Ethel MacDonald
Ethel MacDonald | |
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| Born | 24 February 1909 Lanarkshire, Scotland |
| Died | 1 December 1960 (aged 51)[1] Knightswood Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Occupation(s) | Anarchist, activist, broadcaster |
| Employer | The Strickland Press |
| Organization | Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation |
| Political party | Independent Labour Party |
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Camelia Ethel MacDonald (24 February 1909 – 1 December 1960) was a Glasgow-based Scottish anarchist and activist and, in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, a broadcaster on Barcelona Loyalist radio.
Early years
Camelia Ethel McDonald was born on 24 February 1909 in Bellshill, Scotland, to Andrew McDonald, a coach painter, and Daisy Watts.[1] A native of North Lanarkshire,[2][3][note 1] Ethel MacDonald, the fifth of nine children,[2] left home at 16, joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP)[4] and worked at various jobs. In 1925[3] she met Guy Aldred and, with him, became politically active in the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF). In 1933 she accepted his invitation to work as his secretary,[5] and joined him in the June 1934[6] formation of the United Socialist Movement (USM).[1] During this time she became fluent in French and German.[7]
Spanish Civil War
In November 1936[8] MacDonald travelled to Barcelona with Guy Aldred's partner, Jenny Patrick, to represent and show the support of the Scottish anarchist movement for the Republican faction in the Spanish Civil War. In January 1937[9] she began to transmit regular English-language reports on the war on Barcelona's widely heard Anarchist radio station run by the National Confederation of Labor (CNT).
In the crackdown following the events of May 1937 she assisted the escape of anarchists wanted by the Communist secret police and smuggled into prison letters and food for fellow anarchists held by regional authorities.[10] Through her activities in helping anarchists escape Spain, she became renowned in the British press as the "Scots Scarlet Pimpernel".[10] Between July and November 1937, she was a national figure in the newspapers, with daily reports and inquiries as to her whereabouts and activities.
Death of Bob Smillie
On 12 June 1937, Bob Smillie, who was a member of the Independent Labour Party that had been fighting with the POUM forces for the Republicans, died while being held by the Valencia police. The police stated that his death had been caused by peritonitis, however, rumours flew around Valencia that he had been beaten to death. MacDonald began reporting the latter version of events on her radio broadcasts and in newspaper articles. This eventually led to her own arrest.
My arrest was typical of the attitude of the Communist Party... Assault Guards and officials of the Public Order entered the house in which I lived late one night. Without any explanation, they commenced to go through thoroughly every room and every cupboard in the house. After having discovered that which to them was sufficient to hang me - revolutionary literature etc.
— Ethel MacDonald, speaking to the Glasgow Evening Times upon her return to Scotland, [7]
MacDonald eventually escaped custody and left Spain altogether, making her way back to Glasgow by November of 1937.[11] Along the way she travelled through Paris and Amsterdam, where she denounced the actions of the Communists in Spain. She continued to publicly discuss the case of Bob Smillie, but her version of events was disputed in the UK by David Murray, a member of the Independent Labour Party who had also been in Spain. Murray insisted that Smillie had died of peritonitis, and he was generally believed until George Orwell returned to London in 1938 and also began to denounce the actions of the Communists in Spain. Georges Kopp, who had been Smillie's commander in Spain, also returned and supported the view that Smillie had been murdered.[7]
Later years and death
After her return from Spain, Ethel MacDonald worked closely with Guy Aldred, Jenny Patrick, John Taylor Caldwell and other Glasgow anarchists on a shoestring publishing enterprise, The Strickland Press, which published regular issues of the USM organ, The Word. They continued their activities through World War II and the 1950s peace movement, with MacDonald considered as the unofficial manager, bookkeeper and printer of The Strickland Press.
She and Guy Aldred donated their papers to the Mitchell Library in Glasgow. The collection numbers approximately 500 items consisting of Spanish newspapers, bulletins, newssheets, flyers, posters, pamphlets and photographs issued under the auspices of the CNT and the Iberian Anarchist Federation during 1936-1938.
Ethel MacDonald was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in February 1958 and lost her ability to speak. Within three years she died in Glasgow's Knightswood Hospital at the age of 51.
References
Notes
- ^ Dolan states Motherwell, the Evening Times and Gray state Bellshill.
Citations
- ^ a b c Reynolds 2006.
- ^ a b Dolan 2009, p. 7
- ^ a b Gray 2008, p. 168
- ^ Dolan 2009, p. 33
- ^ Dolan 2009, p. 50
- ^ Dolan 2009, p. 47
- ^ a b c "Ethel MacDonald". spartacus-educational.com. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ Gray 2008, p. 167
- ^ Gray 2008, p. 169
- ^ a b Gray 2008, pp. 171–172
- ^ Gray 2008, p. 176
Sources
- Caldwell, John Taylor (1988). Come dungeons dark: the life and times of Guy Aldred, Glasgow anarchist. Edinburgh: Luath Press. ISBN 0-946487-19-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Caldwell, John Taylor (1999). With fate conspire: memoirs of a Glasgow seafarer and anarchist. Bradford: Northern Herald. ISBN 0-9523167-1-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hodgart, Rhona M. Ethel MacDonald: Glasgow Woman Anarchist. Kate Sharpley Library. ISBN 1-873605-28-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Dolan, Chris (2009). An anarchist's story: the life of Ethel MacDonald. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-685-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Gray, Daniel (2008). Homage to Caledonia. Luath Press. ISBN 978-1-906817-16-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Reynolds, Siân (2006). "McDonald, Camelia Ethel". In Ewan, Elizabeth; Innes, Sue; Reynolds, Siân (eds.). The new biographical dictionary of Scottish women. Edinburgh University Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781474436298. OCLC 1057237368.
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Film
- Ethel MacDonald - An Anarchist Story by Mark Littlewood
External links
- Biography by John Couzin: "Life story of one of Glasgow's women anarchists that I feel very strongly is worth remembering."
- The Volunteer Ban - speech given by Ethel MacDonald on Radio Barcelona and subsequently published in Regeneración (1937).
- Ethel MacDonald Entry in the Daily Bleed
- Ethel MacDonald Collection at Mitchell Library, Glasgow
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