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Female sex tourism

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Map of female sex tourism[1]
  Countries of origin: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland, Slovenia, Sweden, United States, Wales.
  Countries of destination: Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Croatia, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Haiti, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Morocco, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam.

Female sex tourism is sex tourism by women who travel intending to engage in sexual activities with one or more locals, including male sex workers and female sex workers. Female sex tourists may seek aspects of the sexual relationship not typically shared by male sex tourists, such as perceived romance and intimacy.[2][3][4][5] The incidence of female sex tourism is much lower than male sex tourism, and the low number of female sex tourists makes it difficult to research this phenomenon, which has been described as "poorly understood".[6][7]

Female sex tourism occurs in diverse regions of the world. Africa, the Caribbean, and southern Europe appear to be preferred destinations for female sex tourists, but some other regions with many unemployed or underemployed locals are also becoming popular.[1] Recent research has suggested that some female sex tourists do not seek male sex workers. A 2018 study found that Australian female sex tourists were more likely to seek female prostitutes than male prostitutes.[6]

Female sex tourists can be grouped into three types:

  • Traditional sex tourists, who have similar characteristics and motives as male sex tourists.
  • Situational sex tourists, who do not intentionally put themselves in a sex tourist position, but find themselves involved in a sexual encounter with locals. Situational sex tourists may fall into the category of either being businesswomen, students, women in overseas conferences or other women who have different agendas that are non-sexual.[2]
  • Romance tourists, who plan to fulfill their travel with romantic experiences that they cannot experience in their native country.[8]

With this movement of different populations to different countries, problems concerning health increase, especially ailments involving sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS. Some women involved with sex tourism do not use barrier contraceptives during the majority of their visit, leaving them and those they have sex with unprotected against STIs.[6][9]

Terminology

There is an ongoing debate on terminology regarding female sex tourism. Pruitt and LaFont argue that the term female sex tourism is not representative of the relationship that female tourists have with local men. They argue that female sex tourism oversimplifies the motives of these women and that romance tourism explains the complex nature of what these women are engaging themselves in while involved in romance tours.[8] They also propose that the expression female sex tourism "serves to perpetuate gender roles and reinforce power relations of male dominance and female subordination, romance tourism in Jamaica provides an arena for change".[8]

Scholars such as Klaus de Albuquerque counter that the term romance tourism overcomplicates what the motives of sex tourists are. de Albuquerque stated that concepts like "romance tourism" are only representative of small niches, like that of Jamaica and its cultural beliefs. Through his research, he concludes that the majority of female sex tourists are solely touring for physical encounters and not romance. He also says that the "tourist and beach boys may define their relationships as one of romance, [but] in reality, the relationship is one of prostitution".[10]

Researcher Jacqueline Sanchez-Taylor argues that the term female sex tourism and even the term romance tourism undermine what is actually happening in these situations. She compares female and male sex tourism and shows how each relationship is based upon sexual-economic relationships. She also explores whether or not female sex tourism is based on romance and if there is some sort of sexual-economic relationship occurring between the two parties. She added, "The fact that parallels between male and female sex tourism are widely overlooked reflects and reproduces weaknesses in existing theoretical and commonsense understandings of gendered power...[and] sex tourism."[11]

Destinations

Female sex tourists visit Southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Croatia), Southeast Asia (Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia), Africa (Morocco and Tanzania) and the Caribbean (Jamaica, The Bahamas, Cuba, and Barbados).[1] Other destinations include parts of Latin America such as Ecuador and parts of West Asia such as Turkey.[1] Bali in Indonesia is a popular destination where women from Western and Northern Europe, North America, Japan and Australia engage in sex tourism with male locals.[12] A survey from 2009 conducted by Wanjohi Kibicho in Malindi Kenya from the book Sex Tourism in Africa: Kenya's Booming Industry, found that out of the sex tourists surveyed, 61% were between the ages of 46–50, 31–35 (3%) being the youngest age bracket. Of the background of these women surveyed 22% were from Germany, 19% from Italy, and 15% from the Netherlands. In addition 71% of those surveyed were revisiting the destination. In gauging the reasoning for sex touring, Kibicho summarizes that women who feel rejected by men in the developed countries for being "overweight and older" find that in Kenya this is suddenly reversed. There they are "romanced", appreciated and "loved" by men.[13]

Motives for travel

Traditional sex tourism

Traditional female sex tourists have the same intentions as their male counterparts, and travel to foreign countries that have lower wages, and take advantage of cheap prostitution at a level unaffordable in their own countries.

