Tanks have been utilized on the island of Cuba both within the military and within several conflicts,[1] with their usage and origin after World War II; the Cold War; and the modern era. This includes imported Soviet tanks in the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces today as well as American and British designs imported prior to the Cuban Revolution.
Overview
A Marmon-Herrington CTL-3.Castro (right) with fellow revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos entering Havana on an armored vehicle on 8 January 1959
Cuba originally had tanks from Great Britain and the United States and armored vehicles. From these beginnings the modern Cuban Armoured forces grew and procured modern armoured fighting vehicles from Russia and Soviet Bloc that served during the Cold War, and various operations. One of the main Cuban operations using armor was in Angola in Africa.
History
Cuba in 1942 received a military aid through the Lend-Lease program, and got eight Marmon-Herrington tanks from the U.S.[2] which became known in the Cuban army as the ‘3 Man Dutch’ [3] as they had been the model of tank sent to the Dutch East Indies campaign against the Japanese invasion in World War II.[4][5]
Cuba also got M3 Stuart tanks from the United States, as 24 of these light tanks arrived at Cuba under Lend Leased in 1942-1943 after the declaration of war to Germany. Later in 1957, 7 M4 Sherman tanks were received from the United States. They participated in the fights against the guerrilla of Fidel Castro, fighting in Oriente (offensive of May 1958, Battle of Guise) and in the Santa Clara battle, in support of the Regiment "Leoncio Vidal" against the Che Guevara. Some of these tanks were captured by the rebels as the Shermans were displayed by the rebels riding the tanks when they triumphantly entered Havana, with Fidel on one of them.[6] Here, on January 1, 1959 was taken the famous photo of the Che next to a Sherman which also saw action in the Battle of Santa Clara, as Batista sent 10 tanks, 12 armored cars along with an armored train and air support.[7][8][9]
Just before the revolution, Great Britain had sent 15 A34 Comet tanks[10] which were delivered to Cuba under Batista on the 17th December 1958, and there are reports that some were used in the Battle of Santa Clara at the end of December 1959 by Batista's troops. Castro got these after he took over Cuba, and requested additional stocks of 77mm ammunition for the Comets as well as spare parts.[11]
The SU-100 which Fidel Castro used in the Bay of Pigs in 17 April
When Fidel Castro seized power in January 1959, five of the eight Marmon-Herrington tanks were still operational. The new communist army, FAR (Revolutionary Armed Forces), retained them and shortly thereafter these five tanks were modified the original 37mm cannon replaced by a Bofors QF 20mm gun.
The development of a strong armored force that could react quickly to any threat, whether internal or otherwise was a concern even at that stage.
T-34-85 tank in Museo Giron, Cuba
In October 1960, Castro needed tanks for which he could get ammunition not subject to US sanctions and turned to the Soviet Union for military aid from them and was supplied with T-34/85 tanks which allowed them to build up their armored forces. So by the time of Bay of Pigs in April 1961, there were in Cuba 125 T-34-85 and also 41 IS-2M tanks [12] that Castro received. Some of the Sherman tanks also saw combat action against the anti-communist Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs (Playa Girón) along with the militia,[6] but the majority of the tanks and armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) the Cuban Army used at the battle were Soviet, such as the T-34/85 and the SU-100. The IS-2M tanks were in two regiments sent to the battle and were used as a reserve firing artillery support, while there were at least a force of 20 of the T-34-85 tanks fighting in the Bay of Pigs conflict and aided in the Cuban victory over the Brigade 2506 M41 Walker Bulldog tanks,[1] although five T-34-85 tanks were destroyed and others severely damaged.[13] Castro asked for more T-34-85 tanks after this to defend the island, and in September 1961 the request was up to 412 tanks, which began arriving just before the Missile Crisis.
Soon after their own revolution, many Cubans identified with the fledgling groups fighting for their independence. In Algeria, when France gave their independence, Castro decided to support them in their struggle with Morocco in the Sand War.[14] Castro was determined to prevent American domination and formed the Grupo Especial de Instrucción whose forces included twenty-two T-34-85 tanks, eighteen 120-mm mortars, a battery of 57-mm recoilless rifles, anti-aircraft artillery with eighteen guns, and eighteen 122mm field guns with the crews to operate them. They were described as an advisory contingent to train the Algerian army, but Castro allow deployment in combat actions. Castro tried keep Cuba's intervention covert, but word of their presence soon leaked out.
