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Whaling in the Sea of Okhotsk

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Commercial open-boat whaling by American and European ships occurred in the Sea of Okhotsk from the 1830s to the early 1900s. They primarily caught right and bowhead whales. Both populations of these species declined drastically, with the latter once thought to be extinct by western historians. Peak catches were made in the 1840s and 1850s. It's estimated that as many as 15,200 bowheads and 2,400 rights were taken in the sea.[1]

Season Number of vessels
1852 80
1853 100
1854 190
1855 160
1856 140
1857 90
1858 120
1859 120
1860 90
1861 40
Number of whaleships (rounded down) that sailed to the Sea of Okhotsk, 1852–1861.[2][3][4][5]

Chronology

American and French[6] whaleships, as well as a few German,[7] Hawaiian,[8] Russian,[9] Chilean,[10] Australian,[11] British,[12] and Canadian,[13] hunted whales in the Sea of Okhotsk between the late 1830s and 1909.[1][14][15][16] Right whales were targeted from the mid- to late 1840s[17][18] and from the 1880s onwards,[19][20][21] while bowheads were first caught in 1847, and dominated the catch between 1852 and the late 1860s.[1] Between 1850 and 1853 the majority of the fleet went to the Bering Strait region to hunt bowheads, but intense competition, poor ice conditions, and declining catches forced the fleet back to the Sea of Okhotsk. From 1854 to 1856, an average of over 160 vessels cruised in the sea each year.[22] As catches declined between 1858 and 1860 the fleet shifted back to the Bering Strait region;[22] by the mid-1860s few ships cruised in the sea.[23] In the 1860s the Russians also established a couple whaling stations in Tugur Bay, which operated until the mid-1870s.[24] American and French ships, meanwhile, had abandoned the sea in the early 1870s.[25] Ten vessels returned in 1874[26][27] but the bowhead catch was so poor that season[28][29] that they again deserted the area for the rest of the decade.[30][31] From the 1880s to the early 1900s the fleet never numbered more than eight vessels.[32][33] Most caught right whales, with few venturing north to search for bowheads.[1][34][35][36]

In 1854, on hearing that war had broken out, a few French ships painted their sterns with American names to avoid capture;[37][38] the following year the British war steamer Barracouta ordered an American whaleship out of Ayan.[39] In May 1865, the Confederate raider Shenandoah captured and burned the ship Abigail (310 tons), of New Bedford, off western Kamchatka;[40] one ship, on learning of her depredations, hid at the head of a bay for two weeks.[41] Russian cruisers also seized or ordered away foreign whaleships in the sea in 1867,[42] 1875,[43] 1885,[44] and 1892.[45]

Itinerary

The steam bark Mary and Helen II in the Arctic in 1884. She visited the Sea of Okhotsk in 1885.

Ships usually entered the Sea of Okhotsk in May and left in October,[46] though they could enter it as early as March[47] and leave as late as November.[48] Most ships entered and exited the sea via the Fourth Kuril Strait;[49] some used Bussol,[50] Diana,[51] or Krusenstern Strait.[52] Those cruising in the Sea of Japan first usually entered the sea via La Pérouse Strait.[53] Around this time a stove was put in the forecastle[54] or cabin[55] and a crow's nest was set up.[56] Soon after entering the sea ships reached the main body of pack ice around 57° N and 150° E, where they typically encountered the first bowheads.[57] They then worked through the ice either to the northeast to Shelikhov Gulf,[58] north to Taui Bay,[59] or west to Iony Island.[60] After spending a few weeks cruising off Iony Island, ships worked their way through the shore lead[61] to the bays around the Shantar Islands, which they typically reached in July;[62][63][64] in light ice years they could reach them by June.[65][66][67]

Boats were sent ahead on extended cruises[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] to make their way through the ice to the heads of bays,[61][78] where they could catch several bowheads, have them flensed on the beach, and their blubber tied in rafts by the time the ships reached them.[79] When the ice left the bays ships were able to move about, with boats cruising from the ship as well as being sent out on cruises lasting several days.[61][80] Some ships spent the majority of the season in a single bay;[81][82] but most went from bay to bay.[83][84][85] Ships also anchored in one bay and sent boats into an adjacent bay.[61][86] When the ship was full of oil and bone, the colors were set[87] and the tryworks were thrown overboard.[88] In September, before leaving the sea, many of the ships stopped at the anchorage south of Feklistova, where they could obtain wood and water and repair any damage to their vessels.[89]

The Seaman's Bethel in Honolulu, which was visited frequently by Charles Coffin, cooper of the ship Three Brothers, of Nantucket, in 1852 and 1853.

They typically cruised for sperm whales in the tropics between seasons,[90][91] though some went to Baja to cruise for pilot whales offshore,[92] or to catch gray whales along the coast[93] or in the lagoons.[94] Others cruised for humpback whales off the Mariana Islands[95][96][97] or for rights in the East China Sea.[98] In the spring and fall the ships usually stopped at the Hawaiian Islands, with the majority using Honolulu[99] or Lahaina;[100] some visited Hilo,[101] Kauai,[102] Kawaihae,[103] or Kealakekua Bay.[104] Ships that cruised in the Sea of Japan first typically stopped at Guam[105] or Hakodate;[106] some used Hong Kong,[107] Saipan,[108] Nagasaki,[109] Yokohama,[110] Tokyo,[111] Okinawa,[112] or Vladivostok.[113] They also visited San Francisco,[114] Port Lloyd,[115] Hobart,[116] Mangonui,[117] Akaroa,[118] Petropavlovsk,[119] Paita,[120] Valparaíso,[121] Talcahuano,[122] Margarita Bay,[123] Banderas Bay,[124] Cabo San Lucas,[125] Juan Fernandez Island,[126] Mocha,[127] or the Chatham Islands.[128] In the tropics they stopped at Ponape,[129] Aitutaki,[130] Rarotonga,[131] Nuku Hiva,[132] Nauru,[133] Kosrae,[134] Tahiti,[135] Huahine,[136] Rotuma,[137] Arorae,[138] Tutuila,[139] Cocos Island,[140] or the Galápagos.[141]

The fort in Honolulu, where the steward of the ship Three Brothers, of Nantucket, was sent for drunkenness, in November 1852. (Painting by Paul Emmert, c. 1853)

Ships visited these ports to transship oil and bone;[142] ship[143] and discharge men;[144] paint,[145] smoke,[146] caulk,[147] wash,[148] scrap, and copper their ship;[149] and get wood and water;[150] tea and coffee;[151] bread,[152] rice,[153] flour,[154] sugar,[155] and molasses;[156] beef and pork;[157] poultry and livestock (chickens,[158] turkeys,[159] ducks and goats,[160] and pigs, cows, and sheep);[161] sea turtles;[162] and fruits (apples,[163] bananas,[164] oranges,[165] watermelons,[166] coconuts,[167] pineapples,[168] limes,[169] and figs)[170] and vegetables (Irish and sweet potatoes,[171] cabbage,[172] pumpkins,[173] carrots,[174] and beans).[175] While in port or stopping at various islands, ships were visited by native women;[176] men sent and received letters[177] and were given liberty ashore,[178] where they visited bathhouses,[179] attended church,[180] lectures,[181] and funerals,[182] watched (and disrupted) performances at theaters,[183] rented horses or bowled,[184] watched cockfights[185] or horse races,[186] went sightseeing,[187][188] got drunk[189][190] at grogshops[191] and into fights,[192] deserted,[193] contracted diseases (including venereal,[194][195][196][197] measles,[198] dysentery,[199] and smallpox[200]), rioted,[201][202] and ended up in the hospital,[203] jail[204] or the fort.[189] While in port ships also caught or were set afire,[205] ran into each other,[206] or were wrecked.[207]

Some captains brought their wives to the sea.[208] The wives had tea together[209][210] and went ashore for walks[211][212][213] and picnics.[214] Many brought their children along,[215] as well as friends.[216] One gave birth aboard ship while in the sea.[217]

The two Russian whaling stations of Mamga and Tugur – built by the Russian-American Company and Otto Wilhelm Lindholm, respectively – followed different itineraries. Once the ice broke up in June, boat crews or schooners cruised about for bowheads in Tugur Bay or adjacent bays and gulfs. When they caught a whale it was towed onto the beach, flensed, and its blubber boiled into oil at a nearby tryworks. In the fall the schooners were hauled onto the banks of the Mamga or Tugur rivers, where they were left for the winter; the men, meanwhile, spent the winter at one of the stations or went to Nikolayevsk. Supplies and men were obtained in Nikolayevsk and Hakodate, while the catch was shipped via chartered vessel either to Honolulu or San Francisco.[24][218]

A temporary whaling station – built on Nedorazumeniya Island, in Taui Bay, by two crews from a pair of American ships – followed a similar routine to that of the Russian stations, but on a smaller scale. Left with provisions for two months[219][220] while their ships searched for whales to the south,[221][222] the boats went on short cruises in the bay. When a whale was caught it was brought ashore, flensed, and the blubber tried out at a small tryworks.[223] In the fall the men were picked up by their parent vessels and the oil and bone were loaded onto the ships.[224][225]

Catch

Bowheads were primarily taken in the northern half of the sea, while rights were mostly caught in the southern half;[1][226][227][228] though the two overlapped in the northeast.[229][230][231][232][233][234] Bowheads were caught in the pack ice in the spring[235] and in the bays and gulfs[236] and along the coast in summer and fall,[237][238][239][240][241] while rights were taken in deep, offshore waters.[1][61] In the bays they saw[242][243] and caught[244][245] bowhead cows and calves as well as "poggys",[246][247] which were small bowheads[248] that only yielded 20-25 barrels of oil.[61] Poggys could be seen in large numbers in the bays.[249][250] They also caught large whales in the bays as well, sometimes seeing them in great quantities.[251] Most bowheads were caught between May and September,[252] though a few were taken in April[253] and October.[254][255][256][257] Rights were primarily caught in August and September,[258] though some were taken as early as May[259] and as late as October.[260] Peak catches for both species were made in August.[261][262] Bowheads could yield as much as 250 barrels of oil,[263] while rights could produce nearly 300 barrels.[264] As many as sixty-five whales could be caught in a season;[265] some came back "clean" (i.e. without catching any whales).[266]

They also caught gray whales,[267] which were first taken in the early 1850s.[268][269] Most were taken in Gizhigin[270][271] and Penzhina bays,[272][273] but some were also caught in Taui Bay[274] and just north of Sakhalin.[275] Grays were caught from June[276] to October.[277] They were seldom seen, chased, or caught off the Shantar Islands[278] or in the bays to the south of them.[279][280] As many as nine grays could be caught in a season.[281][282] They sometimes caught humpbacks,[283][284] killers,[285][286][287] and belugas[288] and also made desultory attempts to catch blue whales[289] and "finbacks" (probably fin whales).[290]

Once they found a whale, they typically sailed up to it, fastened to it with hand-held harpoons, and killed it with hand-held lances;[24] whales were rarely killed by harpoons alone.[291][292] Boatsteerers were "broken" (demoted) for missing whales.[293] Bomb lances[294] were used as early as 1851,[295] but they weren't widely utilized until the late 1850s.[24][296] Greener's guns[297] were also used.[298] Most bowheads and rights were lost when the harpoon drew out of the blubber[299][300][301][302] or the whaleline was lost[303] or parted.[304][305] Most bowheads that sank were able to be saved in shallow waters,[306][307] while the majority of rights that sank were unable to be retrieved in the deep waters they were typically hunted in.[308][309] Men couldn't strike or fasten to whales when they settled underwater[310][311] (sank straight down),[312] slackened their blubber[313][314] (made a hollow in their back so the harpoon would bounce off),[312] or were too "wild",[315] "shy",[316] or "gallied".[317]

Whales were seen loptailing,[318] breaching,[319] scooping[320][321] (skim feeding at the surface),[312] fluking,[322] and finning[323] (pec-slapping).[312]

Boat cruises

Boat crews were fitted out for as long as two[324] to three weeks;[61][325] some were gone from their ship for over a month.[326] Two or three boats were usually sent out together.[327] They could travel as far as forty[328] to fifty miles[329] from their ship, spending the long daylight hours[330][331] searching for bowheads and camping on the beach at night.[332] For shelter, they made tents out of paddles and boat sails,[333][334] turned over their whaleboats,[335] built bough huts,[336][337][338][339] or utilized other structures;[340][341] to cook meals, stay warm, and keep bears away they made driftwood fires.[342][343][344] There could be as many as eighty men at a single encampment.[336] There were occasions when boats couldn't go ashore at night due to bears and were forced to sleep in their anchored boats,[345] while at other times they made it to the beach only to be driven from the shore by mosquitoes the next morning.[346]

When cruising for bowheads, boats paddled or rowed as the ice permitted or when there were calms and light airs, but they sailed when there was clear water and a fair breeze.[343][347] Whales were often caught some distance from the ship, forcing boat crews to lie by anchored whales all night.[348] They also went ashore and anchored or tied whales to rocks,[349] the beach,[350] or trees[351] or left whales with other ships so they could go off in search of their own vessel.[352][353][354][355] Those crews who couldn't find or catch whales sometimes resorted to picking up whalebone on the beach.[356]

Lost or tired boat crews often went aboard other ships to get food[357] or spend the night.[358] Some went from ship to ship before finding their own vessel, cruising for bowheads in between.[359] Ships with lost boat crews on board went in search of their vessels,[360] while tired boat crews far from their ship hitched rides from other vessels.[361] Boats that couldn't find their own ships sometimes gave any whales they had caught to the nearest ship to flense for halves[362][363] or just gave them the entire whale.[364] After not being able to find their ship for six days, two boats from the Massachusetts spent several days aboard the Cicero, even cruising for whales with her boats;[365] while two boats from the Daniel Wood were lost from their ship for five days before finding the Florida – wind-bound on the beach, their provisions had given out and they were forced to eat mussels for several days.[366] When boats were out longer than expected, one of the boats was sent out[367] or returned[368] for extra provisions.

