2K11 Krug
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| 2K11 Krug NATO reporting name: SA-4 "Ganef" | |
|---|---|
 2K11 TEL in transit | |
| Type | Transportable SAM system |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1965-present 1965- 1990s (USSR) |
| Used by | See list of operators |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Lyulev Novator |
| Designed | 1957 |
| Manufacturer | MZiK |
| Variants | Krug, Krug-A, Krug-M, Krug-M1, Krug-M2, Krug-M3[clarification needed] |
| Specifications (2K11 Krug[1]) | |
| Mass | 28,200 kg |
| Length | 7.5 m (9.46 m with missiles) |
| Width | 3.2 m |
| Height | 4.472 m (with missiles) |
| Crew | 3 to 5 |
| Armour | 15 mm |
| Engine | V59 V-12 water-cooled diesel 520 hp |
| Power/weight | 17.33 hp/t |
| Ground clearance | 0.44 m |
| Fuel capacity | 850 litres |
Operational range | 780 km |
| Maximum speed | 35 km/h |
The 2K11 Krug (Russian: 2К11 «Круг»; English: circle) is a Soviet and now Russian medium-range, medium-to-high altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. The system was designed by NPO Novator and produced by Kalinin Machine Building Plant. Its GRAU designation is "2K11." Its NATO reporting name is SA-4 Ganef, after a word of Yiddish origin meaning "thief" or "rascal."
Development and service
Development of the Krug ZRK-SD (2K11) air defense system started in 1957 by the Lyulev OKB design bureau. It was first displayed during a parade in Moscow in May 1965. The system started to be fielded in 1967 and became fully operational in 1969. It was used by the Russian Army as a long-range SAM.
The early version of the Krug entered service in 1965. The first operational deployment version, the Krug-A, entered service in 1967, with extensively modified versions, the Krug-M in 1971 and the Krug-M1 in 1974, which were developed to rectify problems discovered during army service.[1] The upgraded version Krug-M was fielded in 1971 and the Krug-M1 in 1974. A target drone called 9M316M Virazh, developed from obsolete Krug missiles, was proposed for export in 1994.[2][3]
The 2K11 was briefly operated by the Soviet army during the war in Afghanistan in 1979 and 1980, but was withdrawn several months after the initial invasion.[4] In 1997, it was reported[2] that, between 1993 and 1996, some 27 fire units of Krug and 349 missiles had been sold to Armenia. Poland flight tested four missiles in September 2006 against P-15 Termit (SS-N-2 'Styx') targets.
Description
Vehicles
The TEL vehicles are tracked based on a GM-123 chassis and carry two missiles each on an elevating turntable for up to 360-degree rotation and 70-degree elevation. The two primary versions of the missile in service are the 9M8M1 (former designation 3M8M1) (2K11M "Krug-M") and 9M8M2 (former designation 3M8M2) (2K11M2/3 "Krug-M1"), both of which are believed to be known to the US DoD as SA-4B. The original 9M8 (former designation 3M8) (SA-4A) was first introduced into service in 1965 and followed by the upgraded 9M8M (2K11A "Krug-A") in 1967 before the 9M8M1 in 1971 and the 9M8M2 in 1973. The 9M8M2 actually has a lower maximum engagement altitude and shorter range in exchange for better performance in engaging aircraft close to the battery. Each battery typically consists of two 9M8M1 missiles and four 9M8M2 missiles as well as the following radars:
- P-40 "Long Track" (1S12) E-band early warning radar (also used by the SA-6 and SA-8, range 175 km/108 miles) (modified AT-Ts), in divisions command post
- 1S32 "Pat Hand" H-band continuous wave fire control and guidance radar (range 128 km/80 miles)
- PRW-9 "Thin Skin" E-band height finding radar (also used by the SA-6 and SA-8, range 240 km/148 miles), in regiments or brigades command post
Only "Long Track" is mounted on a modified AT-T vehicle, TEL 2P24 and "Pat Hand" 1S32 are mounted on GM-123/ GM-124. "Thin Skin" is mounted on a truck. Batteries may also feature Ural 375D trucks 2T6 carrying spare missiles for reloading the launchers.
