Pashto dialects

Pashto dialects (Template:Lang-ps də Pəx̌tó žәbgóṭi) can be divided into two large varieties: Northern Pashto and Southern Pashto. Each of the two varieties of Pashto is further divided into a number of dialects. Northern Pashto is spoken in eastern and northeastern Afghanistan (including Kabul), and central, northern and eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including Peshawar); while Southern Pashto is spoken to the south of it, in southern and western Afghanistan (including Kandahar), southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan (including Quetta). Ethnologue divides Pashto into Northern, Southern and Central Pashto, and Wanetsi.

Overview

According to David Neil MacKenzie , a consonant shift took place in the northern parts of Pashtunistan in several phases in the medieval era. During the shift, the retroflex fricative ṣ̌ [ʂ] changed to x̌ [ç] or to x [x], while ẓ̌ [ʐ] changed to ǵ [ʝ] or to g [g]. This supported by the linguist Georg Morgenstierne's assertion that the Pashto script developed in the Northeast which had the phonology of a Southwestern Pashto in the 16th century. The shift was likely complete before the Pashto book Khayr al-Bayān was written by Bayazid Pir Roshan from Waziristan in 1651. According to Michael M. T. Henderson in Balochistan [Southeast]: the spilt ṣ̌ [ʂ] into š [ʃ] and ẓ̌ [ʐ] into ž [ʒ] may never have occurred in that they were always pronounced as š [ʃ] and ž [ʒ] there or that a split did occur.

Among the other Eastern Iranian languages outside Pashto, the Shughni (Khughni) and Yazgulyami branch of the Pamir languages also seem to have been affected from the ṣ̌ to x consonant shift. E.g. "meat": ɡuṣ̌t in Wakhi and ğwáṣ̌a in Southwestern Pashto, but changes to guxt in Shughni and ğwáxa in Northerneastern Pashto.

Classification

1. Southern variety

• Durrani dialect (or South Western dialect)
• Kakar dialect (or South Eastern dialect)
• Shirani dialect
• Marwat-Bettani dialect
• Wanetsi dialect
• Southern Karlani group

• Khattak dialect
• Banuchi dialect
• Dawarwola dialect
• Masidwola dialect
• Wazirwola dialect

2. Northern variety

• Central Ghilji dialect (or North Western dialect)
• Yusufzai dialect (or North Eastern dialect)
• Northern Karlani group

• Taniwola dialect
• Khosti dialect
• Zadran dialect
• Mangal dialect
• Afridi dialect
• Khogyani dialect
• Wardak dialect

Standards

Literary standard

Literary Pashto is the standardized variety of Pashto developed by Radio Television Afghanistan and Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan in Kabul. Its phonetics are based on the Northwestern Pashto dialect, spoken in the central Ghilji region. Its vocabulary also derives from Southern Pashto. It has adopted neologisms to coin new terms from already existing words or phrases and introduce them into the Pashto lexicon. Standard Pashto is learned in the curriculum that is taught in the primary schools in Afghanistan; also it is used for written and formal spoken purposes, and in the domains of media and government.

Regional standards

There are several regional standard forms of Pashto which have high prestige, and serve as a means of communication between the various tribal communities in those regions.

Central Pashto

Main article: Central Pashto

These dialects are referred to as the middle dialects also.

Southern regional standard

Main article: Southern Pashto

This compromises of the South Western and South Eastern dialects.

Southern Western Pashto, also called Kandahari Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto in southern and western Afghanistan.

A similar variety known as South Eastern is spoken in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Northern regional standard

Main article: Northern Pashto

This compromises of the North Western and North Eastern Dialects.

North Eastern Pashto, also called Eastern Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto, known as Yusufzai Dialect, it is spoken in central, northern, and eastern parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and in northeastern Afghanistan.

North Western Pashto is spoken, in eastern and northeastern Afghanistan, in the central Ghilji or Ghilzai region.

Waṇetsi

Main article: Wanetsi

It is the most distinct amongst the dialects of Pashto.