Boat crews and schooners from Mamga and Tugur followed similar cruising patterns. Boats were fitted out for as long as a fortnight, sailing about for bowheads during the day and camping on the beach at night.[24] American and Russian crews sometimes camped together.[369]

Boat crews from Nedorazumeniya Island were limited to cruises of several days' duration, operating from a station consisting of only two buildings: a tent of sails and a "cook house". They sailed or rowed about for whales during the day and either returned to the island at night, stopped at a convenient beach, or stayed at a native fishing settlement.[370]

Whereas boats were often sent inshore to look for bowheads, right whaling offshore was always ship-based,[371][372] with three or four boats usually being lowered for whales.[373] Boats after right whales were gone from their ship for hours[374] (not days or weeks, like boats searching for bowheads sometimes were), and seldom ventured far from their ship.[375] While bowheads could be caught at night, boats that were still fast to right whales at sunset normally cut the whaleline and returned to the ship.[376] Unlike bowheads, which were sometimes flensed ashore due to distance and ice, right whales were taken in ice-free waters and relatively close to the ship, allowing them to be brought alongside and flensed.[377][378]

Factors

There were several factors that affected the ability of ships to catch whales. These included ice, tides, fog, wind, and competition. They often worked in tandem against them. Ships didn't lower for whales if it was too foggy[379] or too rugged[380] and they collided with each other[381] or the ice due to tides,[382] gales,[383][384] and fogs.[385][386] Ships ran aground at low tide during gales[387] and the tide set boats towing whales past their ship during thick fogs.[388] Boats lost sight of whales in the fog[389] and rain[390] or returned to the ship[391] or went ashore[392] if the fog became too thick or it rained too hard.[393] Boats also had to anchor or tie whales to other ships when there was a head tide[394] or it was too rugged to lie by them.[395] Anchored whales left untended could be lost due to the ice[396] or tides.[397]

Ice and tides

Ice and tides often worked together against the whalemen. Heavy floes of drift ice went to and fro with the tide,[398] striking and damaging ships,[399] which were then beached at high tide and repaired at low tide.[400] Boats were nearly crushed by whirling pieces of ice as the tide turned[343] or forced ashore by ice carried by the flood tide; when the tide ebbed, it left huge piles of ice on the beach.[338] Schooners in their winter quarters were damaged by ice during spring tides.[401]

As the ships made their way through the pack ice their decks, sails, and rigging became covered with ice.[402][403] Ships[404] and boats[405] got fast in the ice, allowing ship's crews to travel over the ice and visit each other.[406][407] Ships made fenders[408] or used poles[409] to keep the ice away; otherwise, they could sustain serious damage, ripping off their cutwaters[410] and copper sheathing[411] or breaking chains and losing anchors.[412] Ships stove by the ice sought assistance from nearby vessels[413] or went to Ayan[414] or Mamga[415] for repairs; they could also heave down in the ice[416] or haul alongside a grounded floe.[417] Ships also made fast to large pieces of ice to collect fresh water[418][419] or work up bays with the tide.[420]

Boat crews pushed away smaller cakes of ice but had to carry their boats over larger ones[421] or across ice floes,[329][422] using their oars as skids.[343] Men had to haul their boats onto large cakes of ice to avoid being struck by shifting masses of ice; rode on them to safely traverse ice-choked passages;[423] and camped on them, making fires to keep warm and cook victuals, bailing water from holes in the ice, and covering their boats with sails to sleep at night.[421] Boats chased bowheads in the ice[424][425] and went onto the ice with hand lances[426] or bomb guns,[427] waiting for whales to surface in holes in the ice. When whales ran into the ice whalelines were lost[428] or parted,[429] were cut,[430] or boats were stove.[431] The ice left Taui Bay in June,[432] Shelikhov Gulf in June[433] or July,[434] and usually[435] left the bays around the Shantar Islands in July[436][437] or August,[438][439] depriving bowheads of their only shelter[440] and resulting in what has been called a "hunter's paradise".[1]

The rise and fall of the tides could be as much as 10 m (33 ft)[441] or 11 m (36 ft),[442] allowing boats to harpoon bowheads at high tide in one place and dig for clams at low tide in the same spot.[442] Ships drifted with the tide during calms,[443] raising and lowering their anchors as the tide changed.[444] They also drifted through passages between bays when the tide was right.[445] Boats towed bowheads during fair tides[446] but had to anchor them when the tide turned,[447] as they couldn't stem tidal currents that could reach six or seven knots.[448] Ships could travel as far as eight miles and boats as far as ten miles with each tide.[329][449] Boats were left stranded on the flats[450] and ships on sand spits,[451] sunken rocks,[452] and ledges[343] at low tide only to float away at high tide.[399] To avoid this, boats were left with a man and kept at least thirty feet from the beach;[453] they were also hauled up past the high tide mark so they wouldn't float away as the crew slept.[343] Large numbers of bowheads were seen entering bays on the flood tide[454] and drifting up and down bays with the tide.[455] Bowheads were towed ashore at high tide and flensed as the tide fell;[61] schooners were also hauled ashore for the winter at high tide.[24][456] Among the best places to look for whales were the tide rips off Cape Wrangel and Cape Grote in Academy Gulf.[457]

Fog and wind

Fog could be thick enough to cut with a knife[458] and last for six weeks straight.[459] June and July were the foggiest months, followed by August; September and October, meanwhile, usually had more clear days.[460] Some ships left the sea after only a week due to constant fogs.[461] Ships fired guns, blew horns, rang bells, and beat on casks to avoid colliding with each other during fogs;[61][462] they also fired guns so their boats could find them,[463][464] which could be lost in the fog for days.[465] Ships heard whales spouting all around them in the fog, but couldn't see them.[466] Boats chased whales in the fog,[467] tracking them by listening for their blows;[468] when they caught one, they had to anchor it until the fog cleared.[469] Boats were forced to follow the shoreline during thick fogs.[470] Fog also clung to clothing in big drops, chilling the men thoroughly.[471]

In the spring, swell, winds, and gales from the south broke up the pack ice offshore.[472] In July and August calms and light airs prevailed in the bays, with few gales in the former month and the occasional gale in the latter one; but they became common in September and October,[473][474] forcing most ships[475] to leave the bays as it became too rugged to whale.[476] Uda Gulf, in particular, was known for its sudden and violent storms.[477] Ships[478] and boats[479] sought shelter during gales, otherwise ships dragged their anchors,[480] lost them,[481] or suffered broken masts.[482] Ships that tried to flense whales during gales capsized their windlass falls and broke patent gear.[483] Boats couldn't sail up to whales if it was too calm[484] or they swam to windward.[485]

It snowed in April and May, rained from June to September, and rained and snowed in October.[486][487] Ships had to "cool down" (i.e. put out the fires) in their tryworks when it rained,[488][489] while boat crews returned all wet from hard rain showers.[490]

Competition

Competition between ships and boats was intense during the peak years of the fishery. There could be as many as ninety-five ships[491] and 363 boats[492] in a single bay. Seeing such competition, ships went to cruise for bowheads elsewhere,[493] went after right whales,[494] or just left the sea altogether.[495] One whaleman saw thirty-five boats after a single bowhead,[496] while another lamented that there were more boats than whales and boats in every direction chasing whales.[497] Whales were seen carrying harpoons and trailing lines;[498] one with four harpoons in it was being chased by eight boats.[499] A boat harpooning a whale could drive off all the other whales in the area.[500] If boats from different vessels were after the same whale one crew would yell to scare it away so that the rival boat couldn't harpoon it.[501] Boats also removed the harpoons of other ships that they found in whales adrift and replaced them with their own craft, claiming they had caught the whales themselves.[502]

Ships picked up whales other ships had killed,[503] finding their harpoons in their blubber.[504] Over nineteen percent of the bowhead catch between 1854 and 1856 was made up of dead whales found floating in the ice, in the bays, or drifted ashore.[505] Of twenty-one whales a ship had taken one season, eight were found dead.[506] Boats from different ships raced each other for dead whales.[507] Stranded whales attracted bears,[508] which came down from the mountains at night to feed on them.[509]

Some ships "mated", sending their boats out together, taking turns cutting in and trying out whales, and splitting the catch.[510] Others used schooners as tenders,[511] which wintered[512] in Lebyazhya Bay[456] and Mamga Bay.[513] The first to winter was the schooner Caroline (106 tons), of New London, in 1856–1857. She was left with four caretakers, all of whom died of scurvy.[477][514] After this, schooners were left untended[515] for the winter, and in the spring boats were sent ahead with gear and provisions to work their way through the ice and catch bowheads with the schooner before the ship arrived.[516] Ships that used tenders averaged significantly higher catches than ships that didn't use them.[477][517][518][519][520][521][522]

Enterprising merchants sent vessels to buy oil[523][524] from the whaleships or sell them anchors and chains or potatoes.[525][526]

There were disputes over anchored[527][528][529] and harpooned bowheads,[530][531] which led to several court battles.[532]

Death, desertion, and mutiny

Men were killed in a variety of ways: by whales[533][534][535][536][537] and bears;[538][539] in fires;[540] and when cannons burst[541] or boats capsized in the surf;[542] entire boat crews were also lost during gales.[543] Some fell from the rigging[544] or overboard;[545] others died of disease (including consumption,[546] dysentery,[547] and dropsy[548]). The graves of whalemen lined the shores of the sea.[549] They also got scurvy.[550][551]

Desertions[552] were common.[553][554] Those who were caught were flogged[555][556] or put in irons.[557] Hungry deserters asked if they could return to their vessels,[558] while others attempted to get aboard other ships.[559] One deserter spent over two weeks on one of the Shantar Islands living solely on beached whales before being found by another ship's boats,[560] while another was mauled by a bear.[561] Three men, after having deserted from their boats while spending the night ashore, wandered around for seven to ten days and nearly starved before finding a ship short of hands. They worked their passage to Maui, where two of them were discovered by their former master and sent to the fort.[562] A few deserters made good their escape, spending the winter at a Siberian settlement.[563]

Mutinies were rare, though at least one was briefly successful.[564][565] One captain quelled a mutiny by smoking the foremast hands out of the forecastle with a fire of charcoal and brimstone. He then put fifteen of them in irons and flogged several.[566] A few were put ashore with meager provisions;[567] they were also put ashore for refusing duty.[568][569] One man was left on one of the Shantar Islands after he tried to push the captain down the hatchway.[570] They were usually picked up by other vessels.[571][572]

Shipwrecks

At least twenty-eight whaleships were wrecked in or entering the sea between 1848 and 1907.[573][574][575][576][577] Most were lost in the ice[578] or during gales[579] or fogs.[580] Five were wrecked in 1855[581][582][583] and four each in 1856[584][585][586] and 1858.[587][588][589][590] The majority of the crews were rescued, but about fifty to sixty men perished (including one ship with all hands).[587][591][592][593][594] A few crews were forced to spend the winter at a Siberian settlement or on one of the Shantar Islands.[591][595] Other ship's boats went ashore to salvage what they could from the wrecks.[596][597][598]

Trade

Ships traded tobacco,[599] calico,[600] tea,[601] and bread and soap[602] with the natives for reindeer,[603][604] salmon,[605] whalebone,[606] and furs.[607] They also traded with each other. The most common items were ship's anchors,[608] bread and water,[609] beef and pork,[610] potatoes,[611] and whaleboats.[612]

Hunting and fishing

Ships hunted and fished to supplement their diet and income. They shot ducks[613][614] and geese,[615] swans,[616] eagles,[617][618] and seabirds,[619] and caught pinnipeds[620][621] (seals,[622][623] fur seals,[624] and sea lions),[625] fox,[626] and moose.[627] Bears were killed for sport[628] and made into sea pies and trophies;[514] they were also shot for trying to steal whale meat and blubber.[629] They fished for salmon,[630] trout,[631] codfish and "grouper" (probably sea bass),[632] and smelts.[633] They also went ashore to collect bird's eggs,[619][634][635] berries,[636] mussels,[637][638][639] and clams.[640][641][642]

