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Country Liberal Party

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Not to be confused with Liberal Country Party, Liberal and Country League, or Liberal and Country Party.

Country Liberal Party
AbbreviationCLP
LeaderLia Finocchiaro
Deputy LeaderGerard Maley
PresidentLawson Broad
FoundedJuly 1966 (earliest branch)
July 1974 (current name adopted)[a]
Headquarters229 McMillans Road, Jingili, Northern Territory
Youth wingYoung Country Liberals
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
National affiliationLiberal–National Coalition
Colours  Orange
SloganThe Territory Party
House of Representatives
0 / 2
(NT seats)
Senate
1 / 2
(NT seats)
Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
7 / 25
Website
www.clp.org.au
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The Country Liberal Party of the Northern Territory (CLP),[4] commonly known as the Country Liberals, is a centre-right political party in Australia's Northern Territory. In local politics it operates in a two-party system with the Australian Labor Party (ALP). It also contests federal elections as an affiliate of the Liberal Party of Australia and National Party of Australia, the two partners in the federal coalition.

The CLP originated in 1971 as a division of the Australian Country Party (later renamed the National Party), the first local branches of which were formed in 1966. It adopted its current name in 1974 to attract Liberal Party supporters, but maintained a sole affiliation with the Country Party until 1979 when it adopted its current joint association. The party dominated the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from the inaugural election in 1974 through to its defeat at the 2001 election, winning eight consecutive elections and providing the territory's first seven chief ministers. Following its defeat in 2001, the party did not return to power until 2012, but was defeated after a single term and has remained in opposition since 2016. The party is currently led by Lia Finocchiaro, who was elected party leader and leader of the opposition in February 2020.

At federal level, the CLP contests elections for the Northern Territory's House of Representatives and Senate seats, which also cover the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. It is registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). Its candidates do not form a separate parliamentary party but instead join either the Liberal or National party rooms – for instance, CLP senator Nigel Scullion was a long-serving deputy leader of the Nationals. Its sole current federal legislator Jacinta Nampijinpa Price sits with the National Party.

The CLP's constitution describes it as an "independent conservative" party and commits it to Northern Territory statehood. It has typically prioritised economic development of the territory and originally drew most of its support from Outback towns and the pastoral industry. It later developed a voter base among the urban middle-class populations of Darwin, Palmerston and Alice Springs (the latter two of which are strongholds for the party). The party has had a fluctuating relationship with the territory's large Indigenous population, notably providing the territory's first Indigenous MP (Hyacinth Tungutalum) and Australia's first Indigenous head of government (Adam Giles).

History

Origins

A party system did not develop in the Northern Territory until the 1960s, due to its small population and lack of regular elections. The Australian Labor Party (ALP) contested elections as early as 1905, but rarely faced an organised opposition; anti-Labor candidates usually stood as independents. The regionalist North Australia Party (NAP), established by Lionel Rose for the Legislative Council elections in 1965, has been cited as a predecessor of the CLP.[5]

A Darwin branch of the Country Party was established on 20 July 1966, following by an Alice Springs branch on 29 July. The creation of the branches was spurred by the upcoming 1966 federal election and the announcement by the Northern Territory's federal MP Jock Nelson that he would be retiring from politics. The Country Party achieved its first electoral success with the election of Sam Calder as Nelson's replacement.[6] It subsequently won four out of eleven seats at the 1968 Legislative Council elections. A third branch of the party was established in Katherine in February 1971. The branches affiliated with the Federal Council of the Australian Country Party in July 1971, establishing a formal entity with a central council, executive and annual conference.[7] The party was formally named the "Australian Country Party – Northern Territory".[8]

The Country Party primarily drew its support from Alice Springs, small towns, and the pastoral industry, including "a fair proportion of the non-urban Aboriginal vote".[7] The party did not have a strong presence in Darwin. A branch of the Liberal Party, the Country Party's coalition partner at a federal level, had been established in Darwin in 1966, representing commercial interests and urban professionals. The Liberals fielded candidates at the 1968 Legislative Council elections, but by 1970 the local branch had ceased to function.[9] In 1973, the Country Party began actively working to include Liberal supporters within its organisation, spurred by the Whitlam government's announcement of a fully elective Northern Territory Legislative Assembly. Following informal negotiations led by Goff Letts, a joint committee was established to determine changes to the Country Party's constitution and policy.[10] These were officially approved, along with the adoption of the name Country Liberal Party, at the party's annual conference in Alice Springs on 20 July 1974.[11] The 2018 constitution of the party states that it was formed in 1974.[12]