Phonetic differences

The differences between the standard varieties of Pashto are primarily phonological, and there are simple conversion rules. The morphological differences between the standard varieties are very few and unimportant. Two of the key phonemes whose pronunciation vary between the different Pashto dialects are ښ and ږ. The southern dialect of Kandahar is considered to be the most conservative with regards to phonology. It retains the original pronunciation of these two phonemes as voiceless and voiced retroflex sibilants, respectively, and does not merge them into other phonemes unlike the northern dialects.

The dialects spoken by the tribes from the Karlani confederacy of Pashtuns are lexicologically different and very varied. Moreover, the Karlani dialects have a tendency towards a change in the pronunciation of vowels. Depending on the particular dialect, the standard Pashto [a], [ā], [o], [u] may change into [ā], [â/å/o], [ȯ/ȫ/e], [i], respectively. In the Karlani dialects of Waziristan, Bannu, and Tani (southern Khost), which follow the vowel shift to the greatest extent, these four vowels normally change into [ā], [o], [e], [i], respectively.

The nine phonemes represented in the column headings below show key phonetic differences between the dialects. Five of them are consonants written in the Pashto alphabet, and four are vowels written in the Latin script; sounds are transcribed in the IPA:

Dialect	Location	ښ	ږ	څ	ځ	ژ	a	ā	o	u
Durrani (or Southern)	Southern and western Afghanistan, including Kandahar	[ʂ]	[ʐ]	[t͡s]	[d͡z]	[ʒ]	[a]	[ɑ]	[o]	[u]
Kakar (or Southeastern)	Northern Balochistan, including Quetta	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[t͡s]	[d͡z]	[ʒ, z]	[a]	[ɑ]	[o]	[u]
Shirani	Shirani and Darazinda	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[t͡s]	[z]	[z]	[a]	[ɑ]	[o]	[u]
Marwat-Bettani	Lakki Marwat, Jandola, Tank, and northern Dera Ismail Khan	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[t͡ʃ]	[d͡ʒ]	[z]	[a]	[ɑ]	[o]	[u]
Wanetsi	Harnai and Sanjawi	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[t͡s, t͡ʃ]	[z, d͡ʒ]	[z]	[a]	[ɑ]	[o]	[u]
Khattak	Karak, eastern Kohat, and southwestern Nowshera	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[t͡s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[ɔ]	[ɤ]	[u]
Banuchi	Bannu , Mir Ali , Baka Khel , Jani Khel	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[o]	[e]	[i]
Dawarwola	Tochi in North Waziristan	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[t͡s, s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[o]	[e]	[i]
Masidwola	From Janimela, South Waziristan to Shuidar Ghar (south of Razmak), North Waziristan	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[t͡ʃ]	[d͡ʒ]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[o]	[e]	[i]
Wazirwola	Darweshkhel Wazir areas in South Waziristan, North Waziristan, and Domel	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[t͡s, s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[o]	[e]	[i]
Taniwola	Tani, Gurbuz, and Mandozayi, in southern Khost	[x]	[ɡ]	[t͡s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[o]	[e]	[i]
Khosti	Central and northern Khost	[x]	[ɡ]	[t͡s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[ɒ]	[ɵ]	[u]
Zadran	The Zadran Arc in southern Paktia, northeastern Paktika, and southwestern Khost	[ç]	[ʝ]	[t͡s]	[d͡z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[o]	[o, e]	[u, i]
Bangash-Orakzai-Turi-Zazi-Mangal	Kurram, eastern Paktia, northeastern Khost, Orakzai, Hangu, and northwestern Kohat	[x]	[ɡ]	[t͡s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[ɔ]	[ɤ]	[u]
Afridi	Central and southern Khyber and Darra Adamkhel	[x]	[ɡ]	[t͡s]	[z]	[ʒ, d͡ʒ]	[ɑ]	[ɔ]	[ɤ]	[u]
Khogyani	Khogyani, Sherzad, and Pachir aw Agam, in southwestern Nangarhar	[x]	[ɡ]	[t͡s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ɑ]	[ɒ]	[ɵ]	[u]
Wardak	Chaki Wardak, Saydabad, Jaghatu, and Jilga, in central and southern Maidan Wardak	[ç]	[ʝ]	[t͡s]	[d͡z]	[ʒ, z]	[ɑ]	[ɒ]	[ɵ]	[u]
Central Ghilji (or Northwestern)	Central Ghilji region (Sharana, Qalat, southern Ghazni, etc.)	[ç]	[g]	[t͡s]	[z]	[ʒ, z]	[a]	[ɑ]	[o]	[u]
Northern (or Eastern)	Eastern and northeastern Afghanistan, and northern FATA (Kabul, Jalalabad, Kunar, Kunduz, Bajaur, etc.)	[x]	[ɡ]	[t͡s]	[z]	[ʒ]	[a]	[ɑ]	[o]	[u]
Yusufzai Mohmand - Ghoryakhel (Central, Eastern and Northeastern)	Central, northern, and eastern Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar, Dir, Swat, Swabi, Hazara etc.)	[x]	[ɡ]	[s]	[z]	[d͡ʒ]	[a]	[ɑ]	[o]	[u]