Situational sex tourism

Situational sex tourists differ from traditional sex tourists by considering their sexual activities with the sex worker as an added amenity to their original motive to travel.[2]

The majority of situational sex tourists are first-time tourists who do not plan on being involved with local men, and who become involved in romantic relationships rather than having exclusively physical relationships with sex workers.[10]

Situational sex tourism occurs when foreign tourists are attracted by male sex workers, known as beach boys in the Caribbean or gringueros in Costa Rica. According to the tourists, they are usually attracted by the exotic appeal that these men possess. This appeal can result from the ethnic differences between the sex worker and the sex tourist or the foreign lifestyle that the local men live.[10] Women who have sexual encounters with such men are typically middle-aged and of European ethnicities.[14]

The sex workers will often approach women who they deem vulnerable for various reasons, such as weight or age.[10]

Romance tourism

Romance tourism refers to a different relationship than female sex tourism.[8]

The concept of romance tourism came from researchers' observations in Jamaica; it appeared to them that the female tourist and local males viewed their relationship with each other solely based on romance and courtship rather than lust and monetary value.[10] Romance tourism is an issue of gender identification: "gender identity is a relational construct, the Western women who seek to break from conventional roles require a different kind of relationship with men in order to realize a new gender identity".[8] With increasing independence and financial self-reliance, women are able to travel, showing their independence from men of their culture, "female tourists have the opportunity to explore new gender behavior".[8] Like traditional sex tourists, romance tourists have a motive for travel, romance tourists travel to underdeveloped countries to find romantic relationships.[8][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Sex workers

Background and intentions

Male sex workers have more freedom and security than female sex workers do because males are not confined to a brothel or a pimp and are not generally physically abused by their clients.[7]

Similar to the sex tourists, sex workers have their own intentions. Just as some Western women may consider the local men exotic, the local men may consider Western women to be exotic. Popular characteristics that appeal to a majority of sex workers are women with blonde hair and light colored eyes.[24] Some of the sex workers will target this type of exotic woman for their own personal pleasure with no guarantee of monetary gain.[10]

On the other side of the spectrum, most sex workers have the intention of making some form of monetary gain. Such a sex worker typically profiles tourists, in hopes of increasing his monetary wealth the fastest. While profiling he will look for older women, over the age of forty or young, overweight women. The sex worker considers these women vulnerable and will play on their vulnerability to get the tourists to obtain feelings for the sex worker. Once the tourist and sex worker obtain a relationship, the sex worker finds it easier for them to engage in a monetary exchange.[10]

Defined by the tourist

Romance tourists do not label their sex workers "prostitutes". The local men and the tourists understand their roles in the relationship. The primary difference in definition of a local man to a romance tourist and a local man to a sex tourist is the emphasis the romance tourist places on passion instead of a transaction of goods or money for sexual favors.[8]

Health risks

The rate of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS, may be relatively high in some countries which are popular destinations for female sex tourism, particularly in comparison to the home countries of many sex tourists.[25] Little or no research has been done into the transmission rates of HIV and other STDs pertaining to sex tourism. Neither has there been reliable research done into whether or not condom use is prevalent among female sex tourists. However, writer Julie Bindel speculates, in an article for The Guardian, that HIV infection figures for the region suggest that condom use by the "beach boys" in the Caribbean may be sporadic, yet female sex tourists do not appear especially preoccupied by the potential risks.[26]

Women seeking to experience sex with foreign men put themselves at a higher risk for sexually transmitted infections. Condom use during sex tours is relatively low. It is often cited that women have the intention to have safe sex with their casual sex partners while on vacation, but at some point during the initiation of the condom, the women do not follow through.[9]

The sex workers usually will not initiate the use of a condom due to either the limited availability of condoms, cost, beliefs, or previous experiences the sex worker has had with condoms. Female sex tourists report that, given the atmosphere and the exoticness of their lover, condoms are rarely used or discussed prior to engaging in sexual activities.[24]

The lack of barrier contraceptives increases the risk of the tourist obtaining a sexually transmitted infection from their foreign partner especially when their partner has been with multiple women.

