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List of parliamentary constituencies in West Sussex

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The county of West Sussex is divided into 8 Parliamentary constituencies - 2 Borough constituencies and 6 County constituencies.

Constituencies

  Conservative   Labour   Liberal Democrat ¤

Constituency[nb 1] Electorate[1] Majority[2][nb 2] Member of Parliament[2] Nearest opposition[2] Electoral wards[3][4] Map
Arundel and South Downs CC 81,726 22,521 bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Andrew Griffith bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color" |  Alison Bennett ¤ Arun: Angmering, Arundel, Barnham, Findon, Walberton
Chichester: Bury, Petworth, Wisborough Green
Horsham: Bramber, Upper Beeding & Woodmancote, Chanctonbury, Chantry, Cowfold, Shermanbury & West Grinstead, Henfield, Pulborough & Coldwaltham, Steyning
Mid Sussex: Hassocks, Hurstpierpoint & Downs
Bognor Regis and Littlehampton CC 77,446 22,503 bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Nick Gibb bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Alan Butcher ‡ Arun: Aldwick East, Aldwick West, Beach, Bersted, Brookfield, Felpham East, Felpham West, Ham, Hotham, Marine, Middleton-on-Sea, Orchard, Pagham & Rose Green, Pevensey, River, Wick with Toddington, Yapton
Chichester CC 85,499 21,490 bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Gillian Keegan bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color" |  Kate O'Kelly ¤ Chichester: Bosham, Boxgrove, Chichester East, Chichester North, Chichester South, Chichester West, Donnington, Easebourne, East Wittering, Fernhurst, Fishbourne, Funtington, Harting, Lavant, Midhurst, North Mundham, Plaistow, Rogate, Selsey North, Selsey South, Sidlesham, Southbourne, Stedham, Tangmere, West Wittering, Westbourne
Crawley BC 74,207 8,360 bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Henry Smith bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Peter Lamb ‡ Crawley: Bewbush, Broadfield North, Broadfield South, Furnace Green, Gossops Green, Ifield, Langley Green, Maidenbower, Northgate, Pound Hill North, Pound Hill South & Worth, Southgate, Three Bridges, Tilgate, West Green
East Worthing and Shoreham CC 75,194 7,441 bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Tim Loughton bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Lavinia O'Connor ‡ Adur: Buckingham, Churchill, Cokeland, Eastbrook, Hillside, Manor, Marine, Mash Barn, Peverel, St Mary's, St Nicolas, Southlands, Southwick Green, Widewater
Worthing: Broadwater, Gaisford, Offington, Selden
Horsham CC 86,730 21,127 bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Jeremy Quin bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color" |  Louise Potter ¤ Horsham: Billingshurst & Shipley, Broadbridge Heath, Denne, Forest, Holbrook East, Holbrook West, Horsham Park, Itchingfield, Slinfold & Warnham, Nuthurst, Roffey North, Roffey South, Rudgwick, Rusper & Colgate, Southwater, Trafalgar
Mid Sussex: Ardingly & Balcombe, Copthorne & Worth, Crawley Down & Turners Hill
Mid Sussex CC 85,146 19,197 bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Mims Davies bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color" |  Robert Eggleston ¤ Mid Sussex: Ashurst Wood, Bolney, Burgess Hill Dunstall, Burgess Hill Franklands, Burgess Hill Leylands, Burgess Hill Meeds, Burgess Hill St Andrews, Burgess Hill Victoria, Cuckfield, East Grinstead Ashplats, East Grinstead Baldwins, East Grinstead Herontye, East Grinstead Imberhorne, East Grinstead Town, Haywards Heath Ashenground, Haywards Heath Bentswood, Hayward Heath Franklands, Haywards Heath Heath, Haywards Heath Lucastes, High Weald, Lindfield
Worthing West BC 78,585 14,823 bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Peter Bottomley bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" |  Beccy Cooper ‡ Arun: East Preston with Kingston, Ferring, Rustington East, Rustington West
Worthing: Castle, Central, Durrington, Goring, Heene, Marine, Northbrook, Salvington, Tarring

Historic List of Constituencies in West Sussex

Used from 1950 to 1974

Used from 1974 to 1983

Used from 1983 to 1997

The Local Government Act 1972 moved the District of Mid Sussex into West Sussex from East Sussex. This change was put into effect in the Parliamentary constituency boundaries for the 1983 boundary changes.

