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Walter Alston
Alston in 1976
First baseman / Manager
Born: (1911-12-01)December 1, 1911
Venice, Ohio, U.S.
Died: October 1, 1984(1984-10-01) (aged 72)
Oxford, Ohio, U.S.
Batted: Right
Threw: Right
MLB debut
September 27, 1936, for the St. Louis Cardinals
Last MLB appearance
September 27, 1936, for the St. Louis Cardinals
MLB statistics
Games managed3,658
Managerial record2,040–1,613
Winning %.558
Stats at Baseball Reference Edit this at Wikidata
Managerial record at Baseball Reference Edit this at Wikidata
Teams
As player

As manager

Career highlights and awards
Member of the National
Baseball Hall of Fame
Induction1983
VoteVeterans Committee

Walter Emmons Alston (December 1, 1911 – October 1, 1984), nicknamed "Smokey", was an American baseball manager in Major League Baseball who managed the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers from 1954 through 1976, signing 23 one-year contracts with the team.[1] Regarded as one of the greatest managers in baseball history, Alston was known for his calm, reticent demeanor, for which he was sometimes referred to as "the Quiet Man."

Born and raised in rural Ohio, Alston lettered in baseball and basketball at Miami University in Oxford. A journeyman whose MLB playing career consisted of only one game–two innings played, and one at-bat with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1936–Alston spent 19 years in the minor leagues as a player, player-manager and non-playing manager. His service included a stint as manager of the 1946 Nashua Dodgers, the first U.S.-based integrated professional team in modern baseball. After six successful seasons as manager of Brooklyn's Triple-A teams, the St. Paul Saints and Montreal Royals, Alston was promoted to manage the Dodgers in 1954.

As a major league manager, Alston led Dodger teams to seven National League (NL) pennants and four World Series titles, including the only championship title won while the club was still in Brooklyn. After 23 seasons, Alston retired with over 2,000 career wins and had been selected as Manager of the Year six times. He also managed NL All-Star teams to seven victories. Alston's number 24 was retired by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1977. In 1983, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame but was unable to attend his induction ceremony after suffering a heart attack that year and being hospitalized for a month. He never fully recovered and died in Oxford, Ohio, on October 1, 1984.[2]

Early life

Walter Emmons Alston was born on December 1, 1911, in Venice, Ohio.[3] Alston spent much of his childhood on a farm in Morning Sun; when he was a teenager, the family moved to Darrtown.[4]

Alston attended Milford Township High School in Darrtown,[5] and received the nickname "Smokey" as a high school pitcher, owing to the speed of his fastball.[6]

He graduated from high school in 1929 and married longtime girlfriend Lela Vaughn Alexander the next year.[7]

In 1935, Alston graduated with a degree in industrial arts and physical education from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He said that finances were a challenge in college and that he had paid his way through school by playing pool.[7] He lettered three years in both basketball and baseball.[8]

Professional career

Minor leagues

Alston played minor league baseball as an infielder for the Greenwood Chiefs and Huntington Red Birds in 1935 and 1936, respectively. For the 1936 Huntington team, he hit 35 home runs in 120 games.[9]

St. Louis Cardinals (1936)

Alston's only major league game was with the St. Louis Cardinals on September 27, 1936, substituting for Johnny Mize at first base. He later described his major league playing career to a reporter by saying, "Well, I came up to bat for the Cards back in '36, and Lon Warneke struck me out. That's it." He also committed one error in two fielding chances at first base.[10]

Alston returned to the minor leagues after his brief MLB appearance. He split the 1937 season between the Houston Buffaloes and Rochester Red Wings, hitting for a combined .229 batting average. Alston played for the Portsmouth Red Birds in 1938, finishing the season with a .311 average and 28 home runs as Portsmouth won its only Middle Atlantic League championship.[9][11] He returned to Portsmouth in 1940, hit 28 home runs and was a player-manager for part of the season. He was a player-manager for the next two seasons with the Springfield Cardinals and even appeared in seven games as a pitcher in 1942. He returned to Rochester as a first baseman and third baseman in 1943 then moved to the Trenton Packers, where he was a player-manager in 1944 and 1945.[9] Alston had been offered the job in Trenton, a minor league farm club of the Brooklyn Dodgers, by Branch Rickey, the executive who had signed him as a player with St. Louis.[12]

After his two seasons with Trenton, Alston served as a player-manager for the first integrated U.S. baseball team based in the twentieth century, the Nashua Dodgers of the Class-B New England League. Alston managed black Dodgers prospects Don Newcombe and Roy Campanella, leading Nashua to a New England League title in 1946.[12] Alston later said that he did not give much consideration to racial issues and that he had simply thought about how much they would benefit the team.[13]