Bibliography

Books and papers

Logbooks and journals

Newspapers

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Vaughan, R. (1984). "Historical survey of the European whaling industry". In Arctic Whaling: Proceedings of the International Symposium, pp. 121-145. University of Groningen.
  2. ^ Ships spoken by large sample of logbooks and journals, various collections, 1852-1861.
  3. ^ Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchants' Transcript (WSL), New Bedford, various issues, 1852-1861.
  4. ^ Friend, Honolulu, various issues, 1852-1861.
  5. ^ Polynesian, Honolulu, various issues, 1858-1861.
  6. ^ Narwal, of Havre (1846); Asia, of Havre (1847, 1853); Elisa, of Havre (1847, 1848); Ferdinand, of Havre (1847, 1852); Orion, of Nantes (1847); Liancourt, of Havre (1848, 1852); Salamandre, of Havre (1848, 1849, 1857); Elisabeth, of Havre (1849, 1851); Gustave, of Havre (1849, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1864); Manche, of Havre (1849, 1853); Moise, of Havre (1849); Angelina (1850, 1852, 1853); Ville de Rennes, of Havre (1851, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1858, 1859); Pius IX (1852, 1853); George, of Havre (1853, 1854); Latour Du Pin, of Havre (1854, 1855, 1856); Winslow, of Havre (1854, 1859, 1860); General Teste, of Havre (1855, 1861, 1862*); Napoleon III (1855); Pallas (1856); Jason, of Havre (1856, 1860); and Espadon, of Havre (1858, 1859). Ships spoken by American whaleships, various collections. See Daily Alta California, December 7, 1851 (Vol. 2, No. 360); Friend, of Honolulu, 1852 (Vol. I, No. 12), 1853 (Vol. II, No. 12), 1855 (Vol. IV, Nos. 11-12), 1856 (Vol. V, Nos. 1 & 12), 1857 (Vol. VI, No. 12), 1859 (Vol. VIII, No. 11), 1860 (Vol. IX, Nos. 11-12), 1861 (Vol. X, No. 10), 1862 (Vol. XI, No. 11); Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 20, 1859 (Vol. III, No. 30, p. 2); and On the Northwest (1988), p. 110. *General Teste also reported in "Arc" (Arctic) by Polynesian, November 1, 1862 (Vol. XIX, No. 27).
  7. ^ Europa, of Bremen (1847, 1848); Mozart, of Bremen (1847); Patriot, of Bremen (1847); Republic, of Bremen (1853, 1854, 1856, 1857, 1859); Alexander Barclay, of Bremen (1854, 1855); Hansa, of Bremen (1854); Joseph Hayden, of Bremen (1854, 1855); and Planet, of Bremen (1860, 1861, 1862). Ships spoken by American whaleships, various collections. See also Friend, of Honolulu, December 11, 1856 (Vol. V, No. 12), December 1, 1859 (Vol. VIII, No. 12).
  8. ^ All of Honolulu (excludes tenders): ship Chariot (1852, 1853, 1854), bark Harmony (1854, 1856, 1857, 1859), bark George (1855), ship Herald (1855), brig Hawaii (1856, 1857, 1858, 1859), brig Tarquina (1856), bark Italy (1857, 1858), brig Kauai (1857, 1858, 1859), bark Faith (1858, 1859), bark Gambia (1858), bark Vernon (1858, 1859), brig Agate (1859), bark Florence (1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865), brig Oahu (1859), brig Aloha (1860, 1861), brig Antilla (1860), bark Benjamin Rush (1860, 1861), brig Comet (1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1869), bark Elizabeth (1861), ship/bark Oregon (1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867), and bark William Rotch (1868, 1869). Hawaiian whaleships spoken by American whaleships, 1852-1854, 1856-1866, various collections. See also Friend, 1855-1869, and "Honolulu's Share in the Pacific Whaling Industry of By-gone Days", Thrum, pp. 63-68, in All about Hawaii (1909), Honolulu.
  9. ^ Suomi (1853); Ayan (1854); Turku, of Turku (1854, 1858, 1859); Graefer Berg (1858, 1859, 1860); Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki (1858, 1859, 1860); Amur (1859, 1860, 1861); and Tugur (1873, 1874). Ships spoken by American whaleships, various collections. See also Friend, of Honolulu, December 4, 1858 (Vol. VII, No. 12), December 1, 1859 (Vol. VIII, No. 12); Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 20, 1859 (Vol. III, No. 30, p. 2); and Beyond Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 31, 306, 309.
  10. ^ Revello, of Valparaíso (1854). See Pacific, of New Bedford, August 19, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf, Nantucket Historical Association (NHA).
  11. ^ Robert Towns, of Sydney (1863); and Faraway, of Sydney (1874, 1875). See Friend, of Honolulu, December 1, 1863 (Vol. XII, No. 12); Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, August 16, 1874, Tugur Bay, George Blunt White Library (GBWL); and WSL, December 7, 1875 (Vol. 33, No 42, p. 2).
  12. ^ Samuel Enderby, of London (1853). See Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, September 17, 1853, Taui Bay, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC) and Southern Whale Fishery Company, Auckland Islands (Fothingham, PhD Thesis, 1995, Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, p. 106).
  13. ^ Athol, of St. John (1847), NBW #1335.
  14. ^ Ville de Bordeaux, of Havre, 1837-1838, 52° N, 155° E (near western Kamchatka), in On the Northwest (1988), pp. 43, 309.
  15. ^ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, August 23-September 30, 1902, GBWL.
  16. ^ San Francisco Call, San Francisco, November 10, 1909, Vol. 106, No. 163.
  17. ^ Manhattan, of Sag Harbor, September 1-October 13, 1845, 47° 35'-49° 59' N, 149° 45'-152° 30' E, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS) #1073.
  18. ^ Henry Tuke, of Warren, July 31-September 15, 1847, 46° 18' N – 48° 51' N, 145° 18' E – 147° 39' E, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM) #517.
  19. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, August 14-September 24, 1881, ODHS.
  20. ^ Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, July 14-September 11, 1892, KWM.
  21. ^ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, August 9-September 26, 1897, GBWL.
  22. ^ a b Bockstoce, John (1986). Whales, Ice, & Men: The History of Whaling in the Western Arctic. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97447-8.
  23. ^ WSL, January 10, 1865, Vol. XXII, No. 45; January 22, 1867, Vol. XXIV, No. 47; January 14, 1868, Vol. XXV, No. 48.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Lindholm, O. V., Haes, T. A., & Tyrtoff, D. N. (2008). Beyond the frontiers of imperial Russia: From the memoirs of Otto W. Lindholm. Javea, Spain: A. de Haes OWL Publishing.
  25. ^ WSL, February 6, 1872, Vol. 29, No. 50; February 4, 1873, Vol. 30, No. 50.
  26. ^ Northern Light, of New Bedford, July 29-October 28, 1874, ODHS.
  27. ^ Florence, of San Francisco, summer 1874, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 345-379.
  28. ^ Bartholomew Gosnold, of New Bedford, July 22-October 17, 1874, in Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1875, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 5.
  29. ^ WSL, New Bedford, January 19, 1875, Vol. 32, No. 48.
  30. ^ Various issues of WSL, New Bedford, September-December 1875-1879.
  31. ^ The barquentine Fremont, while cod fishing in the Sea of Okhotsk on June 24, 1878, spoke the schooner Newton Booth, which was reportedly there for whaling. In Daily Alta California, San Francisco, September 30, 1878, Vol. 30, No. 10398.
  32. ^ Various issues of WSL, New Bedford, September-November 1881-1908.
  33. ^ Daily Alta California, San Francisco, November 1, 1888, Vol. 42, No. 14302.
  34. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, April 29-August 23, 1885, KWM.
  35. ^ Emma F. Herriman, of San Francisco, June 18-August 5, 1889, Shelikhov Gulf; August 15-October 13, 1889, Shantar region (Tugur Bay, Uda Gulf, Academy Bay), GBWL #761.
  36. ^ Andrew Hicks, of New Bedford, September 26, 1905, Tugur Bay, in San Francisco Call, San Francisco, November 16, 1905, Vol. 98, No. 169.
  37. ^ Turku, of Turku, 1854, Tugur Bay area, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 56.
  38. ^ Active, of New Bedford, June 25, 1854, near Bolshoy Shantar Island, NWC #11.
  39. ^ Daily Alta California, of San Francisco, October 28, 1855, Vol. VI, No. 267.
  40. ^ Hunt, Cornelius E. (1867). The Shenandoah; or the last Confederate cruiser. New York: G. W. Carleton & Co, pp. 151-156.
  41. ^ Onward, of New Bedford, August 13-27, 1865, Nikolaya Bay, GBWL #856. She was joined by the Charles W. Morgan on August 17.
  42. ^ Java, of New Bedford, July 27, 1867, Tugur Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, December 2, 1867, Vol. 16, No. 12.
  43. ^ WSL, December 7, 1875, Vol. 33, No. 42, p. 2.
  44. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, August 15, 1885, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  45. ^ Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, September 10, 1892, southern Sea of Okhotsk, KWM.
  46. ^ Hibernia, of New Bedford, May 5-October 13, 1854, NWC #328.
  47. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, March 21, 1857, KWM #122A.
  48. ^ Milo, of New Bedford, November 2, 1861, KWM #351.
  49. ^ Florida, of New Bedford, May 17, Oct. 7, 1854, ODHS.
  50. ^ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, August 23, September 27, 1902, GBWL.
  51. ^ Nassau, of New Bedford, May 16, 1855, ODHS #612.
  52. ^ Nimrod, of New Bedford, May 6, 1858, KWM #159.
  53. ^ Mechanic, of Newport, August 4, 1848, NWC.
  54. ^ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, July 4, 1853, NWC #196.
  55. ^ Phillipe Delanoye, of Fairhaven, May 12, 1854, KWM #51A.
  56. ^ Vineyard, of Edgartown, April 21, 1855, NWC.
  57. ^ Corinthian, of New Bedford, May 29-30, 1852, ODHS.
  58. ^ Mary and Susan, of Stonington, July 18-August 8, 1849, NWC.
  59. ^ Florida, of New Bedford, June 15-September 27, 1852, ODHS.
  60. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, June 18, 1861, KWM #18.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i Scammon, C. M.; Agassiz, L.; Dall, W. H. (1874). The marine mammals of the north-western coast of North America: described and illustrated; together with an account of the American whale-fishery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
  62. ^ Cincinnati, of Stonington, July 8, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  63. ^ Alice Frazier, of New Bedford, July 17, 1854, Tugur Bay, ODHS #666.
  64. ^ William Wirt, of New Bedford, July 18, 1854, Academy Gulf, NWC #719.
  65. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 2, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  66. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June 17, 1859, Academy Gulf, NWC #781.
  67. ^ Java, of New Bedford, June 30, 1866, Tugur Bay, KWM.
  68. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, June 26-July 18, 1864, Cape Ukoy to Uda Gulf and Ayan, KWM #122C.
  69. ^ Two of the boats of the Adeline Gibbs, of Fairhaven, may have been gone from their ship for over three weeks. The ship reached Uda Gulf on June 26, 1860, and was seen in "Northeast Harbor" on June 27 and July 11. Her boats were reportedly "the first inside the ice in Shantar Bay [Tugur Bay]", where they had killed five whales before reuniting with their ship on July 23. The following day they retrieved the blubber of a whale they had taken in the bay twenty days ago. It would have taken the boats several days to work their way through the shore lead from Northeast Harbor to Tugur Bay, arriving there at the end of June or early July. See Favorite, of Fairhaven, June 27 and July 11, 1860, Northeast Harbor, Uda Gulf; July 23-24, 1860, Tugur Bay, NWC #275; Ohio, of New Bedford, in Polynesian, of Honolulu, October 13, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 24; Adeline Gibbs, of Fairhaven, in Friend, of Honolulu, November 1, 1860, Vol. 9, No. 11, p. 88.
  70. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 4-22, 1860, Northeast Harbor, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay, NWC #275.
  71. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, July 5-23, 1858, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay, KWM #122A.
  72. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 4-21, 1858, Ulban Bay and Nikolaya Bay, ODHS #1133.
  73. ^ Midas, of New Bedford, June 25-July 13, 1859, Cape Tyl'sky, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay, NWC #476.
  74. ^ Java, of New Bedford, June 13-28, 1866, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  75. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, May 24-June 8, 1867, Gizhigin Bay, ODHS #490A.
  76. ^ Massachusetts, of Nantucket, July 6-19, 1858, Uda Gulf, NHA #134.
  77. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 26-August 7, 1858, near Cape Nurki to Uda Gulf, ODHS #17.
  78. ^ Java, of New Bedford, June 1865-1866, Florence Harbor to head of Uda Gulf, in From Forecastle to Cabin (Beane, 1905, pp. 188-192).
  79. ^ Hudson, of Fairhaven, July 5-8, 1857, Konstantina Bay, KWM #105.
  80. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, August 7, 1874, Tugur Bay, GBWL.
  81. ^ Active, of New Bedford, July 6-September 28, 1854, Academy Gulf, NWC #11.
  82. ^ Louisa, of New Bedford, July 7-September 9, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  83. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June 27-July 22, Academy Gulf; July 23-August 14, Tugur Bay; August 15-September 3, Uda Gulf; September 7-28, 1858, Academy Gulf, NWC #781.