In 1961 the Cuban Military began to provide support for the left wing MPLA movement in a civil war. The Angolan War of Independence was a struggle for control of Angola between guerilla movements and Portuguese colonial authority.[15] Castro had become familiar with the MPLA soon after it began, and after he came to power, Cuba had trained some of its guerrilla fighters, and Che Guevara had also made contact with its leaders.
T-34-85 tank captured in Angola conflict.
So when Portugal left, Cuba sent advisors to help the MPLA and they quickly found themselves in the conflict when they lost men in the Battle of Quifangondo on 10 November 1975, the day before the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) declared Angola's independence from Portugal. Cuba supplied the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) rebels with weapons and soldiers along with tanks to fight as the Cuban military would fight alongside the MPLA in major battles.[16][17][18]
The arrival of the T-55 tanks in 1963 allowed Castro to send many of the older T-34-85 tanks to the conflict in Angola in 1975. All of the T-34s in Angola were armed with a ZiS-S-53 85mm main gun and two 7.62mm DT machine guns, with estimates as high as 200 T-34s used during the conflict.[citation needed] The T-34-85 tanks participated in Angola including the Battle of Cassinga where a Cuban mechanized battalion with T-34 tanks, and BTR-152 armoured personnel carriers were nearly destroyed, losing a half-dozen T-34s with another three heavily damaged. Castro also received T-54's along with the T-55's, which formed the backbone of more than a thousand tanks that Russia would provide.[19]
Cuban T-55 tank.
Russian T-62s arrived in Cuba in 1976,[20] and by November 1987, shipments of T-54/55s were sent to Angola to replace the tanks lost. The assistance to the MPLA escalated till Cuban military aid helped the MPLA emerge victorious. Cuban T-62s along with T-55s and T-54Bs, were deployed to Angola during Havana's lengthy intervention in that country.
The more ubiquitous T-55 was favoured for combat duty, and during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale only a single battalion of Cuban T-62s took part in the fighting. The Cuban tanks clashed with defending South African armoured units at Cuamato and again at Calueque without sustaining serious losses.
Fidel Castro ousted Batista on 31 December 1959, replacing his government with a revolutionary socialist state. Castro set up the Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Cuba (MINFAR) to oversee the Communist Party of Cuba and the government, as well as the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias – FAR).[21] In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Castro's government began a program of nationalization and political consolidation that transformed Cuba's economy and society. He also reformed many aspects of Cubas military and political organizations along communist lines, such as the 26th of July Movement becoming the Communist Party in October 1965, and making a peoples militia called the National Revolutionary Militia (MNR) as well as building the military which had the armored forces. It was the peoples militia the MMR which first engaged the anti Castro force at the Bay of Pigs, with the tanks being sent once the regular army was sent by Castro.[22]
As he consolidated his government, Castro built up the number of tanks for the army. Cuban armored forces were organized at first to defend the revolutionary socialist state, and later enable intervention in foreign military conflicts. Military schools were founded for infantry, tank, artillery and communications training as well as reorganizing and expanding the regular Army at the expense of the common people in the MNR militia. The best of the militia members were transferred to the regular Army and armored forces, and in 1963 the militia was changed to a new military reserve organization, the Popular Defense Forces. Then after the defeat of anti Castro forces in the mountains in 1965, the Popular Defense Forces were made into the Civil Defense headed by Raul Castro. Then in 1980 the Territorial Troops Militia was created,[23] composed exclusively of civilian volunteers, which backed up the army while the Civil Defense focused on natural disasters relief.
The regular army with its armored forces has been involved in training others or foreign intervention with considerable Soviet military assistance. It reached its peak in 1975, with three armored divisions with over a 1000 tanks, and 15 infantry divisions.[19] In offensive action in these interventions, tanks, reconnaissance armored vehicles, armored personnel carriers and artillery pieces of the first echelon unit normally attack using Soviet military doctrine, which if defending the tanks are dug in with the armored units and soldiers, while the heavy artillery forms up behind to support them.
United States
United Kingdom
Soviet Union