It has been found that in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica, female sex tourists in the region engage in some form of unprotected sexual activity with local men known as gringueros (men who pursue gringas, women from the United States, according to data researched by Nancy Romero-Daza. The women in the study were found to not be traditional sex tourists but situational sex tourists.[24]

  • Heading South is a 2005 drama film about three middle-aged women travelling to Haiti as sexual tourists at a time of political unrest.
  • Paradise: Love is a 2012 drama film about a 50-year-old Austrian woman who travels to Kenya as a sex tourist.
  • In 2020, Saturday Night Live faced controversy for a sketch starring Adele and Kate McKinnon as female sex tourists in Africa, which was accused of racial fetishisation.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Short-term Lovers". www2.hu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Opperman, Martin (1999). "Sex Tourism". Annals of Tourism Research. 26 (2): 251. doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(98)00081-4.
  3. ^ Hitchcock, Michael (2009). Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challenges and New Directions. NIAS Press. p. 225. ISBN 9788776940348.
  4. ^ Pearce, Philip; Filep, Sebastian; Ross, Glenn (2010). Tourists, Tourism and the Good Life. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 9781136930270.
  5. ^ Matty Silver (February 8, 2013). "Ladies, your holiday romance awaits". Sydney Morning Herald.
  6. ^ a b c Davy, Zowie; Santos, Ana Cristina; Bertone, Chiara; Thoreson, Ryan; Wieringa, Saskia E. (11 May 2020). The SAGE Handbook of Global Sexualities. SAGE. p. 688. ISBN 978-1-5297-2194-2. "Sex work is a profoundly gendered industry, and most people who buy sex are men, but it is not an exclusively gendered industry. Women who buy sex do exist; however, little is understood about them and if we want to understand the power relations and gender relations sex work involves, we need to pay attention to the practices and motivations of these women. Moreover, while neither the political submissions nor the social commentary referenced in this chapter referred to the transgender sex workers or clients, or a possibility that women might buy sex from providers who are not males, we found all genders participating in commercial sexual services as clients and providers, and further suggest that women in Australia may buy sex more often from female than male providers (Caldwell, 2018)."
  7. ^ a b Taylor, Jacqueline Sánchez (2000). "Tourism and 'embodied' commodities: sex tourism in the Caribbean". In Clift, Stephen; Carter, Simon (eds.). Tourism and Sex: Culture, Commerce and Coercion. London: Cengage Learning EMEA. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9781855676367. "One problem with such analyses is that while female sex tourists are a numerically much smaller group than male sex tourists, some women do also practice sex tourism. Social researchers have not been blind to the phenomenon of female sex tourism, yet they have tended to treat it as qualitatively different from male tourism because it's generally true regarding the differences in quality. Both Meisch (1995) and Pruitt and LaFont (1995), who have undertaken research on sex tourism, use the term 'romance tourism' to refer to female sex tourism and imply that it could hold possibilities for positive changes. Female sex tourists are sometimes sympathetically referred to as 'lonely women' whose 'economic and social ability to travel alone is being exploited by Caribbean tourism' and the 'beach boys' or bartenders who either offer the possibility of a 'holiday romance' or sexual harassment."
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Pruitt, Deborah; LaFont (1999). "For Love and Money Romance Tourism in Jamaica". Annals of Tourism Research. 22 (2): 422–440. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(94)00084-0.
  9. ^ a b Ragsdale, Kathleen; DifranceiscoI, Pinkerton (April 2006). "Where the boys are: Sexual expectations and behaviour among young women on holiday". Culture, Health and Sexuality. 8 (2): 86–98. doi:10.1080/13691050600569570. PMID 16641059. S2CID 28156493.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Herold, Edward; Garcia, DeMoya (2001). "Female Tourist and Beach Boys". Annals of Tourism. 28 (4): 978–997. doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(01)00003-2.
  11. ^ Taylor, Jacqueline (2006). "Female Sex Tourism: A Contradiction in Terms?". Feminist Review. 83 (1): 42–59. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400280. S2CID 144455247.
  12. ^ "Bali Beach Gigolos Under Fire". Asia Sentinel. 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010.
  13. ^ Kibicho, Wanjohi (1 April 2016). Sex Tourism in Africa: Kenya's Booming Industry. Routledge. ISBN 9781317056850 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ "More Women Are Exploring Sex Tourism—and I Was One of Them". Glamour. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
  15. ^ "Japanese women find love in Bali". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  16. ^ "Japanese women dream of the USA". What Japan Thinks. 5 January 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  17. ^ Silver, Matty (8 February 2013). "Ladies, your holiday romance awaits". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  18. ^ Glionna, John M. (1 July 2010). "A cloud over Bali's beautiful beaches". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  19. ^ Shimanaka, Kazutaka (11 May 2010). "Japanese gals flock to Bali's Beach Boys for lots of Fun, Fun, Fun". Tokyo Reporter. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  20. ^ "Japanese Women Paying for Gigolos, but Staying Sex-Free". Fox News. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  21. ^ "Women seeking beach boys". canada.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  22. ^ "Yokudo: Lingering but confused gaze of indie director". The Japan Times. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  23. ^ "Women who travel for sex: Sun, sea and gigolos". The Independent. 9 July 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  24. ^ a b c Romero-Daza, Nancy; Freidus (2008). "Female Tourists, Casual Sex, and HIV Risk in Costa Rica". Qualitative Sociology. 31 (2): 169–187. doi:10.1007/s11133-008-9096-y. S2CID 145409123.
  25. ^ "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) 2013 country comparisons, ranks, By Rank". photius.com. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  26. ^ "Sex tourism as economic aid". The Sydney Morning Herald. July 12, 2003.
  27. ^ Picheta, Rob (26 October 2020). "Adele and SNL come under fire for Africa sex tourism sketch". CNN.