  84. ^ Midas, of New Bedford, June 2-18, Taui Bay; June 28-July 12, Sakhalin Gulf; July 15-31, Academy Gulf; August 1-11, Tugur Bay; August 17-22, Uda Gulf; September 9-17, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC #476.
  85. ^ William C. Nye, of San Francisco, June 27-July 17, August 21-22, September 3-4, September 7-11, September 23-25, Uda Gulf; July 18-August 18, August 19-20, August 24-September 3, September 12-16, Tugur Bay; August 19, September 16-18, 1862, Academy Gulf, Bancroft Library (BL).
  86. ^ William C. Nye, of San Francisco, July 14-18, 1862, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay; August 14-19, 1862, Tugur Bay to Academy Gulf, BL.
  87. ^ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, July 4, 1852, NWC.
  88. ^ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, July 7, 1849, NWC.
  89. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, September 18–25, 1864, September 29–30, 1865, KWM #122C.
  90. ^ India, of New Bedford, January 24-February 26, 1850, ODHS.
  91. ^ Vineyard, of Edgartown, December 1854-January 1855, NWC.
  92. ^ Mary, of Edgartown, December 21, 1854-January 31, 1855, NWC.
  93. ^ Montezuma, of New London, December 25, 1860-March 8, 1861, between Isla Natividad and Punta Eugenia, NWC #781.
  94. ^ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, winters of 1858-1859 and 1859-1860, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 103-106, p. 121.
  95. ^ Marengo, of New Bedford, March 1-31, 1862, Agrihan and Pagan, NWC #420.
  96. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, March 17-25, 1862, February 20-22, 1863, Saipan, KWM.
  97. ^ They also chased humpbacks while anchored at Lahaina. See Henry Tuke, of Warren, January 28 and February 4, 1847, KWM #517; and Sheffield, of Cold Spring, January 28, 1847, KWM #594.
  98. ^ Coral, of San Francisco, February 13-April 10, 1888, KWM.
  99. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, December 5, 1855-January 28, 1856, NWC.
  100. ^ Nassau, of New Bedford, March 16-April 4, 1854, ODHS.
  101. ^ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, November 14-27, 1863, KWM.
  102. ^ Liverpool 2nd, of New Bedford, November 5-8, 1848, NWC.
  103. ^ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, March 30, 1855, NWC #456.
  104. ^ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, February 14-23, 1852, NWC.
  105. ^ Julian, of New Bedford, December 30, 1848-January 24, 1849, NWC.
  106. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, March 6-16, 1858, KWM #122A.
  107. ^ Champion, of New Bedford, January 17-March 19, 1852, ODHS.
  108. ^ John and Winthrop, of San Francisco, early 1907, in San Francisco Call, November 26, 1907, Vol. 102, No. 179.
  109. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, April 6-13, 1874, GBWL.
  110. ^ Northern Light, of New Bedford, April 1-9, 1874, ODHS.
  111. ^ Manhattan, of Sag Harbor, April 18-21, 1845, ODHS #1073.
  112. ^ Mary and Susan, of Stonington, February 12-13, 1849, NWC.
  113. ^ Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, April 26-30, June 26-July 6, 1892, KWM.
  114. ^ Northern Light, of New Bedford, November 20-December 27, 1874, ODHS.
  115. ^ India, of New Bedford, April 5-22, 1850, ODHS.
  116. ^ Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole, February 1-16, 1855, NWC #522.
  117. ^ Maria Theresa, of New Bedford, December 9-27, 1848, ODHS.
  118. ^ Marengo, of New Bedford, February 27-March 13, 1860, February 12-March 7, 1861, NWC #420.
  119. ^ Delaware, of New London, October 16-25, 1859, in Friend, of Honolulu, December 1, 1859, Vol. 16, No. 12, pp. 95-96.
  120. ^ Pacific, of Fairhaven, February 11-12, 1855, NWC.
  121. ^ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, February 6-7, 1854, Martha's Vineyard Museum (MVM).
  122. ^ Hibernia, of New Bedford, January 26-February 25, 1854, NWC #328.
  123. ^ Massachusetts, of Nantucket, January 5-9, 1858, NHA #134.
  124. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, November 10-17, 1857, ODHS #1133.
  125. ^ Montezuma, of New London, March 27-29, 1861, NWC #781.
  126. ^ Hero, of Nantucket, January 10-16, 1853, NHA #245.
  127. ^ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, March 10-11, 1863, KWM.
  128. ^ Midas, of New Bedford, January 29-February 18, 1854, January 25-February 7, 1855, NHA #155.
  129. ^ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, January 23-30, 1854, NWC #196.
  130. ^ William Wirt, of New Bedford, December 13-14, 1855, NWC #719.
  131. ^ Harrison, of New Bedford, December 20-21, 1853, NWC.
  132. ^ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, December 6-25, 1855, NWC #456.
  133. ^ Henry Kneeland, of New Bedford, March 15, 1849, ODHS.
  134. ^ Midas, of New Bedford, January 19-26, 1859, NWC #476.
  135. ^ Petrel, of New Bedford, December 16, 1854-January 26, 1855, NHA #188.
  136. ^ Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole, December 14-29, 1855, NWC #522.
  137. ^ Spartan, of Nantucket, March 14-16, 1859, NHA #232.
  138. ^ Omega, of Nantucket, January 1, 1855, MVM.
  139. ^ Martha, of Fairhaven, November 20-22, 1860, MVM.
  140. ^ Tamerlane, of New Bedford, November 19, 1851, ODHS.
  141. ^ George and Susan, of New Bedford, March 3-4, 1847, Elizabeth Bay, Isabela Island, ODHS #765.
  142. ^ Spartan, of Nantucket, November 12-December 2, 1859, Hilo, NHA #232.
  143. ^ Isabella, of New Bedford, March 8, 1854, Hilo, NWC #174.
  144. ^ Rousseau, of New Bedford, November 12-28, 1855, Lahaina, ODHS.
  145. ^ Bowditch, of Warren, October 31-November 14, 1851, Lahaina, ODHS.
  146. ^ Fortune, of New Bedford, February 10-22, 1848, Bay of Islands, ODHS.
  147. ^ Cherokee, of New Bedford, September 18-October 5, 1848, Honolulu, NWC.
  148. ^ Golconda, of New Bedford, October 29-November 26, 1854, Honolulu, KWM #244.
  149. ^ China, of New Bedford, November 10-December 23, 1854, Honolulu, ODHS #549.
  150. ^ Eliza F. Mason, of New Bedford, February 24-March 3, 1856, Guam, ODHS.
  151. ^ Golconda, of New Bedford, October 29-November 26, 1854, Honolulu, KWM #244.
  152. ^ Nimrod, of New Bedford, October 28-30, 1849, Lahaina, NWC.
  153. ^ Manhattan, of Sag Harbor, April 20, 1845, Tokyo, ODHS #1073.
  154. ^ Good Return, of New Bedford, March 19-April 3, 1854, Honolulu, ODHS.
  155. ^ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, November 7-December 1, 1866, Honolulu, GBWL.
  156. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, October 31-November 3, 1860, Hilo, NWC #275.
  157. ^ Hudson, of Fairhaven, November 13-27, 1857, Honolulu, KWM.
  158. ^ Tamerlane, of New Bedford, April 11, 1851, Kauai, ODHS.
  159. ^ Three Brothers, of Nantucket, January 26, 1853, Kauai, NHA #367.
  160. ^ Good Return, of New Bedford, March 17-21, 1849, Kauai, ODHS.
  161. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, March 25-26, 1861, Koloa, Kauai, KWM #122B.
  162. ^ Covington, of Warren, Mokil, early 1858, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 71), ODHS #0820.
  163. ^ Marengo, of New Bedford, April 18-27, 1862, Hakodate, NWC #420.
  164. ^ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, January 12-14, 1856, Rarotonga, NWC #196.
  165. ^ Good Return, of New Bedford, November 17-18, 1849, Kauai, ODHS.
  166. ^ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, November 12-23, 1853, Lahaina, MVM.
  167. ^ Louisa, of New Bedford, January 1-2, 1860, Aitutaki, NWC.
  168. ^ Nassau, of New Bedford, January 22, 1855, Marquesas, ODHS.
  169. ^ Alert, of New London, December 24-27, 1848, Saipan, GBWL #95.
  170. ^ Massachusetts, of New Bedford, January 10-17, 1853, Magdalena Bay, Mexico, New Bedford Whaling Museum (NBW) #1226.
  171. ^ Mechanic, of Newport, October 17-November 12, 1848, Lahaina, NWC.
  172. ^ Marcus, of Fairhaven, March 30, 1849, Lahaina, NHA #182.
  173. ^ Rousseau, of New Bedford, February 15-March 3, 1855, Lahaina, ODHS.
  174. ^ Marengo, of New Bedford, February 28, 1860, Akaroa, NWC #420.
  175. ^ Hibernia, of New Bedford, February 16, 1854, Talcahuano, NWC #328.
  176. ^ For their "services" they were given tobacco and calico. See Covington, of Warren, Ponape, early 1858, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, pp. 73, 75), ODHS #0820.
  177. ^ Pacific, of New Bedford, December 12-13, 1853, Honolulu, NHA #295.
  178. ^ Midas, of New Bedford, February 23-March 11, 1858, Hilo, NWC #476.
  179. ^ Covington, of Warren, Hakodate, April 1858, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 82), ODHS #0820.
  180. ^ Pacific, of New Bedford, October 29, 1854, Hilo, NHA #295.
  181. ^ Three Brothers, of Nantucket, January 10, 1853, Honolulu, Oahu, NHA #367.
  182. ^ Two of the crew attended the funeral of Captain Burch, of the ship Vesper, of New London, who had died the previous day. See Three Brothers, of Nantucket, November 28, 1852, Honolulu, Oahu, NHA #367.
  183. ^ Covington, of Warren, Hakodate, April 1858, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 86), ODHS #0820.
  184. ^ Pacific, of New Bedford, March 16, 1853, Hilo, NHA #295.
  185. ^ Covington, of Warren, Guam, early 1857, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 45), ODHS #0820.
  186. ^ Bowditch, of Warren, February 6, 1851, Hong Kong, ODHS #727.
  187. ^ Captain James Bennett and his wife Donna visited Nuʻuanu Pali, Oahu. See Massachusetts, of New Bedford, November 22, 1852, NBW #1226.
  188. ^ Pacific, of New Bedford, March 22, 1853, Rainbow Falls, NHA #295.
  189. ^ a b Henry Kneeland, of New Bedford, October 29-December 23, 1849, Honolulu, ODHS.
  190. ^ Some whalemen got drunk off sake and looted storefronts. See Covington, of Warren, Hakodate, April 1858, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 86), ODHS #0820.
  191. ^ Covington, of Warren, Lahaina, Maui, fall 1858, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 102), ODHS #0820.
  192. ^ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, March 3, 1853, Guam, MVM.
  193. ^ Massachusetts, of Nantucket, December 21, 1857, San Francisco, NHA #134.
  194. ^ Fortune, of New Bedford, November 14, 1848, Lahaina, ODHS.
  195. ^ Hibernia, of New Bedford, March 15 and April 7, 1854, on passage from Talcahuano, NWC #328.
  196. ^ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, December 10, 1854, on passage from Lahaina, MVM.
  197. ^ Pioneer, of New Bedford, November 5, 1860, Honolulu, ODHS #116.
  198. ^ Fortune, of New Bedford, November 13, 1848, Lahaina, ODHS.
  199. ^ J. E. Donnell, of New Bedford, November 30, 1852, Honolulu, Oahu, MVM.
  200. ^ William Rotch, of Honolulu, May 3-June 12, 1868, Hakodate, in Friend, Honolulu, November 2, 1868, Vol. 17, No. 11.
  201. ^ A sailor had been put into the fort for fast riding. A constable by the name of Sherman disciplined him by striking him on the head twice with a club, killing him. The next night sailors rioted, setting fire to the harbor master's office and breaking into a house. The following afternoon soldiers from the fort dispersed the rioters. See Massachusetts, of New Bedford, November 9-11, 1852, Honolulu, Oahu, NBW #1226.
  202. ^ Three Brothers, of Nantucket, November 12, 1852, Honolulu, Oahu, NHA #367.
  203. ^ Martha, of Fairhaven, October 15, 1860, Honolulu, Oahu, MVM.
  204. ^ Rousseau, of New Bedford, November 12-28, 1855, Lahaina, ODHS #284.
  205. ^ Mercury, of Stonington, and Tobacco Plant, of New Bedford, both caught fire while laying at anchor in Honolulu Harbor, the former on November 9 and the latter on November 29, 1849. Mercury was a total loss, while the fire aboard Tobacco Plant was put out by sinking the ship and running her ashore, where she capsized. See Nimrod, of New Bedford, NWC #510.
  206. ^ Washington and Rousseau, both of New Bedford, during a gale. See Rousseau, of New Bedford, November 11, 1856, Lahaina, Maui, ODHS #284.
  207. ^ Abraham H. Howland, of New Bedford, struck a reef outside Honolulu Harbor during a gale on December 7, 1852. She had been seen in Sakhalin Gulf on July 31 of that year. See Massachusetts, of New Bedford, July 31, 1852, NBW #1226, and Three Brothers, of Nantucket, December 7, 1852, NHA #367.
  208. ^ Four journals were kept by Captain's wives: the first by Donna Bennett, wife of Captain James E. Bennett, aboard of the ship Massachusetts, of New Bedford, 1852-1853; the second by Eliza Brock, wife of Captain Peter C. Brock, aboard the ship Lexington, of Nantucket, 1854-1855; the third by Elizabeth Morey, wife of Captain Israel Morey, aboard the ship Phoenix, of Nantucket, 1854-1855; and the fourth by Eliza Williams, wife of Captain Thomas W. Williams, aboard of the ship Florida, of Fairhaven, 1859-1861, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 3-204.
  209. ^ Phoenix, of Nantucket, July 14, 1854, in or near Tugur Bay, NHA #207.
  210. ^ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 24, 1855, Uda Gulf, NHA #136.
  211. ^ Massachusetts, of New Bedford, August 9, 1852, near Reyneke Island, NBW #1226.
  212. ^ Lexington, of Nantucket, August 29, 1854, Bolshoy Shantar Island, NHA #136.
  213. ^ Phoenix, of Nantucket, October 13, 1854, Lebyazhya Bay, NHA #207.