Alston led the Pueblo Dodgers to the Western League title the next season. He appeared as a player in two games, which were his final professional playing appearances.[4] For his 13-season minor league playing career, Alston hit .295 with 176 home runs. However, he hit only .239 in 535 at bats in Class AA, which was the highest minor league classification through 1945.[9][14]

Managerial career

Minor leagues

In 1948, Alston managed the St. Paul Saints, a Dodgers Class AAA affiliate, to an 86–68 win–loss record. The team finished in third place, 14 games behind an Indianapolis Indians team managed by Al López.[15] That year, Alston managed Campanella again, where Campanella integrated the American Association. The media was critical of Alston for playing Campanella; they said that the catcher was simply there to integrate the league. Campanella hit 13 home runs in 35 games and fans were dismayed when he was called up to the Dodgers.[16] The 1949 Saints finished with a 93-60 record and four of its players collected more than 90 runs batted in (RBI).[17] The team finished in first place, half a game in front of Indianapolis.[18] During the baseball off-season, Alston worked as a teacher in Darrtown.[19]

From 1950 to 1953, Alston managed another Dodgers AAA affiliate, the Montreal Royals of the International League. The team won between 86 and 95 games during each season of Alston's tenure.[20] The 1951 and 1952 Montreal Royals won International League pennants.[21][22] In 1951 and 1953, Montreal won the Governors' Cup playoff tournament. Alston was inducted into the International League Hall of Fame many years later in 2010.[23]

Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers (1954–1976)

Alston was named manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers for the 1954 season.[4] His predecessor, Chuck Dressen, had moved on from the Dodgers after the team's leadership refused to sign him to a two-year or three-year contract.[24] Dressen had won two pennants in three years and nearly won a third.[25]

Alston in 1955

Dodgers executive Buzzie Bavasi fought for Alston to be hired in Brooklyn. Bringing Alston to Brooklyn has been described as Bavasi's biggest contribution to the team's history. Alston was an unknown at the major league level and the New York Daily News reported his hiring with the headline "Walter Who?"[26]

Becoming immediately known for his quiet nature, Alston was sometimes referred to as "The Quiet Man".[27] Alston's personality contrasted with that of Dressen, who was much more outspoken. Sportswriters had difficulty writing about Alston at first because he did not say much. He also seemed more conservative in his decisions on the field, which drew criticism from his players even though he had managed many of them in the minor leagues. Don Zimmer said that he had learned more from Dressen and that Dressen knew more about baseball than Alston. Jackie Robinson did not like Alston at first either, according to Robinson's wife.[28]

Alston commented on his approach, saying, "I never criticized a player for a mistake on the spot. Whenever I got steamed up about something, I always wanted to sleep on it and face the situation with a clear head."[19] Sportswriter Jim Murray said that Alston was "the only guy in the game who could look Billy Graham right in the face without blushing and who would order corn on the cob in a Paris restaurant."[29] The 1954 Dodgers finished second in the NL as both Gil Hodges and Duke Snider hit at least 40 home runs and registered 130 runs batted in.[30]

Brooklyn got off to a strong start in 1955, but an Associated Press article noted that Alston was reticent in response to questions and that he did not seem like a manager who had won ten consecutive games.[31] The Brooklyn Dodgers won the NL pennant and their only World Series championship. They clinched the pennant on September 8,[32] earlier than any team had in NL history; at 92–46 (.667), the Dodgers were 17 games ahead of second place Milwaukee with 16 remaining.[33][34] In the World Series, Johnny Podres, started two games (third and seventh); he had a mediocre 9–10 regular season record, but won both postseason starts.[35] The pitcher had struggled with arm problems for much of the season.[36]

Sandy Koufax emerged as a pitcher for the Dodgers during that championship season.[37] Alston was criticized by Jackie Robinson, Roy Campanella, and others over his sparse use of Koufax in his early career. During Koufax's second MLB start, he pitched a shutout, giving up two hits and striking out 14 batters. However, that success did not prompt a lot of opportunities for Koufax. The pitcher appeared in only 12 games that season, mostly in relief.[38]

The 1956 team repeated as NL champions;[39] the team was bolstered by the play of Duke Snider, who hit a league-leading 43 home runs and also led the league in walks.[40] Despite winning the first two games of the World Series, the Dodgers lost in seven games to the Yankees. The Dodgers fell to third place (84–70) in 1957,[39] the final season in Brooklyn.

