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List of presidents of Syria

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Politics of Syria

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

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This article lists the presidents of Syria since 1920.

List of officeholders

Meaning
— Acting president.
align=center style="background-color:Template:National Bloc (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" | National Bloc
align=center style="background-color:Template:National Party (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" | National Party
align=center style="background-color:Template:Syrian Social Nationalist Party/meta/color; color:white;" | Syrian Social Nationalist Party
align=center style="background-color:Template:Military rule/meta/color; color:white;" | Military
align=center style="background-color:Template:Arab Liberation Movement/meta/color; color:white;" | Arab Liberation Movement
align=center style="background-color:Template:National Union (United Arab Republic)/meta/color; color:white;" | National Union (United Arab Republic)
align=center style="background-color:Template:People's Party (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" | People's Party
align=center style="background-color:Template:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region/meta/color; color:white;" | Syrian Regional Branch
(Ba'ath Party / Syrian Ba'ath Party)

Syrian Federation under the French Mandate (1922–1924)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Note(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
1 Subhi Barakat
(1889–1939) 		— 29[1] June 1922 31 December 1924 2 years, 185 days Independent
—

State of Syria under the French Mandate (1925–1930)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Note(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
1 Subhi Barakat
(1889–1939) 		— 1 January 1925 21 December 1925 354 days Independent
—
— François Pierre-Alype
(1853–1932) 		— 9 February 1926 28 April 1926 78 days Independent
—
2 Ahmad Nami
(1873–1962) 		— 28 April 1926 15 February 1928 1 year, 293 days Independent
—
— Taj al-Din al-Hasani
(1885–1943) 		— 15 February 1928 14 May 1930 2 years, 88 days Independent
—

Syrian Republic under the French Mandate (1930–1945)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Note(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
— Taj al-Din al-Hasani
(1885–1943) 		— 14 May 1930 19 November 1931 1 year, 189 days Independent
—
— Léon Solomiac
(1873–1960) 		— 19 November 1931 11 June 1932 205 days Independent
—
3 Muhammad Ali al-Abed
(1867–1939) 		— 11 June 1932 21 December 1936 4 years, 193 days Independent
—
4 Hashim al-Atassi
(1875–1960) 		— 21 December 1936 7 July 1939 2 years, 198 days National Bloc style="background-color:Template:National Bloc (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
5 Bahij al-Khatib
(1895–1981) 		— 10 July 1939 4 April 1941 1 year, 268 days Independent
—
— Khalid al-Azm
(1903–1965) 		— 4 April 1941 16 September 1941 165 days Independent
—
6 Taj al-Din al-Hasani
(1885–1943) 		— 16 September 1941 17 January 1943 1 year, 123 days Independent Hasani died in office.[2]
— Jamil al-Ulshi
(1883–1951) 		— 17 January 1943 25 March 1943 67 days Independent
—
7 Ata al-Ayyubi
(1877–1951) 		— 25 March 1943 17 August 1943 145 days Independent
—
8 Shukri al-Quwatli
(1891–1967) 		— 17 August 1943 24 October 1945 2 years, 68 days National Bloc style="background-color:Template:National Bloc (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" |
—

Syrian Republic (1945–1958)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Note(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
8 Shukri al-Quwatli
(1891–1967) 		— 24 October 1945 29 March 1949 3 years, 156 days National Bloc /
National Party 		style="background-color:Template:National Bloc (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" | Quwatli was ousted from power on 29 March 1949 by Husni al-Za'im, his Chief of Staff.[3]
9 Husni al-Za'im
(1897–1949) 		1949 30 March 1949 14 August 1949 137 days Syrian Social Nationalist Party style="background-color:Template:Syrian Social Nationalist Party/meta/color; color:white;" | Za'im was overthrown by a military coup in 1949 led by Adib Shishakli, he was later executed on the orders of the new government.[4]
10 Sami al-Hinnawi
(1898–1950) 		— 14 August 1949 15 August 1949 1 day Military style="background:Template:Military rule/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
4 Hashim al-Atassi
(1875–1960) 		— 15 August 1949 2 December 1951 2 years, 109 days National Party style="background-color:Template:National Party (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
— Adib Shishakli
(1909–1964) 		— 2 December 1951 3 December 1951 1 day Syrian Social Nationalist Party style="background-color:Template:Syrian Social Nationalist Party/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
11 Fawzi Selu
(1905–1972) 		— 3 December 1951 11 July 1953 1 year, 220 days Military style="background:Template:Military rule/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
12 Adib Shishakli
(1909–1964) 		1953 11 July 1953 25 February 1954 229 days Arab Liberation Movement style="background-color:Template:Arab Liberation Movement/meta/color; color:white;" | Shishakli resigned from office because of threats of a coup in 1954.[5] He fled the country, claiming that he did not want the country to fall into a civil war.[5]
— Maamun al-Kuzbari
(1914–1998) 		— 25 February 1954 28 February 1954 3 days Independent
—
4 Hashim al-Atassi
(1875–1960) 		— 28 February 1954 6 September 1955 1 year, 190 days National Party style="background-color:Template:National Party (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
8 Shukri al-Quwatli
(1891–1967) 		— 6 September 1955 22 February 1958 2 years, 169 days National Party style="background-color:Template:National Party (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" |
—