• Dialects belonging to the southern non-Karlani variety, the southern Karlani variety, the northern Karlani variety, and the northern non-Karlani variety, respectively, are color-coded.

Dialectal Vocabulary

Vocabulary can also be specific to a particular dialect of Pashto.

Special Vocabulary

Dialects can also have special vocabulary:

	Dialect	Meaning	Standard Pashto
ديګول ḍigwә́l	Banisi	nest	جاله / ځاله dzā́la / jā́la
دوګول ḍugwә́l	Marwat
رېبون rebún	Waṇetsi	shirt	خت / کميس kamís / xat
پورور purwár	Waṇetsi	nourishment	Arabic borrowings used

Derivative Vocabulary

These can be classed as deriving from "standard" Pashto

	Dialect	Derived	Standard Pashto	Meaning
وېړکی wéṛkay	Wazirwola	ووړکی wóṛkay	هلک halə́k	boy
باچخه bāčə́xa	some Yusapzai	باچا bāčā́	ملکه maláka	queen
ږغ ʐağ	Kandahar		غږ ğaǵ	sound, voice, call
يره yára	Yusapazai		وېره wéra	fear

Lexical comparison

English gloss	Kandahar	Quetta	Harnai	Lakki Marwat	Karak	Bannu Miramshah	Wana	Tani	Parachinar Bangash	Jamrud	Kaga Khogyani	Chaki Wardak	Sharana	Kabul	Peshawar	Pashto lexeme
Pashto	Paṣ̌to	Pašto	Pašto	Pašto	Pāštȫ	Pāšte	Pāšte	Pāxte	Pāxtȯ	Pāxtȫ	Pāxtȯ	Pāx̌tȯ	Pax̌to	Puxto	Puxto	پښتو
four	tsalor	tsalor	tsalor	čalor	tsālȫr	sāler	tsālwer	tsāler	tsālȯr	tsālwȫr	tsālȯr	tsālȯr	tsalor	tsalor	salor	څلور
six	špaẓ̌	špaž	špož	špaž	špež	špež	špež	špeg	špeg	špeg	špeg	špeǵ	špaǵ	špag	špag	شپږ
woman	ṣ̌ədza	šədza	šəza	šəǰa	šəzā	šəzā	šəzā	xəzā	x̌əzā	xəzā	x̌əzā	x̌ədzā	x̌ədza	xəza	xəza	ښځه
father	plār	plār	piyār	plār	plår	plor	plor	plor	plâr	plår	plâr	plâr	plār	plār	plār	پلار
many	ḍer zyāt	ḍer zyāt	tsaṭ	ḍer zyāt	ḍer zyåt	pirā zyot	rəṭ zyot	rəṭ zyot	ḍer zyât	ḍer zyåt	ḍer zyât	ḍer zyât	ḍer zyāt	ḍer zyāt	ḍer zyāt	ډېر زيات
few	ləẓ̌	ləž	ləž	ləž	ləž	ləški	ləški	ləg	ləg	ləg	ləg	ləǵ	ləǵ	ləg	ləg	لږ
how	tsənga	tsənga	tsona	čərang	tsərāng	sərāng	tsərāng	tsərge	tsəngā	tsərāng	tsəngā	tsəngā	tsənga	tsənga	singa	څنګه
who	tsok	tsok	čok	čok	tsȫk	sek	tsek	tsek	tsȯk	tsȫk	tsȯk	tsȯk	tsok	tsok	sok	څوک