Alston (left) with Phillies manager Mayo Smith in 1957

The team finished 21 games back in seventh place (71–83 (.461)) in 1958, the club's first season in Los Angeles.[39] Criticism of Alston had begun to mount during that season, but he led the Dodgers to a world championship in 1959.[41] Six players on the 1959 team finished with double-digit totals in home runs, while 22-year-old Don Drysdale led the team's pitchers with 17 wins.[42] Several Los Angeles players, including Wally Moon, characterized Alston as indecisive in the late 1950s and 1960s. However, Moon later came to describe Alston as a good manager who had gotten "good mileage" out of his players.[43]

Managing the NL All-Star Team in 1960, Alston attracted some controversy when he left Milwaukee Braves pitchers Warren Spahn and Lew Burdette off the roster. An Associated Press report said the omission may have been a snub directed at Dressen, who was the manager in Milwaukee.[44] The 1960 Dodgers finished in fourth place. The following year, the team finished in second place after veteran Duke Snider missed two months with a broken arm.[45] The Dodgers lost the lead in the 1962 NL pennant race and rumors surfaced that Alston and coach Leo Durocher might be fired, but the team retained both for 1963.[46]

The Dodgers swept the World Series in 1963, the first time that the New York Yankees had lost a World Series in four games. Alston's pitchers excelled, as Koufax struck out 23 batters over two games and Drysdale threw a shutout in Game 3. Over the four games, Alston employed only four pitchers: three starters and one reliever.[47] The 1964 team was 80–82, its first losing season in several years.[5] Alston used the team's 1964 performance to motivate them moving forward. In spring training before the 1965 season, he said that he would not let his team forget the difficulties they had in the previous season.[48]

The Dodgers returned to the World Series in 1965 against Minnesota. Alston could not start his number one pitcher, Koufax, in the opening game on October 6 because Koufax was observing Yom Kippur. Instead, Alston turned to Drysdale, who struggled and surrendered seven runs in just 2⅔ innings. When Alston came to the mound to remove him in the bottom of the third, Drysdale quipped, "I bet right now you wish I was Jewish, too."[49] The team recovered from losing that first game and they won the World Series in seven games.[5] Koufax appeared in three games during the series, registering two shutouts.[49]

Alston's Dodgers teams of the 1960s benefited from the strong pitching by Drysdale and Koufax. In 1966, both players held out of spring training and demanded three-year contracts each worth $500,000, which was more money than anyone was making in baseball at the time. The players were eventually signed for lesser amounts. Drysdale struggled that year, but Koufax won 27 games. The Dodgers returned to the World Series, but were swept by the Baltimore Orioles. Koufax retired after the season on the advice of doctors who examined his sore arm.[50] Drysdale retired three years later.[51] Both men had pitched their entire major league careers for Alston.[52]

Alston waves to appreciative fans at Dodgers Stadium a week after his retirement

Alston guided his teams to at least 85 wins per season in his last eight years at the helm,[5] with six runner-up finishes in the NL West division during that span.[39] The team came very close to a division title in 1971; after falling 11 games out of first place, the team performed well late in the season and finished one game behind the San Francisco Giants. Beginning in 1973, Alston's team featured an infield of Steve Garvey, Davey Lopes, Bill Russell, and Ron Cey. The group played together for eight years, remaining together long after the end of Alston's tenure.[53]

In 1974, the Dodgers won the NL pennant and faced the two-time defending champion Oakland Athletics in the World Series. Alston used closer Mike Marshall in a record-setting 106 games that season and Marshall won the Cy Young Award.[54] Alston received some media attention when he considered using Marshall as a starter.[55] Marshall ended up appearing in all five games of the series and gave up one run in nine innings, but he did not start a game; the Dodgers lost four games to one as the A's completed their three-peat.[56] The 1975 and 1976 teams won 88 and 92 games respectively, but finished well behind Cincinnati in both seasons.[39]

A rift was developing among the Dodger players in the mid-1970s. Garvey was being heavily promoted by the Dodgers' P.R. staff, and some of his teammates resented the attention, thinking Garvey was trying too hard to get endorsement opportunities. Cey, Lopes, and another unnamed player criticized Garvey in a mid-June 1976 San Bernardino Sun-Telegram article, which prompted Alston to call a team meeting. At this meeting, Garvey said, "If anyone has anything to say about me, I want it said to my face, here and now." No one said anything. Pitcher Tommy John thought it was at this point that Alston began to lose control of the team.[57]