Boundary changes

Name Previous boundaries Current boundaries
  1. Arundel and South Downs CC
  2. Bognor Regis and Littlehampton CC
  3. Chichester CC
  4. Crawley BC
  5. East Worthing and Shoreham CC
  6. Horsham CC
  7. Mid Sussex CC
  8. Worthing West BC
Parliamentary constituencies in West Sussex
Parliamentary constituencies in West Sussex
Proposed Revision
Proposed Revision

Proposed boundary changes

The Boundary Commission for England submitted their final proposals in respect of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster Constituencies (the 2018 review) in September 2018. Although the proposals were immediately laid before Parliament they were not brought forward by the Government for approval. Accordingly, they did not come into effect for the 2019 election which took place on 12 December 2019, and which was contested using the constituency boundaries in place since 2010.

Under the terms of the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, the Sixth Review was based on reducing the total number of MPs from 650 to 600 and a strict electoral parity requirement that the electorate of all constituencies should be within a range of 5% either side of the electoral quota.

On 24 March 2020, the Minister of State for the Cabinet Office, Chloe Smith, issued a written statement to Parliament setting out the Government's thinking with regard to parliamentary boundaries. They propose to bring forward primary legislation to remove the statutory obligation to implement the 2018 Boundary Review recommendations, as well as set the framework for future boundary reviews in time for the next review which is due to begin in early 2021 and report no later than October 2023. It is proposed that the number of constituencies now remains at the current level of 650, rather than being reduced to 600, while retaining the requirement that the electorate should be no more than +/- 5% from the electoral quota.[5]

Results history

Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019[6]

2019

The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising West Sussex in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Party Votes % Change from 2017 Seats Change from 2017
Conservative 257,463 56.3% Decrease0.6% 8 0
Labour 103,446 22.6% Decrease6.2% 0 0
Liberal Democrats 75,512 16.5% Increase8.2% 0 0
Greens 17,239 3.8% Increase1.1% 0 0
Others 3,920 0.8% Decrease2.5% 0 0
Total 457,580 100.0 8

Percentage votes

Election year 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019
Conservative 59.9 60.0 57.3 44.7 46.0 46.7 51.8 54.2 56.8 56.3
Labour 9.8 11.8 14.6 24.3 25.9 21.3 13.1 16.1 28.8 22.6
Liberal Democrat1 29.3 27.6 25.7 25.6 23.0 26.1 27.4 8.4 8.3 16.5
Green Party - * * * * * 0.9 4.9 2.6 3.8
UKIP - - - * * * 5.2 15.6 2.4 *
Other 1.0 0.6 2.3 5.5 5.1 6.0 1.6 0.9 0.9 0.9

11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Seats

Election year 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019
Conservative 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8
Labour 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Total 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Maps

Historical representation by party (whole of Sussex)

A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

1885 to 1918

  Conservative   Liberal

Constituency 1885 1886 86 88 89 1892 93 94 1895 1900 03 04 05 1906 08 Jan 1910 10 Dec 1910 11 14
Brighton (Two members) bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" | Smith bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" |Robertson bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="8" |Loder colspan="3" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color"|Villiers bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Tryon
bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Marriott bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="7" |Vernon-Wentworth colspan="2" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" |Ridsdale bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Rice bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Gordon bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Thomas-Stanford
Chichester bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |C. Gordon-Lennox bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |W. Gordon-Lennox bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="13" |Talbot
East Grinstead bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Gregory bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="7" |Gathorne-Hardy bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Goschen colspan="2" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" |Corbett bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Cautley
Eastbourne bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="9" |Field bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Hogg colspan="2" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" |Beaumont bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Gwynne
Hastings bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" |Brassey bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="7" |Noble bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Lucas-Shadwell colspan="4" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" |Freeman-Thomas bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |H. du Cros bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |A. du Cros
Horsham bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Barttelot bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Johnstone bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="9" |Turnour
Lewes bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="16" |Aubrey-Fletcher bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Campion
Rye bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="10" |Brookfield colspan="3" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color"|Hutchinson bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="7" |Courthope

