "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" with a West Coast group made up of pianist Hampton Hawes, guitarist Barney Kessel, bassist Leroy Vinnegar and drummer Manne.

In 1959 he toured Europe for the first time, performing in Sweden, Holland, Germany, and France.[20]

Summer 1959–fall 1961: The Bridge

By 1959, Rollins had become frustrated with what he perceived as his own musical limitations and took the first – and most famous – of his musical sabbaticals.[21] While living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, he ventured to the pedestrian walkway of the Williamsburg Bridge to practice, in order to avoid disturbing a neighboring expectant mother.[22] In the summer of 1961, the journalist Ralph Berton happened to pass by the saxophonist on the bridge one day and published an article in Metronome magazine about the occurrence.[23] During this period, Rollins became a dedicated practitioner of yoga.[24]

Winter 1961–1969: Musical explorations

In November 1961, Rollins returned to the jazz scene with a residency at the Jazz Gallery in Greenwich Village; in March, 1962, he appeared on Ralph Gleason's television series, Jazz Casual.[25] During the 1960s, he lived in Brooklyn, New York.

He named his 1962 "comeback" album The Bridge at the start of a contract with RCA Records. Produced by George Avakian, the disc was recorded with a quartet featuring guitarist Jim Hall, Ben Riley on drums, and bassist Bob Cranshaw.[26] This became one of Rollins's best-selling records; in 2015 it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[27]

Rollins's contract with RCA lasted through 1964 and saw him remain one of the most adventurous musicians around. Each album he recorded differed radically from the previous one. The 1962 disc What's New? explored Latin rhythms. On the album Our Man in Jazz, recorded live at The Village Gate, he explored avant-garde playing with a quartet that featured Cranshaw on bass, Billy Higgins on drums and Don Cherry on cornet. He also played with a tenor saxophone hero, Coleman Hawkins, on Sonny Meets Hawk!, and he re-examined jazz standards and Great American Songbook melodies on Now's the Time and The Standard Sonny Rollins (which featured pianist Herbie Hancock).

In 1963, he made the first of many tours of Japan.[28]

In 2007, recordings from a 1965 residency at Ronnie Scott's were released by the Harkit label as Live in London; they offer a very different picture of Rollins' playing from the studio albums of the period.[29] (These are unauthorized releases, and Rollins has responded by "bootlegging" them himself and releasing them on his website.)

Upon signing with Impulse! Records, he released a soundtrack to the 1966 film Alfie, as well as There Will Never Be Another You and Sonny Rollins on Impulse! After East Broadway Run Down (1966), which featured trumpeter Freddie Hubbard, bassist Jimmy Garrison, and drummer Elvin Jones, Rollins did not release another studio album for six years.

In 1968, he was the subject of a television documentary, directed by Dick Fontaine, entitled Who is Sonny Rollins?[30]

1969–71: Second sabbatical

In 1969, Rollins took another two-year sabbatical from public performance. During this hiatus period, he visited Jamaica for the first time and spent several months studying yoga, meditation, and Eastern philosophies at an ashram in Powai, India, a district of Mumbai.[31]

1971–2000

Sonny Rollins

He returned from his second sabbatical with a performance in Kongsberg, Norway, in 1971.[32] Reviewing a March 1972 performance at New York's Village Vanguard night club, the New Yorker critic Whitney Balliett wrote that Rollins "had changed again. He had become a whirlwind. His runs roared, and there were jarring staccato passages and furious double-time spurts. He seemed to be shouting and gesticulating on his horn, as if he were waving his audience into battle."[33] The same year, he released Next Album and moved to Germantown, New York.[34] Also in 1972, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in composition.[35]

During the 1970s and 1980s, he also became drawn to R&B, pop, and funk rhythms. Some of his bands during this period featured electric guitar, electric bass, and usually more pop- or funk-oriented drummers.

In 1974, Rollins added jazz bagpiper Rufus Harley to his band;[36] the group was filmed performing live at Ronnie Scott's in London.[37] For most of this period he was recorded by producer Orrin Keepnews for Milestone Records (the compilation Silver City: A Celebration of 25 Years on Milestone contains a selection from these years).[38] In 1978 he, McCoy Tyner, Ron Carter, and Al Foster toured together as the Milestone Jazzstars.[39]

It was also during this period that Rollins' passion for unaccompanied saxophone solos came to the forefront. In 1979 he played unaccompanied on The Tonight Show[40] and in 1985 he released The Solo Album, recorded live at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.[41] He also frequently played long, extemporaneous unaccompanied cadenzas during performances with his band.