On July 17, 1976, he became the fifth manager to win 2,000 games.[58] In September 1976, Alston announced that he would retire at the end of the season.[59] At a press conference, he said, "I've been in baseball for 41 years and it's been awfully good to me. This has been a pretty big day. I had three birdies playing golf for the first time in my life and now I'm announcing that I'm stepping down as manager. I told Peter this afternoon to give somebody else a chance to manage the club."[60] When Tommy Lasorda was selected to succeed him, Alston asked Lasorda to take over as manager for the final four games of the season.[61] Alston retired with 2,063 wins (2,040 in the regular season and 23 in the postseason).[5] Alston was named NL Manager of the Year six times.[62] He also managed NL All-Star squads a record nine times and won seven of those games.[63] At a time when multi-year contracts were on the rise, Alston's managerial career consisted of 23 one-year contracts.[59] He earned seven NL pennants in that span.[5]

Sportswriter Leonard Koppett described Alston's role with the Dodgers, pointing out that O'Malley was always seen as "the boss" while Alston stuck to the on-field management of the team. Koppett said that Alston's loyalty and subdued nature contributed to the stability that the team enjoyed.[64] O'Malley once commented that Alston was "non-irritating. Do you realize how important it is to have a manager who doesn't irritate you?"[7]

Later life and legacy

Walter Alston's number 24 was retired by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1977.

The Dodgers retired Alston's number 24 the year after he stepped down as manager, becoming only the fourth Dodger to receive the honor to that time.[65] He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1983.[66] Alston suffered a heart attack that year and was hospitalized for a month.[19] Alston's grandson traveled to Cooperstown to represent the ill former manager at the Hall of Fame induction ceremony.[67]

Alston died in an Oxford hospital from complications from the recent heart attack on October 1, 1984. He was 72.[19] A funeral home spokesman said Alston had remained ill since the heart attack.[68] He is interred at Darrtown Cemetery in Darrtown, Ohio.[4]

Alston's plaque at the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown

Upon Alston's death, MLB commissioner Peter Ueberroth referred to him as one of baseball's greatest managers.[69] Former Dodgers great Duke Snider acknowledged occasional run-ins with Alston, but said Alston excelled at utilizing the specific strengths of each team he had managed.[70]

Broadcaster Vin Scully said of Alston:

I always imagined him to be the type who could ride shotgun on a stage through Indian territory. He was all man and two yards tall. He was very quiet, very controlled. He never made excuses. He gave the players the credit and he took the blame. He was so solid, so American.[71]

Alston is also credited with helping to break down the barriers for female sports journalists. On October 1, 1974, after the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Houston Astros to clinch the NL Pennant at the Houston Astrodome, he invited Anita Martini to the post-game press conference in the locker room. She became the first female journalist allowed in any major league locker room.[72]

In 1999, Ohio State Route 177 was renamed to Walter "Smokey" Alston Memorial Highway in his honor.[73] He was inducted into the International League Hall of Fame in 2010.[74] A memorial to Alston is located at Milford Township Community Park in his hometown of Darrtown.[75]