to drink	čṣ̌əl	čšəl	ğwətang	čšəl	tshi	čšəl	čšəl	tsəxəl	tsəxəl	tsəxəl	tsəxəl	čx̌əl	čx̌əl	tskəl	skəl	څښل
foot	pṣ̌a	pša	špa, ğədəi	pša	pšā	pšā	pšā	pxā	pxā	pxā	pxā	px̌ā	px̌a	pxa	xpa	پښه
we	muẓ̌	muž	moš	muž	muž	miž	miž	mig	mu	mu	mu	muǵ	muǵ	mung	mung	موږ
my	zmā	zmā	mā eğē	emā	emå	emo	emo	emo	emâ	emå	emâ	emâ	zmā	zəmā	zamā	زما
your	stā	stā	tāğa	etā	etå	eto	eto	eto	etâ	etå	etâ	etâ	stā	stā	stā	ستا
girl	nǰiləi	nǰiləi	čuwara	ǰinkəi	wȫṛkəi	weṛkye	weṛkye	weṛkye	wȯṛkəi	wȫṛkye	wȯṛkəi	wȯṛkəi	ǰiləi	ǰinəi	ǰinē	نجلۍ
boy	halək	halək	waṛīz, čorī	kṛāčay	wȫṛkāi	weṛkā	weṛkāi	weṛkāi	wȯṛkāi	wȫṛkāi	wȯṛkāi	wȯṛkāi	halək	halək	halək	هلک
Sun	lmar	lmar	mērə	nmar	merə stərgā	myēr	ğormə stərgā	myerə stərgā	merə stərgā	merə stərgā	lmerə stərgā	lmer	lmar	nmar	nwar	لمر
egg	hagəi	hagəi	hoya	angəi	wȫyā	yeyā	yeyā	yeyā	ȯyā	wȫyā	ȯyā	ȯyā	hagəi	hagəi, hā	hagē, hā	هګۍ
yes/no	wo/ya	wo/na	wo/na	ya/na	wȫ	ē/nā	ē/nā	yē/nā	wȯ/nā	ē/nā	wȯ/nā	wȯ/nā	wo/na	wo/na	ao/na	هو\نه
home	kor	kor	kor	kor	kȫr	kēr	ker	ker	kȯr	kȫlə	kȯr	kȯr	kor	kor	kor	کور
I am	yəm	yəm	ī	yəm	yəm	yə	yə	yə	yəm	yəm	yəm	yəm	yəm	yəm	yəm	یم
I go	dzəm	dzəm	drimī	ǰəm	tsəm	sə	tsə	tsə	tsəm	tsəm	tsəm	tsəm	dzəm	zəm	zəm	ځم
tongue	žəba	zəba	zbə	zəba	žəbā	žəbā	žəbā	žəbā	žəbā	ǰəbā	žəbā	zəbā	zəba	žəba	ǰəba	ژبه
it exists	sta	sta	sta	sta	štā	štā	štā	štā	štā	štā	štā	stā	sta	šta	šta	شته
bear	yiẓ̌	yiž	yirž	yiž	yiž	yiž	yiž	yig	yig	yig	yig	yiǵ	yiǵ	yig	yig	ايږ
ant	meẓ̌ay	mežay	merža	mežay	mežāi	mežāi	mežāi	megāi	megāi	megāi	megāi	məǵātāi	meǵay	megay	megē	مېږی
English gloss	Kandahar	Quetta	Harnai	Lakki Marwat	Karak	Bannu	Wana	Tani	Parachinar	Jamrud	Kaga	Chaki Wardak	Sharana	Kabul	Peshawar	Pashto lexeme

In general, the Karlani dialects, both in southern and northern varieties, show more vocabulary differences than the non-Karlani southern and northern dialects.

See also

• Eastern Iranian languages
• Proto-Indo-European language
• Indo-Iranian languages