By the 1980s, Rollins had stopped playing small nightclubs and was appearing mainly in concert halls or outdoor arenas; through the late 1990s he occasionally performed at large New York rock clubs such as Tramps and The Bottom Line. In 1981, he was asked to play uncredited on three tracks by the Rolling Stones for their album Tattoo You, including the single, "Waiting on a Friend".[42] That November, he led a saxophone masterclass on French television.[43] In 1983, he was honored as a "Jazz Master" by the National Endowment for the Arts.[44]

In 1986, documentary filmmaker Robert Mugge released a film titled Saxophone Colossus. It featured two Rollins performances: a quintet performance at Opus 40 in upstate New York and his Concerto for Saxophone and Symphony with the Yomiuri Shimbun Orchestra in Japan.

New York City Hall proclaimed November 13, 1995, to be "Sonny Rollins Day."[45]

In 1997, he was voted "Jazz Artist of the Year" in the Down Beat magazine critics' poll.[46]

2001–present

Rollins at Newport in 2008

Critics such as Gary Giddins and Stanley Crouch have noted the disparity between Rollins the recording artist, and Rollins the concert artist. In a May 2005 New Yorker profile, Crouch wrote of Rollins the concert artist:

Over and over, decade after decade, from the late seventies through the eighties and nineties, there he is, Sonny Rollins, the saxophone colossus, playing somewhere in the world, some afternoon or some eight o'clock somewhere, pursuing the combination of emotion, memory, thought, and aesthetic design with a command that allows him to achieve spontaneous grandiloquence. With its brass body, its pearl-button keys, its mouthpiece, and its cane reed, the horn becomes the vessel for the epic of Rollins' talent and the undimmed power and lore of his jazz ancestors.

Rollins won a 2001 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album for This Is What I Do (2000).[47] On September 11, 2001, the 71-year-old Rollins, who lived several blocks away, heard the World Trade Center collapse, and was forced to evacuate his apartment, with only his saxophone in hand. Although he was shaken, he traveled to Boston five days later to play a concert at the Berklee School of Music. The live recording of that performance was released on CD in 2005 as Without a Song: The 9/11 Concert, which won the 2006 Grammy for Jazz Instrumental Solo for Rollins' performance of "Why Was I Born?"[47]

Rollins was presented with a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement in 2004; that year also saw the death of his wife, Lucille.[47]

In 2006, Rollins went on to complete a Down Beat Readers Poll triple win for: "Jazzman of the Year", "#1 Tenor Sax Player", and "Recording of the Year" for the CD Without a Song: The 9/11 Concert. The band that year featured his nephew, trombonist Clifton Anderson, and included bassist Cranshaw, pianist Stephen Scott, percussionist Kimati Dinizulu, and drummer Perry Wilson.

Sonny Rollins at Stockholm Jazz Fest 2009

After a successful Japanese tour Rollins returned to the recording studio for the first time in five years to record the Grammy-nominated CD Sonny, Please (2006). The CD title is derived from one of his wife's favorite phrases. The album was released on Rollins' own label, Doxy Records, following his departure from Milestone Records after many years and was produced by Anderson. Rollins' band at this time, and on this album, included Cranshaw, guitarist Bobby Broom, drummer Steve Jordan and Dinizulu.

During these years, Rollins regularly toured worldwide, playing major venues throughout Europe, South America, the Far East, and Australasia. On September 18, 2007, he performed at Carnegie Hall in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of his first performance there. Appearing with him were Anderson (trombone), Bobby Broom (guitar), Cranshaw (bass), Dinizulu (percussion), Roy Haynes (drums) and Christian McBride (bass).[48]

Around 2000, Rollins began recording many of his live performances; since then, he has archived recordings of over two hundred and fifty concerts.[49] To date, three albums have been released from these archives on Doxy Records and Okeh Records: Road Shows, Vol. 1, Road Shows, Vol. 2 (with four tracks documenting his 80th birthday concert, which included Rollins's first ever appearance with Ornette Coleman on the twenty-minute "Sonnymoon for Two"), and Road Shows, Vol. 3. A fourth volume, entitled Holding the Stage, is scheduled for release in April 2016.[50]

In 2010 Rollins was awarded the National Medal of Arts[51] and the Edward MacDowell Medal.[52] The following year he was the subject of another documentary by Dick Fontaine, entitled Beyond the Notes.[53]