1974–2001: Foundation and early dominance

The Whitlam government passed legislation in 1974 to establish a fully elected unicameral Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, replacing the previous partly elected Legislative Council, which had been in existence since 1947. The CLP won 17 out of 19 seats at the inaugural elections in October 1974, with independents holding the other two seats.[13] Goff Letts became the inaugural majority leader, a title changed to chief minister after the granting of self-government in 1978. The CLP governed the Northern Territory from 1974 until the 2001 election. During this time, it never faced more than nine opposition members. Indeed, the CLP's dominance was so absolute that its internal politics were seen as a bigger threat than any opposition party.[14] This was especially pronounced in the mid-1980s, when a series of party-room coups resulted in the Territory having three Chief Ministers in four years and also saw the creation of the Northern Territory Nationals as a short-lived splinter group under the leadership of former CLP chief minister Ian Tuxworth.

The Whitlam government also passed legislation to give the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) representation in the federal Senate, with each territory electing two senators. Bernie Kilgariff was elected as the CLP's first senator at the 1975 federal election, sitting alongside Sam Calder in the parliamentary National Country Party. On 3 February 1979 a special conference of the CLP resolved that "the Federal CLP Parliamentarians be permitted to sit in the Party Rooms of their choice in Canberra". Despite personal misgivings, Kilgariff chose to sit with the parliamentary Liberal Party from 8 March 1979 in order that the CLP have representation in both parties, a practice which has been maintained where possible.[15]

2001–2012: In opposition

At the 2001 election the Australian Labor Party won government by one seat, ending 27 years of CLP government.[16] The loss marked a major turning point in Northern Territory politics, a result which was exacerbated when, at the 2005 election, the ALP won the second-largest majority government in the history of the Territory, reducing the once-dominant party to just four members in the Legislative Assembly. This result was only outdone by the 1974 election, in which the CLP faced only two independents as opposition. The CLP even lost two seats in Palmerston, an area where the ALP had never come close to winning any seats before.

In the 2001 federal election, the CLP won the newly formed seat of Solomon, based on Darwin/Palmerston, in the House of Representatives.[17] In the 2004 federal election, the CLP held one seat in the House of Representatives, and one seat in the Senate.[18] The CLP lost its federal lower house seat in the 2007 federal election,[18] but regained it when Palmerston deputy mayor Natasha Griggs won back Solomon for the CLP. She sat with the Liberals in the House.

The 2008 election saw the CLP recover from the severe loss it suffered three years earlier, increasing its representation from four to 11 members. Following the 2011 decision of ALP-turned-independent member Alison Anderson to join the CLP, this increased CLP's representation to 12 in the Assembly, leaving the incumbent Henderson Government to govern in minority with the support of Independent MP Gerry Wood.

Historically, the CLP has been particularly dominant in the Territory's two major cities, Darwin/Palmerston and Alice Springs. However, in recent years the ALP has pulled even with the CLP in the Darwin area; indeed, its 2001 victory was fueled by an unexpected swing in Darwin.

2012–2016: Return to government and internal conflict

Main article: 2012 Northern Territory general election

The CLP under the leadership of Terry Mills returned to power in the 2012 election with 16 of 25 seats,[19] defeating the incumbent Labor government led by Paul Henderson. In the lead up to the Territory election, CLP Senator Nigel Scullion sharply criticised the Federal Labor government for its suspension of the live cattle trade to Indonesia - an economic mainstay of the territory.[20]

The election victory ended 11 years of ALP rule in the Northern Territory. The victory was also notable for the support it achieved from indigenous people in pastoral and remote electorates. Large swings were achieved in remote Territory electorates (where the indigenous population comprised around two-thirds of voters) and a total of five Aboriginal CLP candidates won election to the Assembly.[21] Among the indigenous candidates elected were high-profile Aboriginal activist Bess Price and former ALP member Alison Anderson. Anderson was appointed Minister for Indigenous Advancement. In a nationally reported speech in November 2012, Anderson condemned welfare dependency and a culture of entitlement in her first ministerial statement on the status of Aboriginal communities in the Territory and said the CLP would focus on improving education and on helping create real jobs for indigenous people.[22]

