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Thomas H. Carter

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Thomas Carter
United States Senator
from Montana
In office
March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1911
Preceded byParis Gibson
Succeeded byHenry L. Myers
In office
March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1901
Preceded byThomas Power
Succeeded byWilliam Clark
Chair of the Republican National Committee
In office
July 8, 1892 – June 18, 1896
Preceded byWilliam Campbell
Succeeded byMark Hanna
Commissioner of the General Land Office
In office
March 31, 1891 – November 18, 1892
PresidentBenjamin Harrison
Preceded byLewis Groff
Succeeded byWilliam M. Stone
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Montana's at-large district
In office
November 8, 1889 – March 3, 1891
Preceded byHimself (Delegate)
Succeeded byCharles S. Hartman
Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives
from Montana's at-large district
In office
March 4, 1889 – November 8, 1889
Preceded byJoseph Toole
Succeeded byHimself (Representative)
Personal details
Born
Thomas Henry Carter

(1854-10-30)October 30, 1854
Junior Furnace, Ohio, U.S.
DiedSeptember 17, 1911(1911-09-17) (aged 56)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyRepublican
SpouseEllen Galen

Thomas Henry Carter (October 30, 1854 – September 17, 1911) was a territorial delegate, a United States Representative, and a U.S. Senator from Montana. The child of Irish immigrants, Carter rose from a childhood spent on small farms in the Midwest to become one of the most successful and popular politicians in the early history of the State of Montana. He also made a name for himself within the national Republican Party, becoming in 1892 the first Catholic to serve as chairman of the Republican National Committee.

Biography

Carter was born to Irish immigrant parents on October 30, 1854, in a small village known as Junior Furnace, near Portsmouth, Scioto County, Ohio.[1] His parents, Edward and Margaret (Byrnes) Carter, came to the United States in 1849 or 1850 following the Irish Potato Famine. They were married in Wheeling, West Virginia, shortly after their arrival in the U.S., Edward converting to Catholicism from the Anglican Church due to Margaret's influence. The Carters settled in Junior Furnace, Ohio by 1852 when their first son, Richard, was born. Shortly after Thomas' birth in 1854 the family moved to a farm a few miles from Junior Furnace.

Following the end of the Civil War in 1865, the Carters used their savings and moved to Pana, Illinois, where young Tommy Carter attended the common schools and worked on his parents' farm.[2] Edward Carter instilled in his children a love for reading and with it a love of learning.[3] Early in his adult life, following his family's loss of their farm due to a lightning-caused fire burning their barn and killing their farm animals, Thomas Carter engaged in railroad work and school teaching.[4][5] For several years, Carter worked as a travelling salesman for a book publisher based in Burlington, Iowa. After the premature death of his mother to pneumonia in March 1879, Carter moved his two younger sisters, Julia and Margaret, and a younger brother, Edward Jr., to be with him in Burlington, Iowa, where he now worked as head of the sales department of the publishing company, while their father worked in Kentucky.[6] Thomas and his sisters formed a particular bond in these years in Burlington as he supported them and cared for them as a father.[7] After many long years of studying the law, Carter finally passed the bar examination in Nebraska while there on a business trip (likely in 1881, though the record is unclear).[8]

In May 1882, at the advice of friends, he moved from Burlington to Helena, Montana, ostensibly to begin his law career there.[9] After a brief stint selling books again, he formed a law partnership with Helena lawyer, John B. Clayton.[10] Within a year of arriving in Helena, Carter sent for his sisters and brother in Burlington to join him. From his childhood Carter nurtured a close relationship with the Catholic Church, and upon his arrival in Helena this relationship continued and even strengthened.[11] On January 27, 1886, Carter married Ellen Lillian Galen at the cathedral in St. Paul, Minnesota. She was the daughter of Montana pioneers, Hugh F. Galen and Matilda Gillogly Galen.[12]