See also

References

  1. ^ Elderkin, Phil (October 5, 1984). "Walter Alston's 'one-year contract' added up to seven pennants". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  2. ^ "Alston dies at age 72". Milwaukee Sentinel. October 2, 1984. p. 2, part 2.
  3. ^ "Walter Alston Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d Johnson, Bill. "SABR Baseball Biography Project: Walter Alston". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Walter Alston". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  6. ^ "Walter Alston Biography". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c Rogers, Thomas (October 2, 1984). "Walter Alston is dead at 72; Dodgers' manager 23 years". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  8. ^ Gladstone, Ken (December 12, 1973). "Rich tradition". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d "Walter Alston Minor League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  10. ^ "Walter Alston: Fielding". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  11. ^ Graf, Norma (July 25, 2013). "Baseball found a home here in the 1930s". Portsmouth Daily Times. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
  12. ^ a b Golenbock, Peter (2010). Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Courier Dover Publications. p. 196. ISBN 978-0486477350.
  13. ^ Tygiel, Jules (1997). Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy. Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 0195106202.
  14. ^ Dickson, Paul (2011). The Dickson Baseball Dictionary. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393073491.
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  17. ^ "1949 St. Paul Saints". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  18. ^ "1949 American Association". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d "Walter Alston Dies, Ex-Dodgers Manager". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 2, 1984. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  20. ^ "Walter Alston Minor League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  21. ^ "1951 International League". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  22. ^ "1952 International League". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  23. ^ "Hall of Fame Inductee – 2010: Walter Alston" (PDF). Minor League Baseball. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
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  25. ^ Sullivan, Neil (1987). The Dodgers Move West. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 0195363159. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
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  30. ^ "1954 Brooklyn Dodgers". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
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  32. ^ "New champs think of World Series". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. September 9, 1955. p. 13.
  33. ^ Thisted, Red (September 9, 1955). "Bums jolt Braves - wrap up flag". Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 3, part 2.
  34. ^ Wilks, Ed (September 9, 1955). "Brooklyn sets pennant mark; AL flag battle still rages". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. p. 8.
  35. ^ Miller, Stuart (2006). The 100 Greatest Days in New York Sports. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 35. ISBN 0-618-57480-8. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  36. ^ Oliphant, Thomas (April 1, 2007). Praying for Gil Hodges: A Memoir of the 1955 World Series and One Family's Love of the Brooklyn Dodgers. St. Martin's Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4299-0748-4. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  37. ^ "Sandy Koufax Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
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  47. ^ Hoffman, Benjamin (October 17, 2012). "Beware the broom: A history of sweeps of the Yankees". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  48. ^ "Alston won't let team forget 1964". Beaver County Times. United Press International. March 9, 1965. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  49. ^ a b Merron, Jeff (September 26, 2001). "Green, Koufax and Greenberg -- same dilemma, different decisions". ESPN. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  50. ^ D'Antonio, Michael (2009). Forever Blue: The True Story of Walter O'Malley, Baseball's Most Controversial Owner, and the Dodgers of Brooklyn and Los Angeles. Riverhead Books. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-59448-856-6. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  51. ^ "Don Drysdale". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  52. ^ Langill, Mark (September 3, 2008). "Koufax, Drysdale were a dynamic duo". MLB.com. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  53. ^ Klein, Gary (June 23, 2013). "Dodgers' infield of the 1970s had a lasting impact". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  54. ^ "Mike Marshall Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  55. ^ Talley, Rick (October 16, 1974). "Alston mulls using Marshall as a starter". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  56. ^ "1974 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  57. ^ John, Tommy; Valenti, Dan (1991). TJ: My Twenty-Six Years in Baseball. New York: Bantam. pp. 164–65. ISBN 0-553-07184-X.
  58. ^ "Walter Alston – Society for American Baseball Research".
  59. ^ a b "Veteran Dodger Manager Walter Alston to Retire". The Montreal Gazette. September 28, 1976. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  60. ^ "Walt Alston to Step Down". The Telegraph. September 28, 1976. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  61. ^ Ross Newhan (September 30, 1976). "Dodgers get their man; it's Lasorda". Los Angeles Times – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ^ Davies, Richard (2010). Rivals!: The Ten Greatest American Sports Rivalries of the 20th Century. John Wiley & Sons. p. 46. ISBN 978-1444320817. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  63. ^ "Baseball today". The Dispatch. July 11, 1989. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  64. ^ Koppett, Leonard (January 1, 2000). The Man in the Dugout: Baseball's Top Managers and how They Got that Way. Temple University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-56639-745-2. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
  65. ^ "Alston's No. 24 to be retired by LA". The Tuscaloosa News. June 5, 1977. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
  66. ^ "Alston, Walter". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  67. ^ Corcoran, Dennis (2010). Induction Day at Cooperstown: A History of the Baseball Hall of Fame Ceremony. McFarland. p. 141. ISBN 978-0786444168.
  68. ^ "Sports World "Blue" Over Alston Death". The Vindicator. October 2, 1984. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  69. ^ Garcia, Dan (October 2, 1984). "Walter Alston Dies". The Madison Courier. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  70. ^ "Walter Alston Dead at 72". The StarPhoenix. October 2, 1984. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  71. ^ "Alston Dies; Won 4 Series". The Milwaukee Journal. October 2, 1984. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  72. ^ Zaveri, Mihir (February 14, 2017). "Lawmaker's bill reopens debate over $105M Astrodome parking plan". chron.com. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 14, 2017. With Dodger manager Walter Alston's blessing, Houston broadcaster Anita Martini becomes the first female reporter allowed access to a major-league team's locker room
  73. ^ "Ohio Laws and Rules: 5533.39 Walter Smokey Alston Memorial Highway". LAWriter. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  74. ^ "Class of 2010" (PDF). MiLB.com. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  75. ^ Ratterman, Bob (August 14, 2013). "Darrtown gears up for bicentennial with pavers, big plans". The Oxford Press. Retrieved October 31, 2013.

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