Leadership spills

Main articles: 2013 Country Liberal Party leadership spill and 2015 Country Liberal Party leadership spill

Adam Giles replaced Mills as Chief Minister of the Northern Territory and party leader at the 2013 CLP leadership ballot on 13 March while Mills was on a trade mission in Japan.[23] Giles was sworn in as Chief Minister on 14 March, becoming the first indigenous head of government of an Australian state or territory.[24][25]

Willem Westra van Holthe challenged Giles at the 2015 CLP leadership ballot on 2 February and was elected leader by the party room in a late night vote conducted by phone.[26] However, Giles refused to resign as Chief Minister following the vote. On 3 February, ABC News reported that officials were preparing an instrument for Giles' removal by the Administrator. The swearing-in of Westra van Holthe, which had been scheduled for 11:00 local time (01:30 UTC), was delayed.[27] After a meeting of the parliamentary wing of the CLP, Giles announced that he would remain as party leader and Chief Minister, and that Westra van Holthe would be his deputy.[28]

Defections and minority government

See also: Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, 2012–2016

After four defections during the parliamentary term, the CLP was reduced to minority government by July 2015.[29][30] Giles raised the possibility of an early election on 20 July stating that he would "love" to call a snap poll, but that it was "pretty much impossible to do". Crossbenchers dismissed the notion of voting against a confidence motion to bring down the government.[30]

2016–present: In opposition

Further information: 2016 Northern Territory general election and 2020 Northern Territory general election

Territory government legislation passed in February 2016 changed the voting method of single-member electorates from full-preferential voting to optional preferential voting ahead of the 2016 territory election held on 27 August.[31][32]

Federally, a MediaReach seat-level opinion poll of 513 voters in the seat of Solomon conducted 22−23 June ahead of the 2016 federal election held on 2 July surprisingly found Labor candidate Luke Gosling heavily leading two-term CLP incumbent Natasha Griggs 61–39 on the two-party vote from a large 12.4 percent swing.[33] The CLP lost Solomon to Labor at the election, with Gosling defeating Griggs 56–44 on the two-party vote from a 7.4 percent swing.[34]

Polling ahead of the 2016 Territory election indicated a large swing against the CLP, including a near-total collapse in Darwin/Palmerston. By the time the writs were dropped, commentators had almost universally written off the CLP. At 27 August Territory election, the CLP was swept from power in a massive Labor landslide, suffering easily the worst defeat of a sitting government in Territory history and one of the worst defeats a governing party has ever suffered at the state or territory level in Australia. The party not only lost all of the bush seats it picked up in 2012, but was all but shut out of Darwin/Palmerston, winning only one seat there. All told, the CLP only won two seats, easily its worst showing in an election. Giles himself lost his own seat, becoming the second Majority Leader/Chief Minister to lose his own seat. Even before Giles' defeat was confirmed, second-term MP Gary Higgins—the only surviving member of the Giles cabinet—was named the party's new leader, with Lia Finocchiaro as his deputy.[35] On 20 January 2020, Higgins announced his resignation as party leader and announced his retirement at the next election. Finocchiaro succeeded him as CLP leader and leader of the opposition on 1 February 2020.[36]

Finocchiaro led the CLP to a modest recovery at the 2020 Territory election. The CLP picked up a six-seat swing, boosting its seat count to eight. However, it failed to make significant inroads in Darwin/Palmerston, winning only two seats there, including that of Finocchiaro.

The CLP lost the seat of Daly to Labor in a 2021 by-election, the first time an incumbent government had won a seat from the opposition in territory history.[37]

Ideology

The CLP stands for office in the Northern Territory Assembly and Federal Parliament of Australia and primarily concerns itself with representing Territory interests. It is a regionally based party, that has parliamentary representation in both the Federal Parliament and at the Territory level. It brands as a party with strong roots in the Territory.