  214. ^ Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1855, Uda Gulf, in Three Times Around the World (1867), pp. 92-93.
  215. ^ Phoenix, of Nantucket, May 27, 1855, in the pack ice offshore, NHA #207.
  216. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, August 4, 1859, Sakhalin Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 82.
  217. ^ George Howland, of New Bedford, September 14, 1860, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. 17, No. 28.
  218. ^ Schooners Ayan and Caroline, 1863-1865, Mamga, in Evening Bulletin, of Honolulu, March 30, 1902, Vol. 1, No. 10.
  219. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 15-19, 1858, ODHS #17.
  220. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, July 14-25, 1858, NWC #609.
  221. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 27-29, Cape Nurki; July 30-August 1, September 15-16, Ayan; August 2-4, Feklistova Island; August 6-September 7, Uda Gulf; September 22, 1858, Okhotsk City, ODHS #17.
  222. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, July 29, 1858, Uda Gulf, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 6, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 27.
  223. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, July 26-September 17, 1858, NWC #609.
  224. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, October 1-2, 1858, ODHS #17.
  225. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, September 18-30, 1858, NWC #609.
  226. ^ Athol, of St. John, August 14-September 10, 1847, 45° 36'-48° 10' N, east of Sakhalin to 149° 28' E, NBW #1335.
  227. ^ George and Susan, of New Bedford, August 29-September 15, 1847, 25 to 40 mi (40 to 64 km) north and northwest of Broutona and Simushir, ODHS #765.
  228. ^ Charles W. Morgan, of San Francisco, August 29, 1898, 47° 10' N, 146° 15' E, GBWL #151.
  229. ^ Shepherdess, of Mystic, June 25, 1849, 57° 12' N, 150° E, NWC.
  230. ^ Julian, of New Bedford, June 25, 1849, 55° 30' N (24th); July 6, 1849, 57° 21' N (5th), 152° 24' E, NWC.
  231. ^ Good Return, of New Bedford, August 25, 1849, 56° 36' N, 154° 11' E, ODHS.
  232. ^ Corinthian, of New Bedford, June 26, 1852, 56° 37' N, 150° 03' E, ODHS.
  233. ^ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, September 9, 1852, NWC.
  234. ^ Coral, of New Bedford, September 13, 1852, 57° N (15th), NWC.
  235. ^ Sophia Thornton, of New Bedford, May 14-June 20, 1854, NWC.
  236. ^ Where they could be chased in as little as two or three fathoms (12 or 18 ft) of water. See Three Brothers, of Nantucket, September 24, 1852, north-central coast of Sea of Okhotsk, NHA #367, and Marcus, of Fairhaven, July 12, 1849, northeastern Sea of Okhotsk, NHA #182.
  237. ^ Florida, of New Bedford, June 16-September 25, 1852, Taui Bay, ODHS #1173.
  238. ^ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, June 27-September 27, 1855, Taui Bay, NWC #196.
  239. ^ Aloha, of Honolulu, July 16-October 7, 1860, Tugur Bay and off Okhotsk, in Polynesian, November 17, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 29.
  240. ^ Java, of New Bedford, July 6-September 26, 1866, Tugur Bay and Shantar Islands, KWM.
  241. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, June 24-September 6, 1868, Penzhina Bay, ODHS #490A.
  242. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June 18, 1859, Academy Gulf, NWC #781.
  243. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, September 2, 1868, Penzhina Bay, ODHS #490A.
  244. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 16, 1859, Tugur Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 75-76.
  245. ^ Montezuma, of New London, August 6, 1859, Uda Gulf, NWC #781.
  246. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, August 8-9, 1858, Tugur Bay, ODHS #1133.
  247. ^ Montezuma, of New London, August 22, 1859, Uda Gulf, NWC #781.
  248. ^ Phoenix, of Nantucket, October 7, 1854, near Shantar Islands, NHA #207.
  249. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, September 7, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  250. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, June 27, 1867, Penzhina Bay, ODHS #490A.
  251. ^ Montezuma, of New London, July 4, 1858, Ulban Bay; July 20, 1858, Konstantina Bay, NWC #781.
  252. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, May 9-September 23, 1853, ODHS #530.
  253. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, April 12, 1858, KWM #122A.
  254. ^ Onward, of New Bedford, October 4, 1864, Tugur Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, December 5, 1864, Vol. 13, No. 12, p. 96.
  255. ^ Emily Morgan, of New Bedford, October 14, 1861, Uda Gulf, in Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1862, Vol. 11, No. 1.
  256. ^ Camilla, of New Bedford, October 16, 1861, Academy Gulf, in Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1862, Vol. 11, No. 1.
  257. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, October 17, 1855, NWC.
  258. ^ Eliza Adams, of Fairhaven, August-September 1847, ODHS.
  259. ^ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, May 19, 1855, 55° 58' N, 154° 47' E, NWC #456.
  260. ^ China, of New Bedford, October 5, 1854, ODHS #549.
  261. ^ Catch of bowhead whales by month based on nearly 1,400 whales caught during 129 vessel seasons from 1849 to 1889: August (33.1%), July (23.0%), June (18.6%), and September (14.1%).
  262. ^ Catch of right whales by month based on over 210 whales caught during 72 vessel seasons from 1845 to 1898: August (49.0%) and September (40.5%). May, June, July, and October each account for less than 4% of the catch.
  263. ^ Isaac Howland, of New Bedford, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1862, Vol. 11, No. 12.
  264. ^ Ohio, of New Bedford, September 20, 1855, MVM.
  265. ^ Which yielded 3500 barrels of oil. The ship Sea, at 807 tons, was the largest vessel in the American whaling fleet. See Sea, of Warren, September 22, 1853, NWC #167; WSL, New Bedford, January 24, 1854, Vol. XI, No. 45, p. 375; Starbuck (1878), pp. 488-489.
  266. ^ Midas, of New Bedford, June 9-October 24, 1864, Taui Bay and Shantar region (Uda Gulf, Tugur Bay, Academy Bay), ODHS #483.
  267. ^ Gray whales caught (n = 99), found dead (n = 4), or struck and lost (n = 22) in the Sea of Okhotsk by American whaleships in the 19th century: 1 or more by Ocmulgee in 1853 (ODHS); 1 each (plus 1 struck/lost) by Hibernia and Heroine and 1 (dead) by Isabella in 1854 (NWC); 2 by Rousseau, 1 (dead) by Omega, and 1 struck/lost each by William Wirt and Triton 2nd in 1855 (NWC, MVM, ODHS); 1 by Euphrates in 1856 (NBFL); 3 by Roman 2nd, 1 each by Mary Frazier, Nimrod and Sharon, 1 (dead) by Carolina, 1 struck/lost by Cicero, and 200 bbls "devilfish" by Splendid in 1858 (KWM, NWC, ODHS, Friend, Polynesian); 9 (plus 3 struck/lost) by Oliver Crocker and 2 each (plus 1 struck/lost) by Mary Frazier and Nimrod in 1859 (KWM, NWC, ODHS); 9 by Gideon Howland, 3 (plus 1 struck/lost) by Cambria, 1 by Alice Frazier and 1 struck/lost each by Montezuma and Josephine in 1860 (KWM, NBFL, NWC, ODHS); 3 each by Josephine and Oliver Crocker and 1 each by Florida, Gratitude and South Boston in 1861 (KWM, NBFL, Polynesian, One Whaling Family [1964]); 5 each (plus 6 struck/lost) by Bartholomew Gosnold and California and 4 (plus 1 struck/lost) by Governor Troup in 1863 (GBWL, KWM, NWC); 2 by Josephine in 1864 and 3 in 1866 (KWM); 4 by Charles W. Morgan in 1865 and 2 in 1866 (NBFL); 8 by Onward and 100 bbls "devilfish" by Midas in 1866 (GBWL, ODHS); 4 by Sea Breeze in 1866 and 1 (dead) (plus 1 struck/lost) in 1867 (ODHS); 1 by Benjamin Cummings and 5 by Hercules in 1868 (Friend, Hawaiian Gazette, ODHS); 4 (plus 1 struck/lost) by Arnolda and 1 (plus 1 struck/lost) by Florence in 1874 (ODHS, One Whaling Family); 4 (plus 1 struck/lost) by Mary and Helen II in 1885 (KWM).
  268. ^ Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole, spoken by Lancaster, of New Bedford, August 10, 1853, in Taui Bay, ODHS.
  269. ^ One source claims that gray whales were caught in the Sea of Okhotsk as early as the late 1840s, but it doesn't bother provide a citation. See "Nineteenth Century Whaling for Gray Whales in the Okhotsk Sea," a section of "Nineteenth Century Gray Whaling: Grounds, Catches, and Kills, Practices and Depletion of the Whale Population" by David A. Henderson, in The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius robustus (1984), edited by M. L. Jones, S. L. Swartz, and S. Leatherwood, p. 176.
  270. ^ Bart Gosnold, of New Bedford, June 25-July 4, 1863, GBWL #121.
  271. ^ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, June 29-30, 1863, KWM.
  272. ^ Onward, of New Bedford, July 3-6, 1866, GBWL #856.
  273. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, July 13-16, 1866, ODHS.
  274. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, September 18-19, 1885, KWM.
  275. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, June 27, 1861, KWM #122B.
  276. ^ Nimrod, of New Bedford, June 15, 1859, off Cape Elizabeth, ODHS #946.
  277. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, October 23, 1858, off Cape Elizabeth, NWC.
  278. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, July 21, 1864, off Prokofyeva Island, KWM #122C.
  279. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, July 16, 1874, Konstantina Bay, GBWL.
  280. ^ Emma F. Herriman, of San Francisco, September 12 and 29, 1889, Tugur Bay, GBWL #761.
  281. ^ Oliver Crocker, of New Bedford, June 19-July 1, Taui Bay, September 25-26, 1859, near Ayan, KWM #162.
  282. ^ Gideon Howland, of New Bedford, June 26-July 8, 1860, Sakhalin Gulf and near Reyneke Island, New Bedford Free Public Library (NBFL).
  283. ^ Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole, July 22, 1855, 51° 18' N, 154° 12' E, NWC #522.
  284. ^ New England, of New London, off Iony Island, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 28.
  285. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, July 28, 1867, Penzhina Bay, ODHS #490A.
  286. ^ They also harpooned and lanced killers that tried to steal the tongues from whales they had caught. See Friend, Honolulu, November 18, 1861, Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 84.
  287. ^ Killer whales scared away whales whalemen were trying to catch as well. See Massachusetts, of Nantucket, August 24, 1857, bowheads, 59° 15' N, north-central Sea of Okhotsk, and September 22, 1857, bowheads, within 10 miles (15 km) of shore, north-central Sea of Okhotsk, NHA #134; and Midas, of New Bedford, August 21, 1855, rights, 56° 11' N, 153° 20' E, NHA #155.
  288. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 6, 1860, Uda Gulf, NWC #275.
  289. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, June 5, 1861, east of Sakhalin, KWM #122B.
  290. ^ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, June 2, 1863, Shelikhov Gulf, KWM.
  291. ^ Lancaster, of New Bedford, August 7, 1853, Taui Bay, ODHS.
  292. ^ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, June 6-7, 1854, near Iony Island, MVM.
  293. ^ Navy, of New Bedford, August 26, 1861, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  294. ^ A 21.5-inch long explosive projectile fired from a 3-ft, 24-lb iron shoulder gun with a 1 1/8 inch bore. See Scammon (1874), p. 26.
  295. ^ Tamerlane, of New Bedford, September 26, 1851, ODHS.
  296. ^ There were exceptions. Of thirteen "polar whales" killed with a bomb gun by a vessel in the Sea of Okhotsk in 1854, eleven were retrieved. Of these, nine were obtained using one bomb lance each, while three were killed instantly. See Dover, of New London, in Sacramento Daily Union, October 26, 1855, Vol. 10, No. 1431.
  297. ^ A swivel gun mounted on the bow of a whaleboat with a 3-ft long barrel and a 1½ inch bore that weighed 75 lbs when stocked and fired a 4.5-ft long non-explosive harpoon. See Scammon (1874), p. 27.
  298. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, June 17, 1853, NWC.
  299. ^ J. E. Donnell, of New Bedford, May 20-September 1, 1852, bowheads, MVM.
  300. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June 1, 1858-July 23, 1860, bowheads, NWC #781.
  301. ^ Eliza Adams, of Fairhaven, September 5-22, 1847, rights, ODHS.
  302. ^ Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole, August 29-September 6, 1848, rights, ODHS.
  303. ^ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, June 26-27, 1849, bowheads, NWC.
  304. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, May 19-June 5, 1853, bowheads, NWC.
  305. ^ Liverpool 2nd, of New Bedford, August 26, 1848-August 20, 1849, rights, NWC.
  306. ^ City, of New Bedford, July 24-26, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf (saved), NWC.
  307. ^ Charles Phelps, of Stonington, June 24, 1852, near Iony Island (lost), NWC.
  308. ^ Covington, of Warren, September 2, 1855, offshore (saved), NWC.
  309. ^ Bowditch, of Warren, August 9, 1848, southern Sea of Okhotsk (lost), NWC.
  310. ^ Statira, of New Bedford, August 19, 1847, 47° 22' N, ODHS #556.
  311. ^ Marengo, of New Bedford, August 14, 1861, 47° 30' N, southern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC #420.