Further reading

  • Jacobs, Jessica (2010). Sex, Tourism and the Postcolonial Encounter: Landscapes of Longing in Egypt. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754647881.
  • Bloor, Michael; et al. (1998). ""Differences in Sexual Risk Behaviour between Young Men and Women Travelling Abroad from the UK." [Contains only random survey of young sex travelers.]". The Lancet. 352 (9141): 1664–68. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)09414-8. PMID 9853439. S2CID 39574504.
  • Cohen, Erik (1971). "Arab Boys and Tourist Girls in a Mixed Jewish-Arab Community". International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 12 (4): 217–233. doi:10.1177/002071527101200401. S2CID 220879081.
  • de Albuquerque, Klaus. "Sex, Beach Boys and Female Tourists in the Caribbean." Sexuality & Culture. Ed. Barry M. Dank. Vol. 2. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1998. 87–111. 2.
  • de Albuquerque, Klaus. "In Search of the Big Bamboo: How Caribbean Beach Boys Sell Fun in the Sun." The Utne Reader, Jan.-Feb. 2000: 82–86.
  • Gorry, April Marie. Leaving Home for Romance: Tourist Women’s Adventures Abroad. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1999. Ann Arbor: UMI 9958930, 2000
  • Herold, Edward; Garcia, Rafael; DeMoya, Tony (2001). "Female Tourists and Beach Boys: Romance or Sex Tourism?". Annals of Tourism Research. 28 (4): 978–997. doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(01)00003-2.
  • Meisch, Lynn A (1995). ""Gringas and Otavaleños: Changing Tourist Relations" [a description of sex and romance tourism in Ecuador]". Annals of Tourism Research. 22 (2): 441–62. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(94)00085-9.
  • Pruitt, Deborah; Lafont, Suzanne (1995). "For Love and Money: Romance Tourism in Jamaica". Annals of Tourism Research. 22 (2): 422–440. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(94)00084-0.
  • Thomas, Michelle (2000). "Exploring the Contexts and Meanings of Women's Experiences of Sexual Intercourse on Holiday". In Clift, Stephen; Carter, Simon (eds.). Tourism and Sex: Culture, Commerce and Coercion. London: Pinter. pp. 200–220. ISBN 9781855676367.
  • Vorakitphokatorn, Sairudee; et al. (1993). "AIDS Risk in Tourists: A Study on Japanese Female Tourists in Thailand". Journal of Population and Social Studies. 5 (1–2): 55–84.
  • Wagner, Ulla (1997). "Out of Time and Space — Mass Tourism and Charter Trips". Ethnos. 42 (1–2): 39–49. (This article describes sex tourism in the Gambia, West Africa, as does a follow-up article: Wagner, Ulla; Yamba, Bawa (1986). "Going North and Getting Attached: The Case of the Gambians". Ethnos. 51 (3): 199–222. doi:10.1080/00141844.1986.9981323.
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