In 2013, Rollins moved to Woodstock, New York.[54] That spring, he made a guest television appearance on The Simpsons[55] and received an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Juilliard School in New York City.[56]

In 2014 he was the subject of a Dutch television documentary entitled Sonny Rollins-Morgen Speel ik Beter[57] and in October 2015, he received the Jazz Foundation of America's lifetime achievement award.[50]

Rollins has not performed in public since 2012.[58]

Influences

As a saxophonist he had initially been attracted to the jump and R&B sounds of performers like Louis Jordan, but soon became drawn into the mainstream tenor saxophone tradition. Joachim Berendt has described this tradition as sitting between the two poles of the strong sonority of Coleman Hawkins and the light flexible phrasing of Lester Young, which did so much to inspire the fleet improvisation of bebop in the 1950s.[59] Other tenor saxophone influences include Ben Webster and Don Byas. By his mid-teens, Rollins became heavily influenced by alto saxophonist Charlie Parker.[60] During his high school years, he was mentored by the pianist and composer Thelonious Monk, often rehearsing at Monk's apartment.[61]

Instruments

Rollins has played, at various times, a Selmer Mark VI[62] tenor saxophone and a Buescher Aristocrat.[63] During the 1970s he recorded on soprano saxophone for the album Easy Living. His preferred mouthpieces are made by Otto Link and Berg Larsen.[64] He uses Frederick Hemke medium reeds.[62]