  312. ^ a b c d Ashley, Clifford W. (1991 [1926]). The Yankee Whaler. Dover, New York.
  313. ^ Henry Tuke, of Warren, August 10, 1847, 46° 16' N, 145° 25' E, KWM #517.
  314. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, May 21, 1858, ODHS #1133.
  315. ^ Turku, in Polynesian, Honolulu, December 10, 1859, Vol. XVI, No. 32.
  316. ^ Midas, of New Bedford, August 24, 1864, off Cape Bersen'yeva, Tugur Bay, ODHS #483.
  317. ^ Though whales were usually "gallied" (frightened away) because they had been previously chased by whaleboats, they could also be gallied by the ship or other whales (e.g. "finbacks"). See Henry Tuke, of Warren, September 15, 1847, 48° 51' N, 147° 00' E, KWM #517; and Marengo, of New Bedford, July 30, 1860, 46° 00' N, 145° 40' E, NWC #420.
  318. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, August 27, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  319. ^ Java, of New Bedford, September 26, 1865, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  320. ^ Montezuma, of New London, September 12-15, 1858, Konstantina Bay, NWC #781.
  321. ^ Emma F. Herriman, of San Francisco, September 7, 1889, off Capes Temnyy and Bersen'yeva, Tugur Bay, GBWL #761.
  322. ^ Fortune, of New Bedford, August 9, 1848, ODHS.
  323. ^ William Wirt, of New Bedford, July 12, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf, NWC #719.
  324. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, June 26, 1864, Uda Gulf, KWM #122C.
  325. ^ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, summer 1859, Uda Gulf to Tugur Bay, in Beyond Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 113.
  326. ^ Florence, of Honolulu, June 28-August 2, 1861, Rocky Point (northeast of Uda Gulf) to Tugur Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, December 2, 1861, Vol. 18, No. 12, p. 96.
  327. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, August 31, 1860, Yakshin Bay, September 8, 1860, Shantar Islands, NWC #275.
  328. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 7, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 61-62.
  329. ^ a b c Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1854, Tugur Bay, in Three Times Around the World (1867).
  330. ^ Men could be in their boats for fifteen to eighteen hours a day, often leaving the ship at two or three in the morning and not returning until eight or nine in the afternoon. See Eliza F. Mason, of New Bedford, August 2, 1855, Tugur Bay, ODHS #995; and Lexington, of Nantucket, July 30, 1854, Tugur Bay, July 19, 1855, Uda Gulf, NHA #136.
  331. ^ They also participated in what was simply called "night whaling", lowering for bowheads when they heard their spouts and following them by the phosphorescent trails they left. See Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1854, Tugur Bay, in Three Times Around the World (1867), p. 86; and Scammon (1874), p. 64.
  332. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 13, 1861, Yam Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 188.
  333. ^ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Medvezhy Island, in Forecastle to Cabin (1905), p. 200.
  334. ^ Pacific, of New Bedford, July 18, 1854, Tugur Bay, NHA #295.
  335. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 18, 1861, Yam Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 190.
  336. ^ a b Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1854, Tugur Bay area, in Three Times Around the World (1867).
  337. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 21, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 67.
  338. ^ a b Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, near Cape Ukoy, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), pp. 186-187.
  339. ^ At night boats went "ashore, and either occupying some unclaimed hut, which are sprinkled all along the shores, or building one themselves out of limbs and branches of trees, covering the ground inside with dry grass... they occupy it that night, and then leave it for the next comer." See Covington, of Warren, summer 1857, Tugur Bay area, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 59), ODHS #0820.
  340. ^ For example, huts built by other whalemen or the "Russians". See Phillipe Delanoye, of Fairhaven, September 15, 1854, Academy Gulf, KWM #51A; and Sharon, of Fairhaven, August 21, 1857, Nikolaya Bay, NWC #609.
  341. ^ In the early 1860s whalemen built a small cabin in Uda Gulf. It was made of hackmatack logs, had a "smoke hole" and stone hearth, and a "timber arrangement" (door) to keep out bears. They also stayed at the fishing settlement of "Dobra Town", at the mouth of the Uda River. See Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Uda Gulf, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), pp. 190, 199-200; also Florida, of Fairhaven, June 7, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 61-62.
  342. ^ Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1854, near Cape Bol'shoy Dugandzha, in Three Times Around the World (1867), p. 85.
  343. ^ a b c d e f Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Uda Gulf, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905).
  344. ^ Covington, of Warren, summer 1858, Tugur Bay area, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 91), ODHS #0820.
  345. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, August 21, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC #609.
  346. ^ Pacific, of New Bedford, July 30, 1854, Tugur Bay, NHA #295.
  347. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 30, 1859, Tugur Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 80.
  348. ^ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 22, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC #3932.
  349. ^ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, summer 1858, in Beyond Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 94.
  350. ^ Callao, of New Bedford, July 8, 1857, Konstantina Bay, NWC #156.
  351. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, August 25, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC #609.
  352. ^ Nassau, of New Bedford, August 13, 1855, near Shantar Islands, ODHS #612.
  353. ^ Tempest, of New London, August 17-18, 1858, in Old Sailor's Story (1879), p. 94.
  354. ^ Active, of New Bedford, August 27, 1854, Academy Gulf, NWC #11.
  355. ^ Though whales left with other ships for too long could be flensed for halves to "save" the blubber. See Cicero, of New Bedford, August 14-19, 1858, Uda Gulf, ODHS #17.
  356. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, August 18, 1860, Shantar Islands, NWC #275.
  357. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 23, August 3, 1860, Tugur Bay, NWC #275.
  358. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 13, 1855, Academy Gulf, NWC.
  359. ^ Speedwell, of Fairhaven, July 30-31, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  360. ^ Hibernia, of New Bedford, July 12-13, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC #328.
  361. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, September 5-6, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  362. ^ Endeavor, of New Bedford, August 28, 1858, Medvezhy Island, NWC #226.
  363. ^ Spartan, of Nantucket, July 23-25, 1859, south of Big Shantar Island, NHA #232.
  364. ^ Three Brothers, of Nantucket, July 19, 1853, bay on the north-central coast of Sea of Okhotsk, NHA #367.
  365. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, August 9-11, 1855, Tugur Bay, KWM #51B.
  366. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 3, 1859, Tugur Bay and Medvezhy Island, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 71-72.
  367. ^ Rousseau, of New Bedford, July 8, 1855, ODHS #284.
  368. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 14, 1858, Academy Gulf, ODHS #1133.
  369. ^ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Tugur Bay, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), p. 210.
  370. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, July 25-September 18, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC #609.
  371. ^ Triton 2nd, of New Bedford, August 24, 1855, eastern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  372. ^ Navy, of New Bedford, September 6-15, 1854, eastern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  373. ^ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, August 30-September 17, 1902, southern Sea of Okhotsk, GBWL.
  374. ^ Tamerlane, of New Bedford, September 14, 1851, southern Sea of Okhotsk, ODHS.
  375. ^ Mechanic, of Newport, August 25, 1848, southern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  376. ^ Covington, of Warren, September 16, 1855, eastern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  377. ^ Fortune, of New Bedford, August 13-September 14, 1848, southern Sea of Okhotsk, ODHS.
  378. ^ Two boats from the bark Alfred Tyler, of Edgartown, caught a right whale twelve miles from their own ship and in a fog. They brought it alongside another ship to be flensed for halves, a practice more common among boats cruising for bowheads. See Covington, of Warren, August 28-29, 1855, eastern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC.
  379. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 8, 1855, Ulban Bay, NWC.
  380. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 27, 1855, off Bolshoy Shantar Island, NWC.
  381. ^ Benjamin Rush, Antilla, both of Honolulu, Phillip 1st, of New London, and Coral, of New Bedford, July 11, 1860, Uda Gulf (ice), in Favorite, of Fairhaven, NWC #275.
  382. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, August 5, 1860, Tugur Bay (ice), in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 148-149.
  383. ^ Alice Frazier, and Milo, both of New Bedford, July 14, 1854, Tugur Bay area, ODHS #666.
  384. ^ George and Mary, of New London, June 9, 1860, near Iony Island (ice), in Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1860, Vol. 9, No. 11, p. 84.
  385. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, and Canton, of New Bedford, August 21, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  386. ^ Nassau, of New Bedford, June 4, 1855, near Iony Island (ice), ODHS #612.
  387. ^ Walter Scott, of Edgartown, July 25, 1853, Taui Bay, MVM.
  388. ^ Midas, of New Bedford, July 18, 1854, near Shantar Islands, NHA #155.
  389. ^ Corinthian, of New Bedford, May 31, 1852, offshore, ODHS.
  390. ^ Speedwell, of Fairhaven, July 21, 1854, near Shantar Islands, NWC.
  391. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 8, 1860, Uda Gulf, NWC #275.
  392. ^ Speedwell, of Fairhaven, July 18, 1854, near Shantar Islands, NWC.
  393. ^ Mary, of Edgartown, August 1, 1855, near Shantar Islands, NWC.
  394. ^ Golconda, of New Bedford, July 17, 1854, Tugur Bay, KWM #244.
  395. ^ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 19, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC #174.
  396. ^ Callao, of New Bedford, July 31, 1857, Academy Gulf, NWC #156.
  397. ^ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, August 16-19, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC #456.
  398. ^ Navy, of New Bedford, August 13, 1861, south of Feklistova Island, KWM.
  399. ^ a b Java, of New Bedford, June 20-21, 1866, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  400. ^ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, 1860, Lebyazhya Bay, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 129-130.
  401. ^ Caroline, winter of 1865-1866, Mamga, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 237.
  402. ^ Nassau, of New Bedford, May 12, 1854, offshore, ODHS #612.
  403. ^ Erie, of Fairhaven, May 6, 1852, offshore, NWC #228.
  404. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, April 12, 1860, offshore, KWM #122B.
  405. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 14, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 65.
  406. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, April 11, 1857, offshore, KWM #122A.
  407. ^ General Williams, of New London, July 4, 1863, Academy Gulf, GBWL #334.
  408. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 16, 1863, Rocky Point Harbor (northeast of Uda Gulf), KWM #18.
  409. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June 18, 1858, NWC #781.
  410. ^ Good Return, of New Bedford, June 27, 1854, off Big Shantar Island, ODHS.
  411. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, June 2, 1859, NWC.
  412. ^ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 19, 1855, Tugur Bay, NHA #136.
  413. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 13, 1858, Ulban Bay, ODHS #1133.
  414. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, June 18, 1857, NWC.
  415. ^ Java, of New Bedford, July 1, September 16, 1866, KWM.
  416. ^ Empire, of New Bedford, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 20, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 29.
  417. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June 24-26, 1859, Ulban Bay, NWC #781.
  418. ^ Fortune, of New Bedford, June 25, 1853, off Shantar Islands, NWC.