Missile
| 9M8 | |
|---|---|
 TEL at Ukrainian Air Force Museum in Vinnitsa. | |
| Type | Surface-to-air missile |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Production history | |
| Variants | 3M8 (later 9M8) Krug, 9M8M Krug-M, 9M8M1 Krug-M1, 9M8M2 Krug-M2, 9M8M3 Krug-M3. |
| Specifications (9M331[1]) | |
| Mass | 2,453 kg |
| Length | 8.784 m |
| Diameter | 86 cm |
| Warhead | Frag-HE |
| Warhead weight | 150 kg |
Detonation mechanism | contact and proximity fuzes |
| Propellant | kerosene fuelled ramjet |
Operational range | 55 kilometres (34 mi) |
| Flight altitude | 24,500 metres (80,400 ft) |
| Boost time | four solid fuel booster rocket motors |
| Maximum speed | Mach 4 |
Guidance system | Radio command |
The missiles are launched with the aid of four solid fuel rocket motors inside boosters attached to the outside of the missile. Once they have burned and the missile is aloft, a liquid-fuelled ramjet sustainer engine is ignited. It reaches speeds of up to Mach 4 and has an effective range of 50–55 km (31–34 miles) depending upon the version. It carries a 135 kg (300 lb) fragmentation warhead. Possible engagement altitudes range from 100 m to 27 km (330-88,500 feet). The 3M8 missile was designed and produced by NPO Novator.[citation needed]
Optical tracking is possible for guidance in a heavy ECM environment.
Structure of Krug missile system
SAM- regiment with two SAM- divisions, SAM- brigade with three SAM- divisions. In each headquarter, brigade, regiment and division, is one command battery. Each SAM- division with three SAM- batteries.
- Self-propelled launch vehicle 2P24 on GM-123 base, three in each SAM- battery
- Rocket guidance station 1S32 on GM-124 base, one in each SAM- battery
- Target detection station 1S12 on modified AT-T base, one in each command battery
- Transporter-loader vehicle 2T6 on Ural truck base, one in each SAM- battery
Variants
- 2K11A Krug A
- 2K11M
- 2K11M1
- M-31 Krug M – naval
Operators
Current operators
Armenia 115[1]
Azerbaijan[1]
North Korea – 120
Syria – 40[5]
Turkmenistan – 30[1]
Kyrgyzstan – 12
Former operators
Bulgaria – 30,[1] in reserve
Czechoslovakia had 1 brigade. Phased out in early 1990s.
East Germany. Passed onto successor states.
Germany – Phased out during the 1990s
Georgia – Phased out in 2006.
Hungary had 1 regiment, 25. Phased out in middle 1990s.
Poland – 30.[1] Phased out in 2011.
Russia – 500 launchers (2007)[6] (phased out in 1990s) Missiles used as targets for training(Virazh/-M 9M316M)[7]
Soviet Union
Ukraine Phased out
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Almaz/Antei Concern of Air Defence – 2K11 Krug (SA-4 'Ganef') medium to high-altitude surface-to-air missile system". Jane's Information Group. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
- ^ a b "Krug (SA-4 'Ganef')". Jane's Information Group. 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
- ^ Boris Dukhov, Anatoly Shiroky, Building combat skills Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, Military Parade
- ^ Urban, Mark. War in Afghanistan, 43, 66.
- ^ Miller, David (2015-03-17). The Cold War: A Military History. ISBN 978-1-4668-9227-9.
- ^ "Missiles 2". Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-532.html
External links
- SA-4 Ganef at Global Security website
- SA-4 Ganef at Federation of American Scientists website
- Photos of Polish Krug at Vestnik PVO website
- 2K11 KRUG-M1 (SA-4B Ganef) Simulator
- Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union
- Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of the Soviet Union
- Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of Russia
- Science and technology in the Soviet Union
- Ramjet engines
- Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union
- Surface-to-air missiles of Russia
- NPO Novator products