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Akhaltsikhe

Coordinates: 41°38′20″N 42°59′10″E / 41.63889°N 42.98611°E / 41.63889; 42.98611
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Akhaltsikhe
ახალციხე
Country Georgia
mkhareSamtskhe-Javakheti
Population
 (2002)
 • TotalApproximately 20,000. With the numerous surrounding villages 46,134
Time zoneUTC+4 (Georgian Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+5

Akhaltsikhe (Georgian: ახალციხე [ɑxɑltsʰixɛ], literally "new castle"; formerly known as Lomsia) is a small city in Georgia's southwestern region (mkhare) of Samtskhe-Javakheti. It is situated on the both banks of a small river Potskhovi, which separates the city to the old city in the north and new in the south.

History

Akhaltsikhe c. 1887

The city is first mentioned in the chronicles in the 12th century. In the 12th–13th centuries it was the seat of the Akhaltsikhelis, dukes of Samtskhe, whose two most illustrious representatives were Shalva and Ivane Akhaltsikheli (of Akhaltsikhe). From the 13th up to the 17th century the city and Samtkhe were governed by the feudal family of the Jaqelis. In 1576 the Ottomans took it and from 1628 the city became the centre of the Samtskhe Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire as "Ahıska". In 1828, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, Russian troops under the command of General Paskevich captured the city and, as a consequence of the 1829 Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne), it was ceded to the Russian Empire as part of first Kutaisi and then Tbilisi governorates. In the old part of the city one can see an old fortress, castle and mosque, the old fortress of the Jakelis (13th–14th century), and St. Marine's Church. The hills nearby the city harbour the Sapara Monastery (10th–14th centuries).

In the late 1980s the city was host to the Soviet Army's 10th Guards Motor Rifle Division, which became a brigade of the Georgian land forces after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Population

According to the 2002 Census, the city's population with the many surrounding villages was 46,134. The city proper is currently estimated by locals to be about 20,000. In 2002 the majority were ethnic Georgians (28,473, or 61%), with minority of Armenians (16,879, or 37%).[1]

Climate

Climate data for Akhaltsikhe
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		14.1
(57.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.9
(76.8) 		25.1
(77.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		13.7
(56.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.6
(16.5) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		1.7
(35.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		2.4
(36.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44
(1.7) 		40
(1.6) 		38
(1.5) 		60
(2.4) 		78
(3.1) 		91
(3.6) 		56
(2.2) 		52
(2.0) 		52
(2.0) 		59
(2.3) 		54
(2.1) 		56
(2.2) 		680
(26.7)
Source: Climate-Data.org

[2]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Georgia

Twin towns and sister cities

Akhaltsikhe is twinned with:

People associated with Akhaltsikhe

Rabati Castle in Akhaltsikhe

Archaeology

The highland environment between Akhaltsikhe and Aspindza presents a varied and complex array of archaeological features in different locations, elevations and topographies. This includes the alluvial flood-plain of the Kura River, and all the way to the high grasslands.

Human occupation is attested already in the Early Bronze Age (4th millennium BC) and later.

The Roman and medieval periods artifacts are also strongly represented in the area.

Amiranis Gora

On the northeastern outskirts of Akhaltsikhe is an important archaeological site of Amiranis Gora.[3] It was excavated by Chubinishvili.[4] The earliest carbon date for Amiranis Gora is 3790-3373 cal BC. It was obtained from the charcoal of the metallurgical workshop which belonged to the earliest building horizon of Amiranis Gora[5] This indicates a division of the metallurgical production in the extractive and processing branches.[6]

Amiranis Gora is an important reference point for the study of the Early Bronze Age Kura-Araxes culture, also known as the Early Transcaucasian Culture. The many references include the architecture, burial practices, material culture and metallurgy.[7]

Amiranis Gora is one of the best sites with fixed stratigraphy of the Kura-Araxes culture. The carbon date for the Kura-Araxes material at Amiranis Gora is 3630-3048 cal B.C., which is very early.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ 2002 Georgia Census. State Department of Statistics of Georgia. Retrieved on May 26, 2011
  2. ^ "Climate: Akhaltsikhe". Retrieved 2016-02-27.
  3. ^ Archaeological Investigations at Chobareti in Southern Georgia, the Caucasus Author(s): KAKHIANI, Kakha , SAGONA, Antonio , SAGONA, Claudia , KVAVADZE, Eliso , BEDIANASHVILI, Giorgi , MASSAGER, Erwan , MARTIN, Lucie , HERRSCHER, Estelle , MARTKOPLISHVILI, Inga , BIRKETT-REES, Jessie , LONGFORD, Catherine Journal: Ancient Near Eastern Studies Volume: 50 Date: 2013 Pages: 1-138 doi:10.2143/ANES.50.0.2975510
  4. ^ Chubinishvili, T., 1963: Amiranis Gora, Tbilisi: Sabchota Saqartvelo
  5. ^ Kushnareva & Chubinishvili 1970: 114, Fig. 5.1
  6. ^ THE BEGINNINGS OF METALLURGY Proceedings of the International Conference, Bochum 1995
  7. ^ Palumbi 2008; Kiguradze and Sagona 2003; Burney and Lang 1971
  8. ^ THE BEGINNINGS OF METALLURGY Proceedings of the International Conference, Bochum 1995
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41°38′20″N 42°59′10″E / 41.63889°N 42.98611°E / 41.63889; 42.98611

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