United Arab Republic (1958–1961)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Note(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
13 Gamal Abdel Nasser
(1918–1970) 		1958 22 February 1958 29 September 1961 3 years, 219 days National Union style="background:Template:National Union (United Arab Republic)/meta/color; color:white;" |
—

Syrian Arab Republic (1961–)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Term of office Political party Note(s)
Took office Left office Time in office
— Maamun al-Kuzbari
(1914–1998) 		— 29 September 1961 20 November 1961 52 days Independent Kuzbari took office following the 1961 coup d'état, which dissolved the United Arab Republic.
— Izzat al-Nuss
(1912–1976)[6] 		— 20 November 1961 14 December 1961 24 days Military style="background:Template:Military rule/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
14 Nazim al-Kudsi
(1906–1998) 		— 14 December 1961 8 March 1963 1 year, 84 days People's Party style="background-color:Template:People's Party (Syria)/meta/color; color:white;" | The 1963 coup d'état, an event known as the 8th of March Revolution, toppled Nazim al-Kudsi and brought the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC) to government, although real power lay with the Ba'athist Military Committee, which organized the coup.[7]
15 Lu'ay al-Atassi
(1926–2003) 		— 9 March 1963 27 July 1963 −13 days Independent Lu'ay al-Atassi was appointed president by the NCRC because he posed no threat to the Military Committee's power.[8] He resigned after high-ranking non-Ba'athist officers were purged.[9]
16 Amin al-Hafiz
(1921–2009) 		— 27 July 1963 23 February 1966 2 years, 211 days Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region) 		style="background-color:Template:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region/meta/color; color:white;" | Amin al-Hafiz was overthrown by the Military Committee because of his support for Michel Aflaq and the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.[10]
17 Nureddin al-Atassi
(1929–1992) 		— 25 February 1966 18 November 1970 4 years, 266 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region) 		style="background-color:Template:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region/meta/color; color:white;" | Nureddin al-Atassi was overthrown when a falling out occurred between Salah Jadid, the real ruler of Syria from 1966 to 1970, and Hafez al-Assad, the Minister of Defense.[11] Assad initiated a coup in 1970, known as the Corrective Movement.[12]
— Ahmad al-Khatib
(1933–1982) 		— 18 November 1970 22 February 1971 96 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region) 		style="background-color:Template:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
18 Hafez al-Assad
(1930–2000) 		1971
1978
1985
1991
1999 		22 February 1971 10 June 2000 29 years, 109 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region) 		style="background-color:Template:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region/meta/color; color:white;" | Assad died in office.[13]
— Abdul Halim Khaddam
(1932–2020) 		— 10 June 2000 17 July 2000 37 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region) 		style="background-color:Template:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region/meta/color; color:white;" |
—
19 Bashar al-Assad
(1965–) 		2000
2007
2014 		17 July 2000 Incumbent 24 years, 43 days Syrian Ba'ath Party
(Syria Region) 		style="background-color:Template:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region/meta/color; color:white;" |
—

Timeline

Bashar al-AssadAbdul Halim KhaddamHafez al-AssadAhmad al-KhatibNureddin al-AtassiAmin al-HafizLu'ay al-AtassiNazim al-KudsiIzzat al-NussGamal Abdel NasserMaamun al-KuzbariFawzi SeluAdib ShishakliSami al-HinnawiHusni al-Za'imShukri al-QuwatliAta al-AyyubiJamil al-UlshiKhalid al-AzmBahij al-KhatibHashim al-AtassiMuhammad Ali al-AbidLéon SolomiacTaj al-Din al-HasaniAhmad NamiFrançois Pierre-AlypeSubhi Barakat

See also

References

General
  1. ^ Arrêtés Nos. 1, 2 & 3, Bulletin hebdomadaire des actes administratifs du Haut-Commissariat (8 October 1922), p. 268; [1].
  2. ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 345.
  3. ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 311.
  4. ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 610.
  5. ^ a b Moubayed 2006, p. 339.
  6. ^ "Who's who in the Arab World". 1974.
  7. ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 133.
  8. ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 175.
  9. ^ Rabinovich 1972, p. 72.
  10. ^ Seale 1990, pp. 99–101.
  11. ^ Seale 1990, pp. 142–144.
  12. ^ Seale 1990, pp. 162–163.
  13. ^ Moubayed 2006, pp. 154–155.
Bibliography
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