  419. ^ General Williams, of New London, July 8, 1863, Academy Gulf, GBWL #334.
  420. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June 23, 1859, Ulban Bay, NWC #781.
  421. ^ a b Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Academy Gulf area, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905).
  422. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 7, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  423. ^ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Lindholm Strait, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), pp. 201, 205.
  424. ^ Golconda, of New Bedford, June 6, 1854, offshore, KWM #244.
  425. ^ Petrel, of New Bedford, August 7, 1855, Academy Gulf, NHA #188.
  426. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, June 18, 1858, off Shantar Islands, ODHS #1133.
  427. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 2, 1858, Ulban Bay, ODHS #1133.
  428. ^ Rambler, of New Bedford, July 31, 1858, Tugur Bay, KWM #173.
  429. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, June 5, 1853, offshore, NWC.
  430. ^ Fortune, of New Bedford, May 31, 1853, offshore, NWC.
  431. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, July 11, 1859, NWC.
  432. ^ Spartan, of Nantucket, June 15, 1859, NHA #232.
  433. ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, June 2, 1868, Penzhina Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1868, Vol. 18, No. 12.
  434. ^ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, July 12, 1863, Shelikhov Gulf, KWM.
  435. ^ One year it didn't leave the bays until September. See Onward, of New Bedford, September 4, 1864, in Friend, Honolulu, December 5, 1864, Vol. 13, No. 12, p. 96.
  436. ^ Golconda, of New Bedford, July 17, 1854, Tugur Bay, KWM #244.
  437. ^ Endeavor, of New Bedford, July 16, 1859, Tugur Bay, NWC #226.
  438. ^ Pacific, of Fairhaven, August 20, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  439. ^ Onward, of New Bedford, August 20, 1861, in Friend, Honolulu, November 18, 1861, Vol. 18, No. 11, p. 87.
  440. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 4, 1859, Tugur Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 72.
  441. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, June 15, 1885, Penzhina Bay, KWM.
  442. ^ a b My Last Cruise (1858), p. 484.
  443. ^ Alice Frazier, of New Bedford, August 20, 1854, Tugur Bay, ODHS #666.
  444. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 19-20, 1858, Academy Gulf, ODHS #1133.
  445. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 16, 1855, Lindholm Strait, NWC.
  446. ^ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, July 16, 1854, NWC #196.
  447. ^ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 18, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC #174.
  448. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 14, 1855, Lindholm Strait, NWC.
  449. ^ William C. Nye, of San Francisco, June 26, 1862, just north of Uda Gulf, BL.
  450. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 17, 1861, Yam Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 189-190.
  451. ^ Daniel Wood, of New Bedford, July 31, 1857, Ulban Bay, NWC.
  452. ^ Rapid, of New Bedford, Uda Gulf, in Polynesian, Honolulu, October 13, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 24, and Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1860, Vol. 9, No. 11, p. 88.
  453. ^ Robin Hood, of Mystic, 1854, Tugur Bay area, in Three Times Around the World (1867), p. 85.
  454. ^ Louisa, of New Bedford, September 1, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  455. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, June 25, 1885, Penzhina Bay, KWM.
  456. ^ a b Benjamin Rush, of Honolulu, in Polynesian, Honolulu, December 8, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 32.
  457. ^ Charles Melville Scammon papers, 1849-1911, Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley.
  458. ^ Nimrod, of New Bedford, July 3, 1858, ODHS #946.
  459. ^ Gideon Howland, of New Bedford, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 28.
  460. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June-October, 1858-1860, NWC #781.
  461. ^ North America, of New London, August 4-10, 1846, NWC #512.
  462. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 29, 1859, off Medvezhy Island, in One Whaling Family (1964), pp. 69-70.
  463. ^ India, of New Bedford, July 19, 1849, Ushki Bay, ODHS.
  464. ^ Erie, of Fairhaven, July 25, 1852, near Sakhalin Island, NWC #228.
  465. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, August 14, 1861, Uda Gulf, KWM #18.
  466. ^ Pacific, of Fairhaven, August 14, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  467. ^ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 14, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC #3932.
  468. ^ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Academy Gulf, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), p. 216.
  469. ^ Speedwell, of Fairhaven, July 22, 1854, near Shantar Islands, NWC.
  470. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, July 31, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC #609.
  471. ^ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, near Lindholm Strait, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905), p. 203.
  472. ^ Montezuma, of New London, April 30, May 2, May 13, 1859, NWC #781.
  473. ^ Montezuma, of New London, July-October, 1858-1860, NWC #781.
  474. ^ Arnolda, of New Bedford, September 12-October 14, 1874, Shantar Islands, ODHS #925.
  475. ^ A few ships in the late 1850s used large anchors and chains to ride out storms in Uda Gulf in September and October and then lowered for whales when the weather permitted. They could catch a number of whales in this way. See Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 116-117.
  476. ^ Eliza F. Mason, of New Bedford, October 17, 1856, near Shantar Islands, ODHS.
  477. ^ a b c WSL, New Bedford, December 22, 1857, Vol. XV, No. 41.
  478. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 8, 1859, Sakharnaya Golova Island, NWC.
  479. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, August 9, 1858, Tugur Bay, ODHS #1133.
  480. ^ Florida, of New Bedford, June 17, 1852, Taui Bay, ODHS.
  481. ^ Gustav, of Havre, August 4, 1860, Uda Gulf, in Friend, November 1, 1860, Vol. 9, No. 11, p. 88.
  482. ^ Phillipe Delanoye, of Fairhaven, September 8, 1854, Academy Gulf, KWM #51A.
  483. ^ Louisa, of New Bedford, September 18, 1859, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  484. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, July 6, 1865, Shelikhov Gulf, KWM #122C.
  485. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, August 19, 1858, near Shantar Islands, ODHS #1133.
  486. ^ Montezuma, of New London, April-October, 1858-1860, NWC #781.
  487. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, May-September 1885, KWM.
  488. ^ China, of New Bedford, August 8, 1854, Tugur Bay, ODHS #549.
  489. ^ Some rigged an old sail over the tryworks so they could continue to boil oil in the rain. See Marengo, of New Bedford, August 4, 1862, 46° 30' N (August 5), southern Sea of Okhotsk, NWC #420.
  490. ^ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 13, 1854, Tugur Bay, NHA #136.
  491. ^ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 28, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC #174.
  492. ^ Turku, of Turku, August 1854, Tugur Bay, in Whales and How Tides and Currents in the Okhotsk Sea Affect Them (1863; 1965), p. 11.
  493. ^ Florida, of New Bedford, August 25-28, 1854, Tugur Bay to Taui Bay, ODHS #1173.
  494. ^ Eliza F. Mason, of New Bedford, August 2, 1855, Tugur Bay, ODHS #995.
  495. ^ James D. Thompson, of New Bedford, April 26, 1856, 54° 00' N, 152° 06' E, ODHS #40.
  496. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, July 29, 1860, Uda Gulf, KWM #122B.
  497. ^ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 29-30, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC #174.
  498. ^ Erie, of Fairhaven, May 24, 1852, offshore, NWC #228.
  499. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, May 25, 1855, offshore, KWM #51B.
  500. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, September 18, September 20, 1858, Tugur Bay, ODHS #1133.
  501. ^ Covington, of Warren, and Thomas Dickason, of New Bedford, summer 1857, Tugur Bay area, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, pp. 60-61), ODHS #0820.
  502. ^ Covington, of Warren, and Caroline, of New Bedford, summer 1858, in or near Lindholm Strait, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, pp. 94-95), ODHS #0820.
  503. ^ Small dead whales could be caught with hook and line and hoisted aboard the ship whole. See Antelope, of Newport, August 29-30, 1858, Tugur Bay, NHA #381.
  504. ^ William Wirt, of New Bedford, June 25, 1854, June 19, June 25, 1855, NWC #719.
  505. ^ Compilation of catch. Includes Alice Frazier, China, City, Covington, Daniel Wood, Florida, Golconda, Good Return, Isabella, Lexington, Midas, Nassau, Navy, Omega (Nantucket), Pacific (New Bedford), Phillipe Delanoye, Phoenix (Nantucket), Sophia Thornton, Speedwell, Walter Scott, and William Wirt for 1854; Chandler Price, Cicero, Daniel Wood, Lexington, Mary, Mary Frazier, Nassau, Pacific (Fairhaven), Petrel, Rousseau, Vineyard, William Wirt for 1855; and Chandler Price, Frances Henrietta, Onward, Oregon, Pacific, and Rousseau for 1856 (KWM, MVM, NHA, NWC, ODHS).
  506. ^ William Wirt, of New Bedford, May 11-August. 31, 1855, NWC #719.
  507. ^ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, September 9, 1856, Shantar region, NWC #3932.
  508. ^ Boats would make sport of this by firing at the bears with bomb lances. See Covington, of Warren, summer 1857, Tugur Bay area, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 61), ODHS #0820.
  509. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 30, 1860, Academy Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964), p. 147.
  510. ^ Isabella, of New Bedford, July 11-22, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC #174.
  511. ^ The following is a list of ships and their tenders and ships that used tenders: South America, of New Bedford, and Wilhelmina, of Honolulu (1854); India and Caroline (106 tons), both of New London (1855-1857); Italy and E. L. Frost (141 tons), both of Honolulu (1858); Merrimac, of New London (1858); Faith and Caroline, both of Honolulu (1859); Vernon and E. L. Frost, both of Honolulu (1859); Florence and Alice (106 tons), both of Honolulu (1859-1861); George and Mary, of New London (1860); Benjamin Rush and E. L. Frost, both of Honolulu (1860-1861); Isaac Howland, of New Bedford, and Caroline (1860-1862); Elizabeth and Kalama (85 tons), both of Honolulu (1861); Planet and E. L. Frost (1862); Oregon (1863-1865); and Tugur and Hannah Rice (1873-1874). See WSL, New Bedford, December 4, 1855, December 22, 1857, and January 22, 1861; Polynesian, Honolulu, 1858-1861; Friend, Honolulu, 1860, 1862-1863; Josephine, of New Bedford, June 29, 1864, off Cape Ukoy, KWM; Onward, of New Bedford, October 2, 1865, Lebyazhya Bay, GBWL; Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1910 (1909), pp. 63-65; and Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 306, 309.
  512. ^ A New Bedford ship may have wintered in Taui Bay in the 1850s. See My Last Cruise (1858), p. 406.
  513. ^ Benjamin Rush, of Honolulu, October 11, 1861, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 23, 1861, Vol. XVIII, No. 30.
  514. ^ a b Dusseault, Edward. "Recollections of Other Days", Ballou's Monthly Magazine, June 1879, Vol. 49, pp. 556-561.
  515. ^ "Indians" (probably Tungus) ransacked the schooner Alice, which had been left in Mamga Bay for the winter of 1859-1860. See Dudoit v Spencer (1862), in Reports of Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866).
  516. ^ Florence, of Honolulu, spring 1860. See Dudoit v Spencer (1862), in Reports of Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866).
  517. ^ WSL, New Bedford, December 4, 1855, Vol. XIII, No. 40, p. 314.
  518. ^ Polynesian, Honolulu, December 11, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 32.
  519. ^ Polynesian, Honolulu, December 10, 1859, Vol. XVI, No. 32.
  520. ^ Polynesian, Honolulu, December 8, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 32.
  521. ^ Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1862, Vol. 11, No. 1.
  522. ^ Friend, Honolulu, January 1, 1863, Vol. 12, No. 1.
  523. ^ Schooner Moloras, spoken by Isabella, of New Bedford, July 22, 1854, Tugur Bay, NWC #174.
  524. ^ Schooner or brig (identified as both) Endeavor, of San Francisco, spoken by Phoenix, of Nantucket, July 16, 1854, Tugur Bay area (NHA #207), and Hibernia, of New Bedford, July 25-27, 1854, Tugur Bay (NWC #328).
  525. ^ Schooner Edward L. Frost, of Honolulu, spoken by Rousseau, of New Bedford, August 8, 1856, near Shantar Islands, ODHS #284.
  526. ^ Schooner Edward L. Frost, spoken by Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, September 16, 1856, off Lebyazhya Bay, Feklistova Island, KWM #174.