Discography

Main article: Sonny Rollins discography

Decorations and awards

References

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  8. ^ Megan Abott (February 1, 2012). "Where Lupo the Wolf Goes for Dinner". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
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  10. ^ Isaacs, Deanna. "How Sonny Defeated the Dragon | Feature". Chicago Reader. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
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  12. ^ Lewis Porter. John Coltrane: His Life and Music. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1999. ISBN 0-472-10161-7, p. 98.
  13. ^ Baker, David N (1983). The Jazz Style of Sonny Rollins: A Musical and Historical Perspective. Alfred Music (Van Nuys, CA). ISBN 978-0769230740. p. 14.
  14. ^ Gunther Schuller. "Sonny Rollins and the Challenge of Thematic Improvisation" (PDF). Jazzstudiesonline.org. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  15. ^ a b c Ratliff, Ben. "Sonny Rollins Strips for Action." New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast). Sep 16 2007. ProQuest. Web. 13 Aug. 2014.
  16. ^ "Sonny Rollins: Hardy Perennial". Allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
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  19. ^ Bowden, Marshall. "Freedom Suite Revisited". Archived from the original on April 13, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  20. ^ John Fordham. "Sonny Rollins Trio: Live in Europe 1959 – review | Music". The Guardian. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  21. ^ "Sabbatical". The New Yorker. November 18, 1961. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  22. ^ [1] Template:Wayback
  23. ^ BEugene Chadbourne. "Ralph Berton | Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  24. ^ Jones, Josh (October 8, 2015). "Sonny Rollins Describes How 50 Years of Practicing Yoga Made Him a Better Musician". Open Culture. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  25. ^ "Jazz Casual: Sonny Rollins - Sonny Rollins | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. October 19, 1999. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  26. ^ Watrous, Peter (April 12, 1991). "Pop/Jazz - Sonny Rollins and Pals In a Carnegie Reunion". NYTimes.com. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  27. ^ "Sonny Rollins "The Bridge" included in 2015 Grammy Hall of Fame". OKeh Records. February 18, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  28. ^ "Sonny Rollins: The Cutting Edge - Richard Palmer - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  29. ^ Brent, David (May 5, 2007). "Sonny Rollins: Live in London | Night Lights Classic Jazz - WFIU Public Radio". Indianapublicmedia.org. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  30. ^ Ruggiero, Bob (June 19, 2014). "Jazz on Film: Sixties Jazz Films by Dick Fontaine". Houston Press. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  31. ^ "Saxophone colossus Sonny Rollins in Powai". Taj Mahal Foxtrot. June 3, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  32. ^ "NRK TV - Sonny Rollins i Kongsberg - 05.08.1971". Tv.nrk.no. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  33. ^ Whiney Balliett, Collected Works: A Journal of Jazz 1954-2001 St. Martin's Press, 2001, p. 762
  34. ^ "Sonny Rollins on His New Home, in the Key of E | House Call WSJ Mansion". WSJ. April 25, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  35. ^ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Sonny Rollins". Gf.org. October 31, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  36. ^ John Fordham. "Obituary: Rufus Harley | US news". The Guardian. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  37. ^ "BBC Four - Arena, Sonny Rollins '74: Rescued!". Bbc.co.uk. May 26, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  38. ^ "Jazz Departments: Orrin Keepnews: A Certain Integrity - By Sonny Rollins — Jazz Articles". Jazztimes.com. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  39. ^ Scott Yanow. "Milestone Jazzstars in Concert - Milestone Jazzstars | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  40. ^ "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson : Episode dated 24 September 1979". IMDb.com. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  41. ^ "Sonny Rollins : Summergarden" (PDF). Moma.org. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  42. ^ Janowitz, Bill. "Waiting on a Friend". Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  43. ^ "Sonny Rollins - Vidéo" (in French). Ina.fr. November 29, 1981. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  44. ^ "NEA Jazz Masters | NEA". Arts.gov. August 9, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  45. ^ "The Pop Life". NYTimes.com. November 16, 1995. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  46. ^ "DownBeat Magazine". Downbeat.com. August 31, 1997. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  47. ^ a b c GRAMMY Award Winners accessed September 29, 2009
  48. ^ "Events". Carnegie Hall. January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  49. ^ "DownBeat Magazine". Downbeat.com. January 5, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  50. ^ a b "Sonny Rollins to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award from the Jazz Foundation of America | JazzCorner.com News". Jazzcorner.com. October 15, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  51. ^ "National Medal of Arts | NEA". Arts.gov. March 2, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  52. ^ "The MacDowell Colony : LEGENDARY JAZZ COMPOSER SONNY ROLLINS NAMED 2010 EDWARD MacDOWELL MEDALIST" (PDF). Macdowellcolony.org. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  53. ^ "Doc lion Dick Fontaine on filming jazz great Sonny Rollins | The Ask". Musicfilmweb.com. July 11, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  54. ^ "Sonny Rollins on His New Home, in the Key of E | House Call WSJ Mansion". WSJ. April 25, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  55. ^ Start, Author (October 12, 2012). "Sonny Rollins to Guest Star on The Simpsons". The Jazz Line. Retrieved November 13, 2015. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  56. ^ a b "7 to Be Presented With Honorary Degrees" Juilliard School. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
  57. ^ "Het Uur van de Wolf: Het Uur van de Wolf: Sonny Rollins - Morgen speel ik beter kijk je op". Npo.nl. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  58. ^ "Sonny Rollins Cancels June and July Shows". Jazz.fm. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  59. ^ Berendt, Joachim (1976). The Jazz Book. Paladin. p. 229.
  60. ^ "In Conversation with Sonny Rollins – Jazz.com | Jazz Music – Jazz Artists – Jazz News". Jazz.com. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  61. ^ Robin Kelley. "Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original". Books.google.com. p. 118. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  62. ^ a b Bret Primack (January 20, 1949). "Jazz Articles: Sonny Rollins: Summoning the Muse". Jazztimes.com. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  63. ^ "A Tale of Some Saxophones - Miscellaneous Music - organissimo forums". Organissimo.org. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  64. ^ "FAQ". Sonny Rollins. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  65. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1919. Retrieved January 2, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  66. ^ "President Obama to Award 2010 National Medal of Arts and National Humanities Medal | The White House". Whitehouse.gov. March 1, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  67. ^ "Artist : Sonny Rollins – Festival International de Jazz de Montréal". Montrealjazzfest.com. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  68. ^ Steinberger, Barbara (April 20, 2015) "Commencement Speakers Will Bring a Global Perspective". Unotes Daily.

Further reading

  • Blancq, Charles. Sonny Rollins: The Journey of a Jazzman. Boston: Twayne, 1983.
  • Blumenthal, Bob, and John Abbott. Saxophone Colossus: A Portrait of Sonny Rollins. New York: Abrams, 2010.
  • Broecking, Christian. Sonny Rollins: Improvisation und Protest. Creative People Books / Broecking Verlag, 2010.
  • Nisenson, Eric. Open Sky, Sonny Rollins and his World of Improvisation. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.
  • Palmer, Richard. Sonny Rollins: The Cutting Edge. New York: Bloomsbury, 2004.
  • Wilson, Peter Niklas. Sonny Rollins: The Definitive Musical Guide. Berkeley: Berkeley Hills Books, 2001.

External links

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