1918 to 1950

  Conservative   Liberal

Constituency 1918 21 1922 1923 24 1924 25 1929 1931 32 35 1935 36 37 40 41 42 44 1945
Brighton (Two members) bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" colspan="14" |Tryon bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Erskine bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Marlowe
bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" colspan="2" |Thomas-Stanford bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="15" |Rawson bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" |Teeling
Chichester bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" |Talbot bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" |Bird colspan="2" bgcolor="Template:Liberal Party (UK)/meta/color" |Rudkin bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="11" |Courtauld bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Joynson-Hicks
East Grinstead bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" colspan="12" |Cautley bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="7" |Clarke
Eastbourne bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" colspan="5" |Gwynne bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Lloyd bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Hall bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" |Marjoribanks bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Slater bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="9" |Taylor
Hastings bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" |Lyon bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="12" |Percy bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Hely-Hutchinson bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Cooper-Key
Horsham and Worthing / Horsham (1945) bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" colspan="19" |Turnour
Worthing bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Prior-Palmer
Lewes bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" colspan="4" |Campion bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |T. P. Beamish bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Loder bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |T. P. Beamish bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |T. V. Beamish
Rye bgcolor="Template:Coalition Conservative/meta/color" colspan="18" |Courthope bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Cuthbert

1950 to 1983

  Conservative   Labour

Constituency 1950 1951 54 1955 58 1959 1964 65 1966 69 1970 71 73 Feb 1974 Oct 1974 1979
Arundel and Shoreham / Shoreham (1974) bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" |Cuthbert bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="9" |Kerby bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Luce
Brighton Kemptown bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Johnson bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |James bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Hobden bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Bowden
Brighton Pavilion bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="9" |Teeling bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="7" |Amery
Chichester bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Joynson-Hicks bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Loveys bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Chataway bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" |Nelson
East Grinstead bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Clarke bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Emmet bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="9" |Johnson Smith
Eastbourne bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="13" |Taylor bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Gow
Hastings bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="10" |Cooper-Key bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Warren
Horsham / Horsham and Crawley (1974) bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Turnour bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Gough bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="10" |Hordern
Hove bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="7" |Marlowe bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Maddan bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Sainsbury
Lewes bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="13" |Beamish bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Rathbone
Rye bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="13" |Irvine
Arundel bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Marshall
Sussex Mid bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Renton
Worthing bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Prior-Palmer bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="10" |Higgins

1983 to present

  Conservative   Green   Independent   Labour   Liberal Democrats

Constituency 1983 1987 90 1992 1997 01 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 18 19 2019
Arundel / Arundel and South Downs (1997) bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Marshall bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Flight bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Herbert bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Griffith
Bexhill and Battle bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Wardle bgcolor="Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color" | bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Barker bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Merriman
Brighton Kemptown bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Bowden bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Turner bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" |Kirby bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Russell-Moyle
Brighton Pavilion bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Amery bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Spencer bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Lepper bgcolor="Template:Green Party of England and Wales/meta/color" colspan="6" |Lucas
Chichester bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Nelson bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Tyrie bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Keegan
Crawley bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Soames bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Moffatt bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Smith
Eastbourne bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="2" |Gow bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color" |Bellotti bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Waterson bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color" |Lloyd bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Ansell bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color" |Lloyd bgcolor="Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color" colspan="2" | bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Ansell
Hastings and Rye bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Warren bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Lait bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Foster bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Rudd bgcolor="Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color" | bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Hart
Horsham bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Hordern bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Maude bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Quin
Hove bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Sainsbury bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Caplin bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" |Barlow bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Weatherley bgcolor="Template:Labour Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Kyle
Lewes bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Rathbone bgcolor="Template:Liberal Democrats (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Baker bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Caulfield
Shoreham / East Worthing and Shoreham (1997) bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Luce bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Stephen bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="10" |Loughton
Mid Sussex bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Renton bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="9" |Soames bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" |Davies
Wealden bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="6" |Johnson Smith bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="3" |Hendry bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="5" |Ghani
Worthing / Worthing West (1997) bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="4" |Higgins bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="10" |Bottomley
Bognor Regis and Littlehampton bgcolor="Template:Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color" colspan="10" |Gibb

See also

Notes

  1. ^ BC denotes borough constituency, CC denotes county constituency.
  2. ^ The majority is the number of votes the winning candidate receives more than their nearest rival.

References

  1. ^ Baker, Carl; Uberoi, Elise; Cracknell, Richard (2020-01-28). "General Election 2019: full results and analysis". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b c "Constituencies A-Z - Election 2019". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  3. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007, page 4". Office of Public Sector Information. Crown copyright. 13 June 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  4. ^ Boundary Commission for England pp. 1004–1007
  5. ^ "Update: Strengthening Democracy:Written statement - HCWS183". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  6. ^ Watson, Christopher; Uberoi, Elise; Loft, Philip (2020-04-17). "General election results from 1918 to 2019". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)