  527. ^ Zone, of Fairhaven, and Hillman, of New Bedford, July 23, 1852. See Taber v. Jenny (1856), in Decisions of Peleg Sprague (1861).
  528. ^ Erie, of Fairhaven, July 25, 1852, Sakhalin Gulf, NWC #228.
  529. ^ Canton Packet, of New Bedford, and Emerald, of Sag Harbor, July 1856. See Bartlett v. Budd (1868), in Judgments of Massachusetts, Vol. I (1872).
  530. ^ Richmond, of New Bedford, and Oregon, May 29-30, 1863. See Heppingstone v. Mammen (1863), in Reports of Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866).
  531. ^ Hercules and Rainbow, both of New Bedford. See Swift v. Gifford (1872), in Judgments of Massachusetts, Vol. II (1877).
  532. ^ See also Environment for Litigation (Deal, 2012).
  533. ^ Boat smashed by flukes. Shepherdess, of Mystic, June 18, 1849, NWC.
  534. ^ Exposure after boat capsized. Golconda, of New Bedford, June 7, 1854, KWM #244.
  535. ^ Drowned after boat capsized. Lexington, of Nantucket, August 18, 1855, Uda Gulf, NHA #136.
  536. ^ Pulled underwater by getting entangled in whaleline. Florida, of Fairhaven, August 9, 1859, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  537. ^ Entire boat crew pulled underwater by harpooned whale. Faith, of Honolulu, in Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1859, Vol. 8, No. 11, p. 87.
  538. ^ Espadon, of Havre, July 1, 1858, Medvezhy Island, in Polynesian, Honolulu, October 30, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 26.
  539. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, June 13, 1859, Uda Gulf, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  540. ^ Java, of New Bedford, June 5, 1866, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  541. ^ Louisa, of New Bedford, July 22, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC.
  542. ^ Oliver Crocker, of New Bedford, early September 1861, Taui Bay, in Friend, Honolulu, November 18, 1861, Vol. 12, No. 11.
  543. ^ Levi Starbuck, of New Bedford, August 5, 1860, Uda Gulf, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 10, 1860, Vol. XVII, No. 28.
  544. ^ Onward, of New Bedford, August 22, 1856, NWC.
  545. ^ Charles W. Morgan, of New Bedford, July 15, 1864, off Rocky Point, in Josephine, of New Bedford, KWM.
  546. ^ Benjamin Cummings, of New Bedford, September 2, 1867, Feklistova Island, in Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1867, Vol. 18, No. 11.
  547. ^ City, of New Bedford, July 14, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf, NWC.
  548. ^ Governor Troup, of New Bedford, September 16-17, 1863, Ayan, KWM.
  549. ^ Java, of New Bedford, 1865-1866, Rocky Point, in From Forecastle to Cabin (1905).
  550. ^ Several ships that returned to Hawaii in the fall of 1847 had crew with scurvy, including at least one that died. See Sheffield, of Cold Spring, November 8, 1847, five men, on passage to Lahaina, KWM #594; Statira, of New Bedford, November 13, 1847, ten men, Lahaina, ODHS #556; Isaac Hicks, of New London, November 19, 1847, "crew down with the scurvy", Honolulu; Asia, of Havre, November 20, 1847, nineteen men, Honolulu; and Portland, of Sag Harbor, November 1847, Henry Thompson, cook, died aged 28, on passage to Honolulu (last three all in same issue of Friend, of Honolulu, December 2, 1847, Vol. V, No. 23, p. 182).
  551. ^ Majestic, of New Bedford, August 28-October 23, 1860, eastern Sea of Okhotsk and passage to Hawaiian Islands, NWC #416.
  552. ^ The earliest desertions occurred in 1849 and the latest in 1904. See Trident, of New Bedford, July 22, 1849, southeast coast of Sakhalin Island, 46° 45' N, 143° 43' E, NWC, and John and Winthrop, of San Francisco, 1904, in San Francisco Call, November 16, 1905, Vol. 98, No. 169.
  553. ^ Omega, of Nantucket, July 20-23, 1854, Ayan; September 27-October 1, 1854, Taui Bay, MVM.
  554. ^ Lexington, of Nantucket, August 5, 1854, Tugur Bay, NHA #136.
  555. ^ Callao, of New Bedford, July 20, 1857, Nikolaya Bay, NWC #156.
  556. ^ Chandler Price, of New Bedford, July 24, 1856, Uda Gulf, NWC #456.
  557. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 21, 1861, Uda Gulf, KWM.
  558. ^ Florida, Fairhaven, July 20, 1859, Tugur Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  559. ^ China, of New Bedford, July 10-11, 1854, Feklistova Island, ODHS #549.
  560. ^ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 28, 1854, NHA #136.
  561. ^ Rapid, of New Bedford, September 1859, Academy Gulf, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 19, 1859, Vol. XVI, No. 29.
  562. ^ Covington, of Warren, summer and fall 1858, Shantar Islands region and Lahaina, Maui, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, pp. 93, 105), ODHS #0820.
  563. ^ Condor, of New Bedford, October 1858, Tugur Bay; Udsk, winter of 1858-1859, in Arctic Rovings (1861), pp. 63-131.
  564. ^ Captain Nathaniel Sowle, of the ship Montreal, of New Bedford, was placed in irons by his mates and then freed by Captain Thomas Long of the ship Isaac Howland, also of New Bedford. The first mate of the Montreal left the ship and stayed aboard the Isaac Howland, while the second mate was left on the beach at his request. See Favorite, of Fairhaven, August 5, 1860, Tugur Bay, KWM #512.
  565. ^ Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Honolulu, October 11, 1860, Vol. V, No. 14.
  566. ^ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, May 27, 1857, in the pack ice offshore, NWC #3932.
  567. ^ Alice Frazier, of New Bedford, July 1857, Academy Gulf, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1857, Vol. 6, No. 12, pp. 90-92.
  568. ^ Monmouth, of Cold Spring, September 13, 1861, near Shantar Islands, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 16, 1861, Vol. XVIII, No. 29.
  569. ^ Montezuma, of New London, August 28, 1858, Uda Gulf, NWC #781.
  570. ^ Vernon, of Honolulu, September 1858, in Polynesian, Honolulu, November 13, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 28.
  571. ^ Gideon Howland, of New Bedford, Shantar Islands, in Polynesian, Honolulu, October 30, 1858, Vol. XV, No. 26.
  572. ^ Harmony, of Honolulu, and Mary, of Edgartown, Academy Gulf, in Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1857, Vol. 6, No. 12, pp. 90-92.
  573. ^ Starbuck, Alexander (1878). History of the American Whale Fishery from Its Earliest Inception to the year 1876. Castle. ISBN 1-55521-537-8.
  574. ^ WSL, New Bedford, January 18, 1853, Vol. XI, No. 46, p. 335.
  575. ^ WSL, New Bedford, December 19, 1854, Vol. XII, No. 42, p. 322.
  576. ^ Nautilus, of Shanghai, September 30, 1892, Abrek Bay. See "Board of Trade wreck report for Nautilus, 1892, No. 4630".
  577. ^ Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Honolulu, October 22, 1907, Vol. XLVI, No. 7864.
  578. ^ WSL, New Bedford, December 1, 1857, Vol. XV, No. 38.
  579. ^ Friend, Honolulu, December 5, 1864, Vol. 13, No. 12.
  580. ^ WSL, New Bedford, December 30, 1851, Vol. IX, No. 44, p. 174.
  581. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, July 9, 1855, Ulban Bay, NWC.
  582. ^ Friend, Honolulu, September 29, 1855, Vol. 4, No. 9, p. 68.
  583. ^ Friend, Honolulu, December 1, 1855, Vol. 4, No. 12, pp. 90-91.
  584. ^ Friend, Honolulu, November 15, 1856, Vol. 5, No. 11, p. 85.
  585. ^ WSL, New Bedford, December 16, December 23, 1856, Vol. XIV, Nos. 41-42.
  586. ^ Natchez, of New Bedford, October 1856, Nikolaya Bay. See Coady et al. v. 1,200 barrels oil, 15,000 pounds bone, etc., etc. in Reports of Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866).
  587. ^ a b Friend, Honolulu, December 4, 1858, Vol. 7, No. 12, p. 93.
  588. ^ Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1859, Vol. 8, No. 11, p. 87.
  589. ^ Rambler, of New Bedford, August 21, 1858, KWM #173.
  590. ^ Phoenix, of Nantucket, October 12, 1858, Medvezhy Island, NHA #197.
  591. ^ a b Daily Alta California, San Francisco, Vol. 11, Nos. 332-335, November 30-December 3, 1859.
  592. ^ Friend, Honolulu, November 1, 1853, Vol. 2, No. 10, p. 93.
  593. ^ City, of New Bedford, September 6-9, 1854, Sakhalin Gulf, NWC.
  594. ^ WSL, New Bedford, October 29, 1867, Vol. XXV, No. 35.
  595. ^ Friend, Honolulu, November 18, 1861, Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 84.
  596. ^ Carolina, of New Bedford, July 23-26, 1858, Nikolaya Bay, ODHS #1133.
  597. ^ Phoenix, of Nantucket, September 22, 1858, Lebyazhya Bay, NHA #197.
  598. ^ Onward, of New Bedford, August 1, 1865, north side of Big Shantar Island, GBWL #856.
  599. ^ Lexington, of Nantucket, July 23, 1855, Uda Gulf, NHA #136.
  600. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, July 9, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  601. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, July 6, 1860, Taui Bay, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  602. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, July 12, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC #609.
  603. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, May 24, 1885, Gizhigin Bay, KWM.
  604. ^ One reindeer was exhibited in Honolulu. See Charles Phelps, of Stonington, Tugur Bay, in Daily Alta California, San Francisco, December 16, 1857, Vol. 9, No. 239, and Polynesian, Honolulu, November 14, 1857, Vol. XIV, No. 28, p. 224.
  605. ^ Golconda, of New Bedford, August 18-20, 1854, Tugur Bay, KWM #244.
  606. ^ Navy, of New Bedford, September 17, 1861, Sakhalin Gulf, KWM.
  607. ^ Florida, of Fairhaven, September 8, 1859, Okhotsk, in One Whaling Family (1964).
  608. ^ Mary Frazier, of New Bedford, August 19, 1855, Tugur Bay, NWC.
  609. ^ Huntress, of New Bedford, September 4, 1848, NWC.
  610. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 5, 1860, Uda Gulf, NWC #275.
  611. ^ Josephine, of New Bedford, August 16, 1865, Academy Gulf, KWM #122C.
  612. ^ Alice Frazier, of New Bedford, July 26, 1854, Tugur Bay, ODHS #666.
  613. ^ Storfursten Constantin, of Helsinki, October 1860, near Aldoma River, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 132-133.
  614. ^ Emma F. Herriman, of San Francisco, August 29, 1889, Lebyazhya Bay, Feklistova Island, GBWL #761.
  615. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, July 23, 1855, Feklistova Island, KWM #51B.
  616. ^ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 1, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC #3932.
  617. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, July 8, 1860, Severo-Vostochnaya Gavan', Uda Gulf, KWM #512.
  618. ^ They also took eaglets from their nest. See Jeannette, of New Bedford, July 20, 1852, Taui Bay, ODHS #994.
  619. ^ a b India, of New Bedford, July 2, 1850, Talan, ODHS.
  620. ^ Ohio II, of New Bedford, July 12-13, 1847, Broutona, ODHS #488.
  621. ^ Men were left ashore with provisions to hunt seals while the ship cruised for whales. See Majestic, of New Bedford, July 7-21, 1860, Tyuleny Island, NWC #416.
  622. ^ Montezuma, of New London, June 18, 1858, NWC #781.
  623. ^ They were taken while napping on the ice floes, where men could club them on the nose with wooden sticks. See Covington, of Warren, spring 1857, offshore, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, p. 49), ODHS #0820.
  624. ^ Mary and Susan, of Stonington, September 17, 1848, NWC.
  625. ^ Hannah Rice, 1871, Tyuleny Island, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), p. 297.
  626. ^ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, August 7, 1856, Tugur Bay, NWC #3932.
  627. ^ Arctic, of Fairhaven, 1853, western Kamchatka, in A Life on the Ocean (1917), p. 104.
  628. ^ Arctic, of Fairhaven, 1852, Bolshoy Shantar Island, in A Life on the Ocean (1917), p. 89.
  629. ^ Mamga, September 1867, Tugur Bay, in Beyond the Frontiers of Imperial Russia (2008), pp. 245-246.
  630. ^ Rebecca Sims, of New Bedford, 1855, Uda Gulf, in Three Times Around the World (1867), pp. 93-94.
  631. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, August 11, 1885, Lebyazhya Bay, KWM.
  632. ^ Betsey Williams, of Stonington, August 29, 1853, Taui Bay, NWC.
  633. ^ Frances Henrietta, of New Bedford, July 4, 1857, Ayan, NWC.
  634. ^ Callao, of New Bedford, June 21, 1857, Iony Island, NWC #156.
  635. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, June 19, 1861, Iony Island, KWM #18.
  636. ^ Favorite, of Fairhaven, August 29, 1860, Yakshin Bay, NWC #275.
  637. ^ Phillipe Delanoye, of Fairhaven, September 25, 1854, Academy Gulf, KWM #51A.
  638. ^ They roasted them while making a pot of coffee ashore. See Covington, of Warren, summer 1858, Shantar Islands, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, pp. 92-93), ODHS #0820.
  639. ^ A Russian whaleman was killed by a bear while gathering mussels near a hut he and his shipmates were spending the night in. See Covington, of Warren, summer 1858, Tugur Bay area, in Deep Water Cruising (Peck, pp. 91-92), ODHS #0820.
  640. ^ Cicero, of New Bedford, September 1, 1855, Tugur Bay, KWM #51B.
  641. ^ Sharon, of Fairhaven, August 10, 1858, Taui Bay, NWC #609.
  642. ^ Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, May 22, 1885, Gizhigin Bay, KWM.
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