The CLP competes against the Australian Labor Party (Northern Territory Branch) (the local branch of Australia's social-democratic party). It is closely affiliated with, but is independent from the Liberal Party of Australia (a mainly urban, pro-business party comprising mainly liberal membership) and the National Party of Australia (a conservative agrarian and regional interests party).[16]

The foreword to the constitution of the party describes it as an "independent conservative political party".[12] One of the objectives in the party's constitution is to "work toward the achievement of Statehood in the Northern Territory".[38] The party promotes traditional Liberal Party values such as individualism and private enterprise, and what it describes as "progressive" political policy such as full statehood for the Northern Territory.[16]

In February 2023, the party voted to oppose the Voice to Parliament.[39][40]

Organisation

Branch delegates and members of the party's Central Council attend the Annual Conference of the Country Liberal Party to decide the party's platform. The Central Council is composed of the party's office bearers, its leaders from the Territory Assembly and the Federal Parliament and representatives of party branches.[16]

The Annual Conference of the Country Liberal Party, attended by branch delegates and members of the party's Central Council, decides matters relating to the party's platform and philosophy. The Central Council administers the party and makes decisions on pre-selections. It is composed of the party's office bearers, its leaders in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, members in the Federal Parliament, and representation from each of the party's branches.[16]

The CLP president has full voting rights with the National Party and observer status with the Liberal Party. Both the Liberals and Nationals receive Country Liberal delegations at their conventions. After federal elections, the CLP directs its federal members and senators as to which of the two other parties they should sit with in the parliamentary chamber. In practice, CLP House members usually sit with the Liberals, while CLP Senators sit with the Nationals.

Territory electoral performance

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Government
1974 Goff Letts 13,690 49.0
17 / 19
 Increase 17 Increase 1st Majority
1977 12,769 40.1
12 / 19
 Decrease 5 Steady 1st Majority
1980 Paul Everingham 28,637 50.0
11 / 19
 Decrease 1 Steady 1st Majority
1983 28,637 58.2
19 / 25
 Increase 8 Steady 1st Majority
1987 Stephen Hatton 20,074 39.4
16 / 25
 Decrease 3 Steady 1st Majority
1990 Marshall Perron 31,758 48.8
14 / 25
 Decrease 2 Steady 1st Majority
1994 38,266 51.9
17 / 25
 Increase 3 Steady 1st Majority
1997 Shane Stone 41,722 54.7
18 / 25
 Increase 1 Steady 1st Majority
2001 Denis Burke 36,926 45.4
10 / 25
 Decrease 8 Decrease 2nd Opposition
2005 30,827 35.7
4 / 25
 Decrease 6 Steady 2nd Opposition
2008 Terry Mills 36,334 45.4
11 / 25
 Increase 7 Steady 2nd Opposition
2012 46,653 50.6
16 / 25
 Increase 5 Increase 1st Majority
2016 Adam Giles 31,263 31.8
2 / 25
 Decrease 14 Decrease 2nd Opposition
2020 Lia Finocchiaro 32,021 31.3
8 / 25
 Increase 6 Steady 2nd Opposition

Parliamentary Leaders

Year Name Notes
1974 Goff Letts Majority Leader[Note 1]
1977 Paul Everingham Majority Leader to 1978, then Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
1984 Ian Tuxworth Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
1986 Stephen Hatton Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
1988 Marshall Perron Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
1995 Shane Stone Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
1999 Denis Burke Chief Minister of the Northern Territory to 2001, then Opposition Leader
2003 Terry Mills Opposition Leader
2005 Denis Burke Opposition Leader
2005 Jodeen Carney Opposition Leader
2008 Terry Mills Opposition Leader to 2012, then Chief Minister of the Northern Territory,
ousted in leadership spill by Adam Giles
2013 Adam Giles Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, indirectly survived a leadership spill
by Willem Westra van Holthe in 2015, minority government from 2015
2016 Gary Higgins Opposition Leader
2020 Lia Finocchiaro Opposition Leader
  1. ^ While the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was created in 1974, self-government was not granted until 1978.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ On 29 July 1966, an Alice Springs-branch of the Country Party (CP) was established.[1] This was the earliest formation of what became the Country Liberal Party. The new party was officially launched at the Annual Conference in Alice Springs on 20 July 1974 as a ‘fusion’ between the Country Party and the Liberal Party into a sole organisation, having both names in its title.[2]

