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Tropicamide

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Tropicamide
A large difference in the size of the pupils (Anisocoria) following application of Tropicamide in the right eye only.
Clinical data
Trade namesMydriacyl, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • C
Routes of
administration		Topical eye drops
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding45%
Identifiers
  • (RS)-N-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-N-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)propanamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.014.673 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H20N2O2
Molar mass284.359 g·mol−1
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Tropicamide, sold under the brand name Mydriacyl among others, is a medication used to dilate the pupil and help with examination of the eye.[3] Specifically it is used to help examine the back of the eye.[4] It is applied as eye drops.[3] Effects occur within 40 minutes and last for up to a day.[3]

Common side effects include blurry vision, increased intraocular pressure, and sensitivity to light.[3] Another rare but severe side effect is psychosis, particularly in children.[3] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby.[5] Tropicamide is in the antimuscarinic part of the anticholinergic family of medications.[3] It works by making the muscles within the eye unable to respond to nerve signals.[3]

Tropicamide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1960.[3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6]

Medical use

Right eye was instilled with tropicamide, leading to mydriasis and therefore anisocoria (unequal pupil size)
Anisocoria caused by tropicamide instilled into the right eye only.

Tropicamide is an antimuscarinic drug that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia[7] when applied as eye drops. It is used to allow better examination of the lens, vitreous humor, and retina. Due to its relatively short duration of effect (4–8 hours), it is typically used during eye examinations such as the dilated fundus examination, but it may also be used before or after eye surgery. Cycloplegic drops are often also used to treat anterior uveitis, decreasing risk of posterior synechiae and decreasing inflammation in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Tropicamide is occasionally administered in combination with p-hydroxyamphetamine (brand name Paremyd), which is a sympathomimetic. The use of the sympathomimetic drug causes the iris dilator muscle to be directly stimulated, causing increased dilation. In the United States, the sympathomimetic drop most commonly used along with tropicamide, is 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride (brand name AK-Dilate).

Side effects

Tropicamide induces transient stinging and a slight and transient rise in intraocular pressure in the majority of patients. It may cause redness or conjunctivitis (inflammation) and also blurs near vision for a short while after instillation (care must be taken, and the patient must only drive when vision returns to normal). Tropicamide may, in very rare cases,[8] cause an attack of acute angle-closure glaucoma. This tends to be in patients with narrow anterior chamber angles, and closure risk must be assessed by the practitioner prior to instillation.

Tropicamide is often preferred to atropine because atropine has a longer half-life, causing prolonged dilation and blurry vision for up to a week. Atropine has less sting effect, but can be toxic or fatal if ingested in large quantities by children or adults.

With eye drops, systemic effects are minimal to nonexistent due to very low absorption into the bloodstream.[9]

Illicit use

According to the researchers of the European Commission-funded ReDNet Project, in Russia tropicamide is currently abused (injected intravenously) as an inexpensive recreational deliriant drug.[10][11]

Stereochemistry

Tropicamide has a chiral center and two enantiomers. Medications are racemates.[12]

Enantiomers

(R)-Tropicamid
CAS: 92934-63-9
(S)-Tropicamid
CAS: 92934-64-0

References

  1. ^ "Summary for ARTG Entry: 25356 Mydriacyl tropicamide 0.5% eye drops bottle". Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  2. ^ "Mydriacyl 1% eye drops, solution - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 12 February 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Tropicamide". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  4. ^ World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 314. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
  5. ^ "Tropicamide ophthalmic Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  7. ^ Manny RE, Hussein M, Scheiman M, Kurtz D, Niemann K, Zinzer K (July 2001). "Tropicamide (1%): an effective cycloplegic agent for myopic children". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 42 (8): 1728–35. PMID 11431435. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12.
  8. ^ Liew, Gerald; Mitchell, Paul; Wang, Jie Jin; Wong, Tien Yin (January 2006). "Fundoscopy: to dilate or not to dilate?". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 332 (7532): 3. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7532.3. PMC 1325111. PMID 16399709.
  9. ^ Vuori, Marja-Liisa; Kaila, Timo; Iisalo, Esko; Saari, K. Matti (1994-01-01). "Systemic Absorption and Anticholinergic Activity of Topically Applied Tropicamide". Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 10 (2): 431–437. doi:10.1089/jop.1994.10.431. ISSN 1080-7683. PMID 8083562.
  10. ^ Bersani FS, Corazza O, Simonato P, Mylokosta A, Levari E, Lovaste R, Schifano F (2013). "Drops of madness? Recreational misuse of tropicamide collyrium; early warning alerts from Russia and Italy". General Hospital Psychiatry. 35 (5): 571–3. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.013. PMID 23706777.
  11. ^ Krokodil: The drug that eats junkies Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Rote Liste (in German). Vol. 57. Frankfurt/Main: Rote Liste Service GmbH. 2017. p. 224. ISBN 978-3-946057-10-9. Arzneimittelverzeichnis für Deutschland (einschließlich EU-Zulassungen und bestimmter Medizinprodukte)
  • "Tropicamide". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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