Career in politics and government

Thomas Henry Carter, ca. 1890s

Carter's first foray into public office in Montana was in the role of public administrator for Lewis and Clark County.[13] In 1888, he was nominated as the Republican candidate for the position of Territorial Delegate to Congress. In the general election in November he faced Butte copper king and Democrat William Clark, making his first of numerous attempts at federal office. Carter upset Clark by winning the three largely Democratic counties of Silver Bow, Deer Lodge, and Missoula, likely with the assistance of Marcus Daly, another influential Montana Democratic copper king and enemy of Clark. Montana's Irish voters, who disliked Clark, also likely helped Carter to victory.[14] This particular election is said to have initiated the famous "War of the Copper Kings."[15] Nonetheless, Carter was elected as a Delegate to Congress and served a short term from March 4, 1889, to November 7, 1889, when the Territory of Montana was admitted as a state into the Union. The people of Montana again elected Carter as their first Representative to Congress on October 1, 1889, when he defeated long-time territorial delegate and leading Montana Democrat Martin Maginnis, and he served from November 8, 1889, to March 3, 1891.[16] Importantly, Carter served as chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining, a remarkable achievement for a freshman legislator in the House of Representatives, and, as one historian suggested, due to his friendship with legendary Speaker of the House Thomas B. Reid of Maine.[17] Carter was an unsuccessful candidate in 1890 for reelection, losing a close election to Butte lawyer and Democrat William W. Dixon by 283 votes, or less than 1% of the total votes cast.[18] President Benjamin Harrison appointed Carter as the Commissioner of the General Land Office from 1891 to 1892, when he was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee.[19] He was the first Catholic to be the chairman of the Republican Party.[20]

Carter was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1895, until March 3, 1901. As a Senator he was chairman of the Committee on Relations with Canada (Fifty-fourth Congress), the Committee on the Census (Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Congresses). President William McKinley appointed him a member of the board of commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and he served as its president. Carter was elected again as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1905, to March 3, 1911. He was not a candidate for reelection.

He died from a lung infarction while at home in Washington, D.C., on September 17, 1911. His funeral was held at St. Paul's Roman Catholic Church, and he was interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in the city.[21]

Legacy

In Glacier National Park, two natural features are named for Thomas H. Carter: a glacier and a peak.[22] Two towns in Montana named for Carter are Carter in Chouteau County, and Cartersville in Rosebud County. Carter County, Montana was also named in his honor in 1917.[23][24]

Citations

  1. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 54.
  2. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 54.
  3. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 55.
  4. ^ Biographical Directory.
  5. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 56-57.
  6. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 57-58.
  7. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 59.
  8. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 60.
  9. ^ Progressive Men, p. 1120.
  10. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 60.
  11. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 62-64.
  12. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 61.
  13. ^ McHattie 1930, p. 61.
  14. ^ Malone, Roeder, and Lang 1991, p. 212.
  15. ^ Toole 1951, p. 21-33.
  16. ^ Malone, Roeder, and Lang 1991, p. 198.
  17. ^ Roeder 1989, p. 24.
  18. ^ Waldron 1958, p. 63.
  19. ^ Biographical Directory
  20. ^ Prendergast 1999, p. 72.
  21. ^ "Carter burial here". The Evening Star. September 18, 1911. p. 2.
  22. ^ Roeder 1989, p. 23.
  23. ^ Cheney 1984, p. 43-44.
  24. ^ Roeder 1989, p. 23.

References

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas H. Carter.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives
from Montana's at-large district
1889 		Succeeded by
Himself
as U.S. Representative
Preceded by
Himself
as U.S. Delegate 		Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Montana's 2nd congressional district
1889–1891 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Commissioner of the General Land Office
1891–1892 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Chair of the Republican National Committee
1892–1896 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Montana
1895–1901
Served alongside: Lee Mantle, William Clark 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Canadian Relations Committee
1895–1897 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Census Committee
1897–1901 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Montana
1905–1911
Served alongside: William Clark, Joseph M. Dixon 		Succeeded by
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