References

  1. ^ Heatley, Alistair. The Territory Party: The Northern Territory Country Liberal Party, 1974–1998. NTU Press. p. 5.
  2. ^ Heatley, Alistair. The Territory Party: The Northern Territory Country Liberal Party, 1974–1998. NTU Press. pp. 8–9.
  3. ^ "About the Country Liberal Party".
  4. ^ "Constitution of the Country Liberal Party of the Northern Territory" (PDF). 13. Country Liberal Party. 6 April 2018. p. 6.
  5. ^ Heatley 1998, p. 1.
  6. ^ Heatley 1998, p. 5.
  7. ^ a b Heatley 1998, p. 6.
  8. ^ Davey, Paul (2010). Ninety Not Out: The Nationals 1920-2010. UNSW Press. p. 184. ISBN 9781742231662.
  9. ^ Heatley 1998, p. 7.
  10. ^ Heatley 1998, pp. 7–8.
  11. ^ "NT party renamed". The Canberra Times. 22 July 1974.
  12. ^ a b "Constitution of the Country Liberal Party of the Northern Territory" (PDF). 13. Country Liberal Party. 6 April 2018. p. 3.
  13. ^ Heatley 1998, p. 10.
  14. ^ Green, Antony. 2005 election summary Archived 6 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ABC News, 2005-04-15.
  15. ^ Davey, Paul (2017). "Kilgariff, Bernard Francis (1923–2010)". The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Parliament @ Work - The Country Liberal Party (CLP)". Parliament.curriculum.edu.au. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  17. ^ Rodney P. Carlisle, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. SAGE Publications. p. 535. ISBN 978-1-4522-6531-5.
  18. ^ a b Tom Lansford, ed. (2014). Political Handbook of the World 2014. SAGE Publications. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4833-8626-3.
  19. ^ Green, Antony. "Final Figures for 2012 Northern Territory Election". ABC. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  20. ^ Kristy O'Brien (12 September 2012). "Politicians link suicides to cattle export ban". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  21. ^ "Indigenous vote decided outcome in the Territory | the Australian". Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  22. ^ "Subscribe to The Australian - Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps". The Australian. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  23. ^ "Mills dumped as Giles takes top Territory job". ABC News. Australia. 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  24. ^ Everingham, Sara (14 March 2013). "Indigenous politician Adam Giles to replace Terry Mills as NT Chief Minister". AM (ABC Radio). Australia. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  25. ^ "Giles denies plot to overthrow Mills". ABC News. Australia. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  26. ^ Dunlevie, James (3 February 2015). "Adam Giles dumped as NT chief minister in late-night coup, Willem Westra van Holthe elected leader". ABC News. Australia. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  27. ^ "Northern Territory Chief Minister Adam Giles refuses to quit after being dumped in a late-night coup". ABC News. Australia. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Adam Giles remains NT chief minister". SBS News. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  29. ^ "Kezia Purick quits Northern Territory Country Liberals party, Government loses one-seat majority". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  30. ^ a b "Adam Giles would 'love to go to an early election' after Kezia Purick resigns Country Liberals party". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  31. ^ Antony Green (11 February 2016). "Northern Territory Adopts Optional Preferential Voting and Bans Campaigning Near Polling Places". Blogs.abc.net.au. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  32. ^ Antony Green (27 May 2013). "Timetable for Future Elections". Blogs.abc.net.au. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  33. ^ "An independent poll shows Solomon MP Natasha Griggs will struggle to retain her seat at the federal election". NT News. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  34. ^ Australian Electoral Commission. "Solomon, NT - Tally Room: Australian Electoral Commission". Vtr.aec.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  35. ^ "Gary Higgins becomes Country Liberals' new leader, Lia Finnochiaro his deputy". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 September 2016. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  36. ^ Vivian, Steve (20 January 2020). "Country Liberal Party "100 per cent" behind new leader Lia Finocchiaro". ABC News. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  37. ^ "Labor declares victory for Dheran Young in Daly by-election". ABC News. 11 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  38. ^ "Constitution of the Country Liberal Party of the Northern Territory" (PDF). 13. Country Liberal Party. 6 April 2018. p. 9.
  39. ^ "Party members of the NT's Country Liberals vote to oppose an Indigenous Voice to Parliament". ABC News. 19 February 2023.
  40. ^ "Country Liberal Party to oppose Voice". 18 February 2023.

Further reading

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